This major review of the ‘Australian Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Management Guidelines For Use In Primary Care’ highlights important aspects of the guidelines and provides the rationale for significant changes.

Refugee and migrant men in Australia are currently under-represented and generally marginalised in fertility and sexual and reproductive health program development, research conceptualisation and implementation. This review indicates that sexual and reproductive health literature on refugee and migrant men largely focuses on sexually transmitted infections, meaning other areas such as contraception, fertility, the impact of gender roles and psychosexual health are poorly understood. This knowledge is needed to evaluate and inform national and state policy on men’s health in Australia.

This review examines how migrant and refugee youth in Australia understand their sexual and reproductive health and rights, as well as the socioecological factors that shape these understandings. While youth responses to socioecological factors were varied, we identified certain shared experiences, particularly in education, parental and family interactions, institutional engagement, and cross-cultural navigation. This review provides crucial information on how practice and policy can be improved to deliver to this population, not just in Australia but globally.

Group sex has been identified as a risk factor for HIV and STI. In this cross-sectional study of 3277 heterosexual men and women, we found that 5% had engaged in group sex in the past 3 months. Of those who had vaginal sex in the most recent group sex event, only 35% used condoms consistently and changed condoms between consecutive partners. Safe sex messages on changing condoms between partners and between sexual activities should be reinforced for sexually transmitted infections prevention.

Is sexting deviant or a normal part of adolescence? Many reports of sexting in adolescence have noted that it is a deviant behaviour, considering it part of a grouping of risky sexual behaviour that includes unprotected sex. In a national study of Australian adolescents, there were no differences between sexters and non-sexters in STI rates and contraceptive use; indicating that sexting is not part of a group of risky sexual behaviours and is instead a normative part of adolescents exploring their sexual selves.

With the rapid uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Australia, norms and expectations about discussion and disclosure of HIV status may have changed. Many participants assumed their partners would find information about their HIV status or PrEP use on their online profiles or that partners would ask, if necessary. Building a stronger, shared understanding among gay men that disclosure and discussion no longer automatically occur before sexual encounters may be useful.

We report the case of a patient with cerebral infraction and severe isolated middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis, who was evaluated by serial high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (HR-VWI). The follow-up HR-VWI showed that concentric parietal thickening and contrast enhancement of the arterial walls were found in the patient, and the complete loss of contrast enhancement with slight residual stenosis 6 months after IV penicillin G treatment. HR-VWI is an important diagnostic tool for SV and could serve as a biomarker for assessing the response to anti-syphilis treatment in the future.

Malignant syphilis is a rare manifestation of secondary syphilis and is usually associated with HIV infection. Disseminated syphilis can pose a diagnostic dilemma, often a masquerade for other conditions including fungal endophthalmitis. Syphilis remains a disease of concern and has continued to rise in prevalence in the past decade.