The need for sexual health clinics, their future role, and contribution to public health
Meena S. Ramchandani
A B * , Christopher Bourne C D E , Lindley A. Barbee A B , Elske Hoornenborg F , Preeti Pathela G , Stephanie N. Taylor H I J and Henry de Vries F K L
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
B Public Health – Seattle & King County HIV/STD Program, Seattle, WA, USA.
C NSW STI Programs Unit, Centre for Population Health, New South Wales Health, NSW, Australia.
D Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
E Kirby Institute, Sexual Health Program, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
F STI Outpatient Clinic, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
G New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Bureau of Hepatitis, HIV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Queens, NY, USA.
H Section of Infectious Diseases at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
I LSU-CrescentCare Sexual Health Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
J Louisiana Office of Public Health STD/HIV Program, New Orleans, LA, USA.
K Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
L Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Sexual Health - https://doi.org/10.1071/SH22087
Submitted: 27 May 2022 Accepted: 28 July 2022 Published online: 23 August 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Specialised sexual health clinics (SHCs) play an important role in addressing the staggering rates of STIs seen in many high-income nations. Despite increasing healthcare coverage in the US and nationalised health care in some countries, there is a continued need for SHCs to meet the needs of patients and the community, especially for high-priority populations: those at high risk of STI acquisition and/or groups historically marginalised and underserved in the traditional healthcare system. We need to mobilise resources to support a stronger clinical infrastructure in specialised SHCs. This review describes the importance of SHCs, their future role, and some of the innovative programs housed within SHCs in the US, Australia, and the Netherlands to address both STI and HIV prevention for the populations they serve.
Keywords: clinics, health services, public health, STIs, STDs, sexually transmitted diseases, sexually transmitted infections, sexual health, sexual health clinics.
References
[1] National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Ministry of Health Welfare and Sport. Sexually transmitted infections in the Netherlands in 2019. 2020. Available at https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2020-0052.pdf [accessed January 2022][2] The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society. National update on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: 2009–2018. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; 2020.
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2020. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2021. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2020/default.htm [accessed July 2022]
[4] Centre for Population Health. NSW sexually transmissible infections strategy 2016–2020. 2016. Available at https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/sexualhealth/Publications/nsw-sti-strategy-2016-2020.pdf [accessed July 2022]
[5] National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Ministry of Health Welfare and Sport. Sexually transmitted infections in the Netherlands in 2015. 2016. Available at https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2016-0027.pdf [accessed February 2022]
[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Impact of COVID-19 on STDs. 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2020/impact.htm [accessed July 2022]
[7] Chesson HW, Spicknall IH, Bingham A, Brisson M, Eppink ST, Farnham PG, et al. The estimated direct lifetime medical costs of sexually transmitted infections acquired in the United States in 2018. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48 215–221.
| The estimated direct lifetime medical costs of sexually transmitted infections acquired in the United States in 2018.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[8] Pagaoa M, Grey J, Torrone E, Kreisel K, Stenger M, Weinstock H. Trends in nationally notifiable sexually transmitted disease case reports during the US COVID-19 pandemic, January to December 2020. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48 798–804.
| Trends in nationally notifiable sexually transmitted disease case reports during the US COVID-19 pandemic, January to December 2020.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[9] Phillips TR, Fairley CK, Donovan B, Ong JJ, McNulty A, Marshall L, et al. Sexual health service adaptations to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Australia: a nationwide online survey. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45 622–627.
| Sexual health service adaptations to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Australia: a nationwide online survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[10] Berzkalns A, Thibault CS, Barbee LA, Golden MR, Khosropour C, Kerani RP. Decreases in reported sexually transmitted infections during the time of COVID-19 in King County, WA: decreased transmission or screening? Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48 S44–S49.
| Decreases in reported sexually transmitted infections during the time of COVID-19 in King County, WA: decreased transmission or screening?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[11] Centers for Disease and Prevention. Congenital syphilis: preliminary 2020 data. 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2020/Congenital-Syphilis-preliminaryData.htm [accessed January 2022]
[12] Bowen VB, McDonald R, Grey JA, Kimball A, Torrone EA. High congenital syphilis case counts among U.S. infants born in 2020. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 1144–1145.
| High congenital syphilis case counts among U.S. infants born in 2020.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[13] Girometti N, Byrne R, Bracchi M, Heskin J, McOwan A, Tittle V, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; S1473-3099(22)00411-X
| Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[14] Perez Duque M, Ribeiro S, Martins JV, Casaca P, Leite PP, Tavares M, et al. Ongoing monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal, 29 April to 23 May 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27 2200424
| Ongoing monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal, 29 April to 23 May 2022.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[15] Heskin J, Belfield A, Milne C, Brown N, Walters Y, Scott C, et al. Transmission of monkeypox virus through sexual contact – a novel route of infection. J Infect 2022; 85 334–363.
| Transmission of monkeypox virus through sexual contact – a novel route of infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[16] Ogunbodede OT, Zablotska-Manos I, Lewis DA. Potential and demonstrated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexually transmissible infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34 56–61.
| Potential and demonstrated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexually transmissible infections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[17] Leichliter JS, O’Donnell K, Kelley K, Cuffe KM, Weiss G, Gift TL. Availability of safety-net sexually transmitted disease clinical services in the U.S., 2018. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58 555–561.
| Availability of safety-net sexually transmitted disease clinical services in the U.S., 2018.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[18] Montgomery MC, Raifman J, Nunn AS, Bertrand T, Uvin AZ, Marak T, et al. Insurance coverage and utilization at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in a medicaid expansion state. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44 313–317.
| Insurance coverage and utilization at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in a medicaid expansion state.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[19] Mehtani NJ, Schumacher CM, Johnsen LE, Greenbaum A, Chaulk CP, Ghanem KG, et al. Three years post-affordable care act sexually transmitted disease clinics remain critical among vulnerable populations. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55 111–114.
| Three years post-affordable care act sexually transmitted disease clinics remain critical among vulnerable populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[20] Pearson WS, Kumar S, Habel MA, Walsh S, Meit M, Barrow RY, et al. Sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States: understanding the needs of patients and the capabilities of providers. Prev Med 2021; 145 106411
| Sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States: understanding the needs of patients and the capabilities of providers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[21] Stephens SC, Cohen SE, Philip SS, Bernstein KT. Insurance among patients seeking care at a municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic: implications for health care reform in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 2014; 41 227–232.
| Insurance among patients seeking care at a municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic: implications for health care reform in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[22] Washburn K, Goodwin C, Pathela P, Blank S. Insurance and billing concerns among patients seeking free and confidential sexually transmitted disease care: New York city sexually transmitted disease clinics 2012. Sex Transm Dis 2014; 41 463–466.
| Insurance and billing concerns among patients seeking free and confidential sexually transmitted disease care: New York city sexually transmitted disease clinics 2012.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[23] Bourne C, Lam M, Selvey C, Guy R, Callander D. Changing pattern of sexually transmissible infections and HIV diagnosed in public sexual health services compared with other locations in New South Wales, 2010–14. Sex Health 2018; 15 366–369.
| Changing pattern of sexually transmissible infections and HIV diagnosed in public sexual health services compared with other locations in New South Wales, 2010–14.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[24] Callander D, Moreira C, El-Hayek C, Asselin J, van Gemert C, Watchirs Smith L, et al. Monitoring the control of sexually transmissible infections and blood-borne viruses: protocol for the Australian Collaboration for Coordinated Enhanced Sentinel Surveillance (ACCESS). JMIR Res Protoc 2018; 7 e11028
| Monitoring the control of sexually transmissible infections and blood-borne viruses: protocol for the Australian Collaboration for Coordinated Enhanced Sentinel Surveillance (ACCESS).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[25] Tideman RL, Pitts MK, Fairley CK. Effects of a change from an appointment service to a walk-in triage service at a sexual health centre. Int J STD AIDS 2003; 14 793–795.
| Effects of a change from an appointment service to a walk-in triage service at a sexual health centre.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[26] Nurutdinova D, Rao S, Shacham E, Reno H, Overton ET. STD/HIV risk among adults in the primary care setting: are we adequately addressing our patients’ needs? Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38 30–32.
| STD/HIV risk among adults in the primary care setting: are we adequately addressing our patients’ needs?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[27] Walia AM, Fairley CK, Bradshaw CS, Chen MY, Chow EPF. Disparities in characteristics in accessing public Australian sexual health services between Medicare-eligible and Medicare-ineligible men who have sex with men. Aust N Z J Public Health 2020; 44 363–368.
| Disparities in characteristics in accessing public Australian sexual health services between Medicare-eligible and Medicare-ineligible men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[28] Rhodes SD, Daniel-Ulloa J, Wright SS, Mann-Jackson L, Johnson DB, Hayes NA, et al. Critical elements of community engagement to address disparities and related social determinants of health: the centers of disease control and prevention community approaches to reducing sexually transmitted disease initiative. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48 49–55.
| Critical elements of community engagement to address disparities and related social determinants of health: the centers of disease control and prevention community approaches to reducing sexually transmitted disease initiative.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[29] Hogben M, Leichliter JS. Social determinants and sexually transmitted disease disparities. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35 S13–S18.
| Social determinants and sexually transmitted disease disparities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[30] Pathela P, Klingler EJ, Guerry SL, Bernstein KT, Kerani RP, Llata L, et al. Sexually transmitted infection clinics as safety net providers: exploring the role of categorical sexually transmitted infection clinics in an era of health care reform. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42 286–293.
| Sexually transmitted infection clinics as safety net providers: exploring the role of categorical sexually transmitted infection clinics in an era of health care reform.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[31] Llata E, Cuffe KM, Picchetti V, Braxton JR, Torrone EA. Demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of persons seeking care at sexually transmitted disease clinics – 14 sites, STD surveillance network, United States, 2010–2018. MMWR Surveill Summ 2021; 70 1–20.
| Demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of persons seeking care at sexually transmitted disease clinics – 14 sites, STD surveillance network, United States, 2010–2018.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[32] Ali H, Donovan B, Fairley CK, Ryder N, McNulty A, Chen MY, et al. Are Australian sexual health clinics attracting priority populations? Sex Health 2013; 10 456–459.
| Are Australian sexual health clinics attracting priority populations?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[33] Pitasi MA, Kerani RP, Kohn R, Murphy RD, Pathela P, Schumacher CM, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among transgender women and transgender men attending clinics that provide sexually transmitted disease services in six US cities: results from the sexually transmitted disease surveillance network. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46 112–117.
| Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among transgender women and transgender men attending clinics that provide sexually transmitted disease services in six US cities: results from the sexually transmitted disease surveillance network.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[34] Sullivan PS, Satcher Johnson A, Pembleton ES, Stephenson R, Justice AC, Althoff KN, et al. Epidemiology of HIV in the USA: epidemic burden, inequities, contexts, and responses. Lancet 2021; 397 1095–1106.
| Epidemiology of HIV in the USA: epidemic burden, inequities, contexts, and responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[35] Llata E, Braxton J, Asbel L, Kerani RP, Murphy R, Pugsley R, et al. New human immunodeficiency virus diagnoses among men who have sex with men attending STD clinics, STD surveillance network, January 2010 to June 2013. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 45 577–582.
| New human immunodeficiency virus diagnoses among men who have sex with men attending STD clinics, STD surveillance network, January 2010 to June 2013.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[36] Ali H, Donovan B, Fairley CK, Chen MY, O’Connor CC, Grulich AE, et al. Increasing access by priority populations to Australian sexual health clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40 819–821.
| Increasing access by priority populations to Australian sexual health clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[37] Chesson HW, Kent CK, Owusu-Edusei K, Leichliter JS, Aral SO. Disparities in sexually transmitted disease rates across the “Eight Americas”. Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39 458–464.
| Disparities in sexually transmitted disease rates across the “Eight Americas”.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[38] Pearson WS, Cherry DK, Leichliter JS, Bachmann LH, Cummings NA, Hogben M. Availability of injectable antimicrobial drugs for gonorrhea and syphilis, United States, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25 2154–2156.
| Availability of injectable antimicrobial drugs for gonorrhea and syphilis, United States, 2016.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[39] Robinson CL, Young L, Bisgard K, Mickey T, Taylor MM. Syphilis time to treatment at publicly funded sexually transmitted disease clinics versus non-sexually transmitted disease clinics–Maricopa and Pima Counties, Arizona, 2009–2012. Sex Transm Dis 2016; 43 30–33.
| Syphilis time to treatment at publicly funded sexually transmitted disease clinics versus non-sexually transmitted disease clinics–Maricopa and Pima Counties, Arizona, 2009–2012.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[40] Stoner BP, Fraze J, Rietmeijer CA, Dyer J, Gandelman A, Hook EW, et al. The national network of sexually transmitted disease clinical prevention training centers turns 40–A look back, a look ahead. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46 487–492.
| The national network of sexually transmitted disease clinical prevention training centers turns 40–A look back, a look ahead.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[41] Manhart LE, Jensen JS, Bradshaw CS, Golden MR, Martin DH. Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for Mycoplasma genitalium infections. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61 S802–S817.
| Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for Mycoplasma genitalium infections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[42] Bachmann LH, Kirkcaldy RD, Geisler WM, Wiesenfeld HC, Manhart LE, Taylor SN, et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection, antimicrobial resistance mutations, and symptom resolution following treatment of urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71 e624–e632.
| Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection, antimicrobial resistance mutations, and symptom resolution following treatment of urethritis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[43] Kerani RP, Stenger MR, Weinstock H, Bernstein KT, Reed M, Schumacher C, et al. Gonorrhea treatment practices in the STD surveillance network, 2010–2012. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42 6–12.
| Gonorrhea treatment practices in the STD surveillance network, 2010–2012.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[44] Barbee LA, Golden MR, Thibault CS, McNeil CJ, Soge OO. Performance of patient-collected specimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73 e3196–e3200.
| Performance of patient-collected specimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[45] Durukan D, Read TRH, Murray G, Doyle M, Chow EPF, Vodstrcil LA, et al. Resistance-guided antimicrobial therapy using doxycycline–moxifloxacin and doxycycline-2.5 g azithromycin for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: efficacy and tolerability. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71 1461–1468.
| Resistance-guided antimicrobial therapy using doxycycline–moxifloxacin and doxycycline-2.5 g azithromycin for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: efficacy and tolerability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[46] Chow EPF, Bradshaw CS, Williamson DA, Hall S, Chen MY, Phillips TR, et al. Changing from clinician-collected to self-collected throat swabs for oropharyngeal gonorrhea and chlamydia screening among men who have sex with men. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58 e01215-20
| Changing from clinician-collected to self-collected throat swabs for oropharyngeal gonorrhea and chlamydia screening among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[47] Braam JF, van Dam AP, Bruisten SM, van Rooijen MS, de Vries HJC, Schim van der Loeff MF, et al. Macrolide–resistant Mycoplasma genitalium impairs clinical improvement of male urethritis after empirical treatment. Sex Transm Dis 2022; 49 360–367.
| Macrolide–resistant Mycoplasma genitalium impairs clinical improvement of male urethritis after empirical treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[48] Barbee LA, Dombrowski JC, Kerani R, Golden MR. Effect of nucleic acid amplification testing on detection of extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infections in men who have sex with men sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. Sex Transm Dis 2014; 41 168–172.
| Effect of nucleic acid amplification testing on detection of extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infections in men who have sex with men sexually transmitted disease clinic patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[49] Fallon SA, Pathela P, Mikati T. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis infection using the OSOM rapid point-of-care test among women attending New York city sexual health clinics, May–July 2016. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46 748–750.
| Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis infection using the OSOM rapid point-of-care test among women attending New York city sexual health clinics, May–July 2016.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[50] Taylor SN, Liesenfeld O, Lillis RA, Body BA, Nye M, Williams J, et al. Evaluation of the Roche cobas® CT/NG test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in male urine. Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39 543–549.
| Evaluation of the Roche cobas® CT/NG test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in male urine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[51] Bourne C, Knight V, Guy R, Wand H, Lu H, McNulty A. Short message service reminder intervention doubles sexually transmitted infection/HIV re-testing rates among men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 2011; 87 229–231.
| Short message service reminder intervention doubles sexually transmitted infection/HIV re-testing rates among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[52] Lillis R, Beckford J, Fegley J, Siren J, Hinton B, Gomez S, et al. Evaluation of an HIV Pre–Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) referral system: from sexual health center to federally qualified health center PrEP clinic. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2021; 35 354–359.
| Evaluation of an HIV Pre–Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) referral system: from sexual health center to federally qualified health center PrEP clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[53] Pathela P, Jamison K, Blank S, Daskalakis D, Hedberg T, Borges C. The HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) cascade at NYC sexual health clinics: navigation is the key to uptake. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 83 357–364.
| The HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) cascade at NYC sexual health clinics: navigation is the key to uptake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[54] Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Barry M, Spellman D, Bell TR, Golden MR. STD partner services to monitor and promote HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80 533–541.
| STD partner services to monitor and promote HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[55] Coyer L, van den Elshout MAM, Achterbergh RCA, Matser A, Schim van der Loeff MF, Davidovich U, et al. Understanding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimen use: switching and discontinuing daily and event-driven PrEP among men who have sex with men. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 29-30 100650
| Understanding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimen use: switching and discontinuing daily and event-driven PrEP among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[56] Rietmeijer CA, Donnelly J, Bernstein KT, Bissette JM, Martins S, Pathela P, et al. Here comes the SSuN: early experiences with the STD surveillance network. Public Health Rep 2009; 124 72–77.
| Here comes the SSuN: early experiences with the STD surveillance network.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[57] Centers for Disease and Prevention. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) and Enhanced GISP (eGISP). Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2021. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/gisp/gisp-egisp-protocol-august-2021.pdf [accessed February 2022]
[58] Australian Government Department of Health. Australian gonococcal surveillance programme annual report, 2020. 2021. Available at https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/5C71FABF639650F6CA2586520081286B/$File/australian_gonococcal_surveillance_programme_annual_report_2020.pdf [accessed February 2022]
[59] National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Ministry of Health Welfare and Sport. Voortgangsrapportage GRAS, De meest recente gegevens van de nationale Gonokokken Resistentie tegen Antibiotica Surveillance [in Dutch]. 2021. Available at https://www.rivm.nl/documenten/gras-voortgangsrapportage-2021 [accessed February 2022]
[60] Callander D, Watchirs-Smith L, Moriera C, Asselin J, Dononvan B, Guy R. The Australian collaboration for coordinated enhanced sentinel surveillance of sexually transmissible infections and blood borne viruses: NSW HIV report 2007–2014. Sydney: UNSW Australia; 2015.
[61] World Health Organization. Extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei infections – Europe. 2022. Available at https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/extensively-drug-resistant-shigella-sonnei-infections---europe [accessed February 2022]
[62] Public Health-Seattle & King County. 2019 King County Sexually Transmitted Infection Epidemiology Report. 2019. Available at https://kingcounty.gov/depts/health/communicable-diseases/hiv-std/patients/epidemiology/∼/media/depts/health/communicable-diseases/documents/hivstd/2019-STI-Epidemiology-Report.ashx [accessed January 2022]
[63] Washington State Department of Health. HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Report, Washington State & King County. 2021. Available at https://kingcounty.gov/depts/health/communicable-diseases/hiv-std/patients/∼/media/depts/health/communicable-diseases/documents/hivstd/2021-hiv-aids-epidemiology-annual-report.ashx [accessed February 2022]
[64] Chambers LC, Manhart LE, Katz DA, Golden MR, Barbee LA, Dombrowski JC. Evaluation of an automated express care triage model to identify clinically relevant cases in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44 571–576.
| Evaluation of an automated express care triage model to identify clinically relevant cases in a sexually transmitted disease clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[65] Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Cummings R, Chen MY, Bradshaw CS, Read TR, et al. Computer assisted self interviewing in a sexual health clinic as part of routine clinical care; impact on service and patient and clinician views. PLoS ONE 2011; 6 e18456
| Computer assisted self interviewing in a sexual health clinic as part of routine clinical care; impact on service and patient and clinician views.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[66] Knight V, Ryder N, Guy R, Lu H, Wand H, McNulty A. New Xpress sexually transmissible infection screening clinic improves patient journey and clinic capacity at a large sexual health clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40 75–80.
| New Xpress sexually transmissible infection screening clinic improves patient journey and clinic capacity at a large sexual health clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[67] Barbee LA, Tat S, Dhanireddy S, Marrazzo JM. Implementation and operational research: effectiveness and patient acceptability of a sexually transmitted infection self-testing program in an HIV care setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 72 e26–e31.
| Implementation and operational research: effectiveness and patient acceptability of a sexually transmitted infection self-testing program in an HIV care setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[68] Rukh S, Khurana R, Mickey T, Anderson L, Velasquez C, Taylor M. Chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosis, treatment, personnel cost savings, and service delivery improvements after the implementation of express sexually transmitted disease testing in Maricopa County, Arizona. Sex Transm Dis 2014; 41 74–78.
| Chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosis, treatment, personnel cost savings, and service delivery improvements after the implementation of express sexually transmitted disease testing in Maricopa County, Arizona.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[69] Shamos SJ, Mettenbrink CJ, Subiadur JA, Mitchell BL, Rietmeijer CA. Evaluation of a testing-only “Express” visit option to enhance efficiency in a busy STI clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35 336–340.
| Evaluation of a testing-only “Express” visit option to enhance efficiency in a busy STI clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[70] Whitlock GG, Gibbons DC, Longford N, Harvey MJ, McOwan A, Adams EJ. Rapid testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections improve patient care and yield public health benefits. Int J STD AIDS 2018; 29 474–482.
| Rapid testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections improve patient care and yield public health benefits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[71] Gratrix J, Bergman J, Brandley J, Parker P, Smyczek P, Singh AE. Impact of introducing triage criteria for express testing at a canadian sexually transmitted infection clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42 660–663.
| Impact of introducing triage criteria for express testing at a canadian sexually transmitted infection clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[72] Knight V, Guy R, McNulty A, Wand H. Effect of an express testing service for gay and bisexual men on HIV testing frequency in Sydney, Australia: a cohort study. Sex Health 2019; 16 124–132.
| Effect of an express testing service for gay and bisexual men on HIV testing frequency in Sydney, Australia: a cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[73] University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust. Umbrella Health. 2022. Available at https://umbrellahealth.co.uk/ [accessed April 2022]
[74] Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. 56 Dean Street. 2021. Available at https://www.dean.st/ [accessed April 2022]
[75] Barrow RY, Ahmed F, Bolan GA, Workowski KA. Recommendations for providing quality sexually transmitted diseases clinical services, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020; 68 1–20.
| Recommendations for providing quality sexually transmitted diseases clinical services, 2020.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[76] Schmidt H-MA, McIver R, Houghton R, Selvey C, McNulty A, Varma R, et al. Nurse-led pre-exposure prophylaxis: a non-traditional model to provide HIV prevention in a resource-constrained, pragmatic clinical trial. Sex Health 2018; 15 595–597.
| Nurse-led pre-exposure prophylaxis: a non-traditional model to provide HIV prevention in a resource-constrained, pragmatic clinical trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[77] Centre for Population Health. RN Supply and Administration of STI Therapies in Publicly Funded Sexual Health Services. Available at https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ActivePDSDocuments/PD2020_024.pdf [accessed July 2022]
[78] Vannakit R, Janyam S, Linjongrat D, Chanlearn P, Sittikarn S, Pengnonyang S, et al. Give the community the tools and they will help finish the job: key population-led health services for ending AIDS in Thailand. J Int AIDS Soc 2020; 23 e25535
| Give the community the tools and they will help finish the job: key population-led health services for ending AIDS in Thailand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[79] Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam). Start of the Transkliniek at the prostitution and health center 292. 2021. Available at https://www.ggd.amsterdam.nl/infectieziekten/soa-hiv-sense/start-transkliniek-prostitutie/ [accessed April 2022]
[80] Institute of HIV Research and Innovation. Tangerine community health clinic. 2020. Available at https://ihri.org/tangerine/. [accessed April 2022]
[81] Kersh EN, Shukla M, Raphael BH, Habel M, Park I. At-home specimen self-collection and self-testing for sexually transmitted infection screening demand accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of laboratory implementation issues. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59 e02646-20
| At-home specimen self-collection and self-testing for sexually transmitted infection screening demand accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of laboratory implementation issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[82] Leenen J, Hoebe CJPA, Ackens RP, Posthouwer D, van Loo IHM, Wolffs PFG, et al. Pilot implementation of a home-care programme with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, and syphilis self-sampling in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20 925
| Pilot implementation of a home-care programme with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, and syphilis self-sampling in HIV-positive men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[83] Fistonich GM, Troutman KM, Visconti AJ. A pilot of mail-out HIV and sexually transmitted infection testing in Washington, District of Columbia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Prev Med 2021; 61 S16–S25.
| A pilot of mail-out HIV and sexually transmitted infection testing in Washington, District of Columbia during the COVID-19 pandemic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[84] Hill BJ, Anderson B, Lock L. COVID-19 pandemic, Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care, and HIV/STI testing among patients receiving care in three HIV epidemic priority states. AIDS Behav 2021; 25 1361–1365.
| COVID-19 pandemic, Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care, and HIV/STI testing among patients receiving care in three HIV epidemic priority states.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[85] Refugio ON, Kimble MM, Silva CL, Lykens JE, Bannister C, Klausner JD. Brief report: PrEPTECH: a telehealth-based initiation program for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in young men of color who have sex with men. A pilot study of feasibility. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80 40–45.
| Brief report: PrEPTECH: a telehealth-based initiation program for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in young men of color who have sex with men. A pilot study of feasibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[86] Hoth AB, Shafer C, Dillon DB, Mayer R, Walton G, Ohl ME. Iowa TelePrEP: a public-health-partnered telehealth model for human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis delivery in a rural state. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46 507–512.
| Iowa TelePrEP: a public-health-partnered telehealth model for human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis delivery in a rural state.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[87] Achterbergh RCA, van Rooijen MS, van den Brink W, Boyd A, de Vries HJC. Enhancing help-seeking behaviour among men who have sex with men at risk for sexually transmitted infections: the syn.bas.in randomised controlled trial. Sex Transm Infect 2021; 97 11–17.
| Enhancing help-seeking behaviour among men who have sex with men at risk for sexually transmitted infections: the syn.bas.in randomised controlled trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[88] Gryczynski J, Nordeck CD, Mitchell SG, Page KR, Johnsen LL, O’Grady KE, et al. Pilot studies examining feasibility of substance use disorder screening and treatment linkage at urban sexually transmitted disease clinics. J Addict Med 2017; 11 350–356.
| Pilot studies examining feasibility of substance use disorder screening and treatment linkage at urban sexually transmitted disease clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[89] Yu J, Appel P, Rogers M, Blank S, Davis C, Warren B, et al. Integrating intervention for substance use disorder in a healthcare setting: practice and outcomes in New York City STD clinics. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2016; 42 32–38.
| Integrating intervention for substance use disorder in a healthcare setting: practice and outcomes in New York City STD clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[90] Harris BR, Yu J, Wolff M, Rogers M, Blank S. Optimizing the impact of alcohol and drug screening and early intervention in a high-risk population receiving services in New York City sexual health clinics: a process and outcome evaluation of Project Renew. Prev Med 2018; 112 160–167.
| Optimizing the impact of alcohol and drug screening and early intervention in a high-risk population receiving services in New York City sexual health clinics: a process and outcome evaluation of Project Renew.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[91] Crawley A, Breaux H, Murphy C, Pathela P. Patient uptake of social work interventions in New York City sexual health clinics, 2012–2015. Oral presentation at the National STD Prevention Conference, August 2018, Washington, D.C.
[92] Falade-Nwulia O, Mehta SH, Lasola J, Latkin C, Niculescu A, O’Connor C, et al. Public health clinic-based hepatitis C testing and linkage to care in Baltimore. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23 366–374.
| Public health clinic-based hepatitis C testing and linkage to care in Baltimore.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[93] Crawley A, Pathela P, Blancett J, Ashmore M. Quickstart-ing contraception at New York City sexual health clinics, 2019. National STD Prevention Conference. Virtual; 2020.
[94] Callander D, Cook T, Read P, Hellard ME, Fairley CK, Kaldor JM, et al. Sexually transmissible infections among transgender men and women attending Australian sexual health clinics. Med J Aust 2019; 211 406–411.
| Sexually transmissible infections among transgender men and women attending Australian sexual health clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[95] van Dijk A, Bons D, Hoornenborg E, Welling C. Integrating care for trans people: the Transclinic, a collaboration between Trans United Europe and the public health service of Amsterdam. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2021; 97 A61–A62.
| Integrating care for trans people: the Transclinic, a collaboration between Trans United Europe and the public health service of Amsterdam.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[96] Trans United Europe. Trans BPOC Europe Network. Available at https://transunitedeurope.eu/ [accessed February 2022]
[97] P&G292. About P&G292. Available at https://www.pg292.nl/en/about-pg292/ [accessed February 2022]
[98] Tordoff DM, Morgan J, Dombrowski JC, Golden MR, Barbee LA. Increased ascertainment of transgender and non-binary patients using a 2-Step versus 1-step gender identity intake question in an STD clinic setting. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46 254–259.
| Increased ascertainment of transgender and non-binary patients using a 2-Step versus 1-step gender identity intake question in an STD clinic setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[99] The White House. National HIV/AIDS strategy for the United States 2022–2025. Washington, DC: The White House; 2021.
[100] Fauci AS, Redfield RR, Sigounas G, Weahkee MD, Giroir BP. Ending the HIV epidemic: a plan for the United States. JAMA 2019; 321 844–845.
| Ending the HIV epidemic: a plan for the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[101] Hulstein SH, Matser A, van der Loeff MFS, Hoornenborg E, Prins M, de Vries HJC. Eligibility for HIV preexposure prophylaxis, intention to use preexposure prophylaxis, and informal use of preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48 86–93.
| Eligibility for HIV preexposure prophylaxis, intention to use preexposure prophylaxis, and informal use of preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[102] Katz DA, Dombrowski JC, Bell TR, Kerani RP, Golden MR. HIV incidence among men who have sex with men after diagnosis with sexually transmitted infections. Sex Transm Dis 2016; 43 249–254.
| HIV incidence among men who have sex with men after diagnosis with sexually transmitted infections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[103] Krakower D, Ware N, Mitty JA, Maloney K, Mayer KH. HIV providers’ perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis in care settings: a qualitative study. AIDS Behav 2014; 18 1712–1721.
| HIV providers’ perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis in care settings: a qualitative study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[104] Katz DA, Barry M, Dombroski J, Bell T, Golden MR. Integrating PrEP referrals into STD partner services increases PrEP use among MSM. Conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections. Boston, MA; 4–7 March, 2018.
[105] Hoover KW, Ham DC, Peters PJ, Smith DK, Bernstein KT. Human immunodeficiency virus prevention with preexposure prophylaxis in sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2016; 43 277–282.
| Human immunodeficiency virus prevention with preexposure prophylaxis in sexually transmitted disease clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[106] Bhatia R, Modali L, Lowther M, Glick N, Bell M, Rowan S, et al. Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis referrals from public STI clinics and implications for the preexposure prophylaxis continuum. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 45 50–55.
| Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis referrals from public STI clinics and implications for the preexposure prophylaxis continuum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[107] Ramchandani MS, Berzkalns A, Cannon CA, Dombrowski JC, Ocbamichael N, Khosropour CM, et al. A demedicalized model to provide PrEP in a sexual health clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 90 530–537.
| A demedicalized model to provide PrEP in a sexual health clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[108] Grulich AE, Guy R, Amin J, Jin F, Selvey C, Holden J, et al. Population-level effectiveness of rapid, targeted, high-coverage roll-out of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: the EPIC-NSW prospective cohort study. Lancet HIV 2018; 5 e629–e637.
| Population-level effectiveness of rapid, targeted, high-coverage roll-out of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: the EPIC-NSW prospective cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[109] Hoornenborg E, Coyer L, Achterbergh RCA, Matser A, Schim van der Loeff MF, Boyd A, et al. Sexual behaviour and incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men using daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis in AMPrEP: 2 year results from a demonstration study. Lancet HIV 2019; 6 e447–e455.
| Sexual behaviour and incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men using daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis in AMPrEP: 2 year results from a demonstration study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[110] Tymejczyk O, Jamison K, Pathela P, Braunstein S, Schillinger JA, Nash D. HIV Care and viral load suppression after sexual health clinic visits by out-of-care HIV-positive persons. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2018; 32 390–398.
| HIV Care and viral load suppression after sexual health clinic visits by out-of-care HIV-positive persons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[111] Golden MR, Rompalo AM, Fantry L, Bein M, Perkins T, Hoover DR, et al. Early intervention for human immunodeficiency virus in Baltimore Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinics. Impact on gonorrhea incidence in patients infected with HIV. Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23 370–377.
| Early intervention for human immunodeficiency virus in Baltimore Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinics. Impact on gonorrhea incidence in patients infected with HIV.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[112] Dombrowski JC, Ramchandani M, Dhanireddy S, Harrington RD, Moore A, Golden MR. The max clinic: medical care designed to engage the hardest-to-reach persons living with HIV in Seattle and King County, Washington. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2018; 32 149–156.
| The max clinic: medical care designed to engage the hardest-to-reach persons living with HIV in Seattle and King County, Washington.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[113] H-TEAM. HIV transmission elimination Amsterdam. 2022. Available at https://hteam.nl/?lang=en. [accessed February 2022]
[114] New South Wales Ministry of Health. New South Wales HIV strategy 2021–2025. 2020. Available at https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/endinghiv/Publications/nsw-hiv-strategy-2021-2025.pdf [accessed February 2022]
[115] National Coalition of STD Directors. Fact sheet: STD program capacity and preparedness in the United States: results of a National Survey, 2009. 2009. Available at https://www.ncsddc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Fact-Sheet-STD-Program-Capacity-and-Preparedness-in-the-United-States-Re..pdf [accessed January 2022]
[116] Nagendra G, Carnevale C, Neu N, Cohall A, Zucker J. The potential impact and availability of sexual health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 47 434–436.
| The potential impact and availability of sexual health services during the COVID-19 pandemic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[117] Wright SS, Kreisel KM, Hitt JC, Pagaoa MA, Weinstock HS, Thorpe PG. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on centers for disease control and prevention-funded STD programs. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 49 e61–e63.
| Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on centers for disease control and prevention-funded STD programs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[118] National Coalition of STD Directors. One year later: COVID-19’s Impact on PrEP/PEP and sexual health services. 2021. Available at https://nastad.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/PDF-COVID-19-PrEP-PEP-Sexual-Health-Services.pdf [accessed February 2022]
[119] National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Ministry of Health Welfare and Sport. Sexual health thermometer November 2020. 2020. Available at https://www.rivm.nl/documenten/thermometer-seksuele-gezondheid-november-2020 [accessed April 2022]
[120] van Bilsen WPH, Zimmermann HML, Boyd A, Coyer L, van der Hoek L, Kootstra NA, et al. Sexual behavior and its determinants during COVID-19 restrictions among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86 288–296.
| Sexual behavior and its determinants during COVID-19 restrictions among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[121] Barbee LA, Dombrowski JC, Hermann S, Werth BJ, Ramchandani M, Ocbamichael N, et al. “Sex in the time of COVID”: clinical guidelines for sexually transmitted disease management in an era of social distancing. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 47 427–430.
| “Sex in the time of COVID”: clinical guidelines for sexually transmitted disease management in an era of social distancing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[122] Napoleon SC, Maynard MA, Almonte A, Cormier K, Bertrand T, Ard KL, et al. Considerations for STI clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 47 431–433.
| Considerations for STI clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[123] Centers for Disease and Prevention. Public Health Service. 2020. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/dstdp/DCL-STDTreatment-COVID19-04062020.pdf [accessed January 2022]
[124] Centers for Disease and Prevention. Public Health Service. 2020. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/general/DCL-Diagnostic-Test-Shortage.pdf [accessed January 2022]
