Female sex work in Yangon, Myanmar
Luke Talikowski A and Sue Gillieatt A BA Centre for International Health, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: s.gillieatt@curtin.edu.au
Sexual Health 2(3) 193-202 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH04043
Submitted: 13 October 2004 Accepted: 20 April 2005 Published: 20 September 2005
Abstract
Background: Myanmar (Burma), with an upper estimate of 400 000 people living with HIV/AIDS, faces a dangerous and potentially devastating epidemic. Female sex workers in the country are one of the most affected populations, with high prevalence rates of both HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken in Yangon at the end of 2002 to investigate the social and demographic features contributing to the transmission of HIV among female sex workers in urban Myanmar. Twenty-seven key informants from the government, non-government organisations (NGOs), international non-government organisations (INGOs), private sector and the United Nations system agencies and 25 women currently working in the sex trade were interviewed. Results: The sex trade in Yangon is rapidly growing and is characterised by a high degree of complexity. The number of female sex workers is estimated to be between 5000 and 10 000 and there are ~100 brothels operating in various townships around the city. Nearly one-third of the women in the study reported previous imprisonment for offences related to sex work as well as fear of harassment, sexual exploitation, violence and gang rape. Almost half reported using condoms with clients at all times. Contradicting views exist as to the level of awareness about STIs and HIV among Yangon sex workers, with the majority never having been tested for HIV. Only one-quarter of women were regular patients of the limited number of STI clinics operated by INGOs. Conclusions: Female sex workers in Myanmar remain a highly marginalised group almost inaccessible due to a variety of legal, political, cultural and social factors and are particularly vulnerable to HIV and STIs. It is important to encourage partnerships between INGOs by promoting service coordination and information sharing to increase the availability of services for sex workers and to build political support for an unpopular cause.
Additional keywords: Burma, HIV, Myanmar, sex work.
Acknowledgements
Our sincere appreciation to the gracious and courageous women working in the sex industry in Myanmar who allowed the first author to explore their opinions, feelings, attitudes and behaviours on such a sensitive topic. The authors are also indebted to numerous other individuals and organisations in Myanmar who, at present, must remain anonymous. In relation to the preparation of this paper, we acknowledge the assistance of Professor Michael Alpers, Karl Dorning and James Uhrig.
[1] Marlay R, Ulmer B. Report on human rights in Burma: background and current status. J Third World Stud 2001; 12(2): 113–28.
(verified August 2005).
[7]
[8] Weir SS, Pailman C, Mahlalela X, Coetzee N, Meidany F, Boerma JT. From people to places: focusing AIDS prevention efforts where it matters most. AIDS 2003; 17(6): 895–903.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | (verified August 2005).
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
