Fluorescence in the estimation of chlorophyll-a in public water reservoirs in the Brazilian cerrado
Lucélia Souza de Barros![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-3544](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6387-8254](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-6248](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-5767](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8199-5163](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
A
B
Abstract
The usual strategy for monitoring of eutrophication process is the use of traditional limnological methods, based on laboratory analysis. These procedures involve costly and time-consuming analyses, usually with in vitro methodologies, which can still have limitations in terms of sensitivity and reliability, if poorly managed. Phytoplankton pigments, such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), are highly fluorescent and can provide the environmental status of water bodies.
This study aims to analyse, compare and evaluate an estimation of Chl-a through fluorescence in public water sources in the Brazilian cerrado. Exploratory statistical analyses were conducted by using absolute fluorescence units (AFU) and relative fluorescence units (RFU) compared with traditional laboratory data (standard procedure for the determination of Chl-a by spectroscopic methods) to evaluate the significance of differences in estimating Chl-a concentration. Subsequently, empirical models, based on spectral band combinations, were generated to convert fluorescence measurement in Chl-a concentration, by linear regression.
The generated model found a strong correlation and coefficient of determination (r = 0.88; R2 = 0.78). The efficiency of the model was also confirmed by statistical indicators (RMSE = 1.27, MAPE = 26.72 and BIAS = −6.32).
We concluded that the estimate of Chl-a through RFU was better than through AFU.
Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended that RFU be used to obtain more precise and accurate estimates of Chl-a concentration through empirical models based on linear regression.
Keywords: absolute fluorescence units, AFU, aquatic environments, chlorophyll-a, public water supply, relative fluorescence units, RFU, water quality monitoring.
References
Andrade EM, Ferreira KCD, Lopes FB, Araújo ICS, Silva AGR (2020) Balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in a reservoir in the tropical semiarid region. Revista Ciência Agronômica 51(1), e20196800.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Barbosa JSB, Bellotto VR, da Silva DB, Lima TB (2019) Nitrogen and phosphorus budget for a deep tropical reservoir of the Brazilian Savannah. Water 11, 1205.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Batista BD, Fonseca BM (2018) Fitoplâncton da região central do Lago Paranoá (DF): uma abordagem ecológica e sanitária: Phytoplankton in the central region of Paranoá Lake, Federal District of Brazil: an ecological and sanitary approach. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental 23, 229241 [In Portuguese with English title and abstract].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
bbe Moldaenke (2017) FluoroProbe III: the instrument for depth profiles of microalgae. (bbe Moldaenke: Schwentinental, Germany) Available at https://www.bbe-moldaenke.de/en/products/chlorophyll/details/fluoroprobe.html?file=files/knowledge-media/brochures/FluoroProbe_eng.pdf [Verified 19 January 2024]
Beutler M, Wiltshire KH, Meyer B, et al. (2002) A fluorometric method for the differentiation of algal populations in vivo and in situ. Photosynthesis Research 72, 39-53.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Blockstein L, Yadid-Pecht O (2014) Lensless miniature portable fluorometer for measurement of chlorophyll and CDOM in water using fluorescence contact imaging. IEEE Photonics Journal 6(3), 6600716.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Catherine A, Escoffier N, Belhocine A, Nasri AB, Hamlaoui S, Yéprémian C, Bernard C, Troussellier M (2012) On the use of the FluoroProbe, a phytoplankton quantification method based on fluorescence excitation spectra for large-scale surveys of lakes and reservoirs. Water Research 46(6), 1771-1784.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Chang D-W, Hobson P, Burch M, Lin T-F (2012) Measurement of cyanobacteria using in-vivo fluoroscopy – effect of cyanobacterial species, pigments, and colonies. Water Research 46, 5037-5048.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Choo F, Zamyadi A, Newton K, Newcombe G, Bowling L, Stuetz R, Henderson RK (2018) Performance evaluation of in situ fluorometers for real-time cyanobacterial monitoring. H2Open Journal 1, 26-46.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Cicerelli RE, Galo MLBT, Roig HL (2017) Multisource data for seasonal variability analysis of cyanobacteria in a tropical inland aquatic environment. Marine and Freshwater Research 68(12), 2344-2354.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Cremella B, Huot Y, Bonilla S (2018) Interpretation of total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria fluorescence from cross-calibrated fluorometers, including sensitivity to turbidity and colored dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 16, 881-894.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Díaz Muñiz C, García NPJ, Alonso Fernández JR, Martínez Torres J, Taboada J (2012) Detection of outliers in water quality monitoring samples using functional data analysis in San Esteban estuary (Northern Spain). Science of The Total Environment 439(15), 54-61.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Efron B (1979) Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. The Annals of Statistics 7(1), 1-26.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Escoffier N, Bernard C, Hamlaoui S, Groleau A, Catherine A (2015) Quantifying phytoplankton communities using spectral fluorescence: the effects of species composition and physiological state. Journal of Plankton Research 37(1), 233-247.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ferreira RD, Barbosa CCF, Novo EMLM (2012) Assessment of in vivo fluorescence method for chlorophyll-a estimation in optically complex waters (Curuai floodplain, Pará – Brazil). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 24(4), 373-386.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Garrido M, Cecchi P, Malet N, Bec B, Torre F, Pasqualini V (2019) Evaluation of FluoroProbe performance for the phytoplankton-based assessment of the ecological status of Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191, 204.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Gosset A, Durrieu C, Renaud L, Deman A-L, Barbe P, Bayard R, Chateaux J-F (2018) Xurography-based microfluidic algal biosensor and dedicated portable measurement station for online monitoring of urban polluted samples. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 117, 669-677.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Governo do Distrito Federal (2017) Plano Integrado de Enfrentamento à Crise Hídrica. Governo de Brasília, Special Publication Number 1. (GDF: Brasília, Brazil) Available at https://www.agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br/wp-conteudo/uploads/2017/03/plano-integrado-de-enfrentamento-a-crise-hidrica-governo-de-brasilia.pdf [In Portuguese, verified 19 January 2024]
Graban S, Dall’Olmo G, Goult S, Sauzède R (2020) Accurate deep-learning estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration from the spectral particulate beam-attenuation coefficient. Optics Express 28(16), 24214-24228.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gradilla-Hernández MS, de Anda J, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Meza-Rodríguez D, Yebra Montes C, Perfecto-Avalos Y (2020) Multivariate water quality analysis of Lake Cajititlán, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192(5), 5.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gregor J, Maršálek B (2004) Freshwater phytoplankton quantification by chlorophyll a: a comparative study of in vitro, in vivo and in situ methods. Water Research 38(3), 517-522.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gregor J, Geriš R, Maršálek B, Heteša J, Marvan P (2005) In situ quantification of phytoplankton in reservoirs using a submersible spectrofluorometer. Hydrobiologia 548, 141-151.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hartmann A, Horn H, Röske I, Röske K (2019) Comparison of fluorometric and microscopical quantification of phytoplankton in a drinking water reservoir by a one-season monitoring program. Aquatic Sciences 81(1), 19.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hennemann MC, Petrucio MM (2010) Seasonal phytoplankton response to increased temperature and phosphorus inputs in a freshwater coastal lagoon, Southern Brazil: a microcosm bioassay. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 22(3), 295-305.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Houliez E, Lizon F, Thyssen M, Artigas LF, Schmitt FG (2012) Spectral fluorometric characterization of Haptophyte dynamics using the FluoroProbe: an application in the eastern English Channel for monitoring Phaeocystis globosa. Journal of Plankton Research 34, 136-151.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2017) Censo Demográfico. (IBGE: Brasília, Brazil) Available at https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/df/brasilia/panorama [In Portuguese, verified 19 January 2024]
Kiefer DA, Chamberlin WS, Booth CR (1989) Natural fluorescence of chlorophyll a: relationship to photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration in the western South Pacific gyre. Limnology and Oceanography 34, 868-881.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kring SA, Figary SE, Boyer GL, Watson SB, Twiss MR (2014) Rapid in situ measures of phytoplankton communities using the bbe FluoroProbe: evaluation of spectral calibration, instrument intercompatibility, and performance range. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, 1087-1095.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kuha J, Järvinen M, Salmi P, Karjalainen J (2020) Calibration of in situ chlorophyll fluorometers for organic matter. Hydrobiologia 847, 4377-4387.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Leboulanger C, Dorigo U, Jacquet S, Le Berre B, Paolini G, Humbert JF (2002) Application of a submersible spectrofluorometer for rapid monitoring of freshwater cyanobacterial blooms: a case study. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 30, 83-89.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lewis WM, Jr (2000) Basis for the protection and management of tropical lakes. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 5, 35-48.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lima JEFW (2011) Situação e perspectivas sobre as águas do cerrado. Ciência e Cultura 63(3), 27-29 [In Portuguese with English abstract].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ling Z, Sun D, Wang S, Qiu Z, Huan Y, Mao Z, He Y (2018) Retrievals of phytoplankton community structures from in situ fluorescence measurements by HS-6P. Optics Express 26, 30556-30575.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lohrenz SE, Weidemann AD, Tuel M (2003) Phytoplankton spectral absorption as influenced by community size structure and pigment composition. Journal of Plankton Research 25, 35-61.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Loisa O, Kaaria J, Laaksonlaita J, Niemi J, Sarvala J, Saario J (2015) From phycocyanin fluorescence to absolute cyanobacteria biomass: an application using in-situ fluorometer probes in the monitoring of potentially harmful cyanobacteria blooms. Water Practice and Technology 10, 695-698.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lorenzen CJ (1967) Determination of chlorophyll and pheo-pigments: spectrophotometric equations. Limnology and Oceanography 12, 343-346.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
MacIntyre HL, Lawrenz E, Richardson TL (2010) Taxonomic discrimination of phytoplankton by spectral fluorescence. In ‘Chlorophyll a fluorescence in aquatic sciences: methods and applications. Developments in Applied Phycology. Vol. 4’. (Eds DJ Suggett, O Prasil, MA Borowitzka) pp. 129–169. (Springer)
Marino L (2017) Relação entre clorofila-a e cianobactérias no estado de São Paulo: Link between chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria in the state of São Paulo. Revista DAE 65, 32-43 [In Portuguese with English title and abstract].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Meyns S, Illi R, Ribi B (1994) Comparison of chlorophyll-a analysis by HPLC and spectrophotometry: where do the differences come from? Archives für Hydrobiologie 132, 129-139.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima (2005) Resolução n°357, de 17 de Março de 2005. (CONAMA) Available at https://conama.mma.gov.br/?option=com_sisconama&task=arquivo.download&id=450 [In Portuguese, verified 19 January 2024]
Mustafa S, Bahar A, Aziz ZA, Darwish M (2020) Solute transport modelling to manage groundwater pollution from surface water resources. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 233, 103662.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Nusch EA (1980) Comparison of different methods for chlorophyll and phaeopigment determination. Archiv für Hydrobiologie – Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie 14, 14-36.
| Google Scholar |
Panchenko MV, Domysheva VM, Pestunov DA, Sakirko MV, Shamrin AM, Zavoruev VV, Shmargunov VP (2020) Reconstruction of the diurnal behavior of the concentration of chlorophyll in the surface and bottom water of the coastal zone of Lake Baikal on the basis of empirical calibration of fluorescence characteristics. Limnology and Freshwater Biology 4, 622-623.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Pereira BAS, Venturoli F, Carvalho FA (2011) Florestas estacionais no cerrado: uma visão geral. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 41(3), 446-455 [In Portuguese with English abstract].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Richardson TL, Lawrenz E, Pinckney JL, Guajardo RC, Walker EA, Paerl HW, Macintyre HL (2010) Spectral fluorometric characterization of phytoplankton community composition using the Algae Online Analyser. Water Research 44(8), 2461-2472.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Roesler C, Uitz J, Claustre H, Boss E, Xing X, Organelli E, Briggs N, Bricaud A, Schmechtig C, Poteau A, D’Ortenzio F, Ras J, Drapeau S, Haëntjens N, Barbieux M (2017) Recommendations for obtaining unbiased chlorophyll estimates from in situ chlorophyll fluorometers: a global analysis of WET Labs ECO sensors. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 15(6), 572-585.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Roriz PRC, Batista BD, Fonseca BM (2019) Primeiro registro da espécie invasora Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925 (Dinophyceae) no Lago Paranoá, Distrito Federal. Oecologia Australis 23(3), 620-635 [In Portuguese].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Seppälä J, Ylöstalo P, Kaitala S, Hällfors S, Raateoja M, Maunula P (2007) Ship-of-opportunity based phycocyanin fluorescence monitoring of the filamentous cyanobacteria bloom dynamics in the Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 73, 489-500.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shin Y-H, Barnett JZ, Gutierrez-Wing MT, Rusch KA, Choi J-W (2018) A hand-held fluorescent sensor platform for selectively estimating green algae and cyanobacteria biomass. Sensors and Actuators – B. Chemical 262, 938-946.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shin Y-H, Gutierrez-Wing MT, Choi J-W (2020) Review – recent progress in portable fluorescence sensors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 168, 017502.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Silva GSM, Garcia CAE (2021) Evaluation of ocean chlorophyll-a remote sensing algorithms using in situ fluorescence data in Southern Brazilian Coastal Waters. Ocean and Coastal Research 69, e21012.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Silva T, Giani A, Figueredo C, Viana P, Khac VT, Lemaire BJ, Tassin B, Nascimento N, Vinçon-Leite B (2016) Comparison of cyanobacteria monitoring methods in a tropical reservoir by in vivo and in situ spectrofluorometry. Ecological Engineering 97, 79-87.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Utsumi AG, Galo MLBT, Tachibana VM (2015) Mapeamento de cianobactérias por meio da fluorescência da ficocianina e de análise geoestatística: Mapping of cyanobacteria using phycocyanin fluorescence and geostatistical analysis. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19(3), 273-279 [In Portuguese with English title and abstract].
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Van Heukelem L, Thomas CS (2001) Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments. Journal of Chromatography A 910(1), 31-49.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Volpe V, Silvestri S, Marani M (2011) Remote sensing retrieval of suspended sediment concentration in shallow waters. Remote Sensing of Environment 115(1), 44-54.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yellow Springs Inc. (2009) 6-series environmental monitoring systems operations manual. Revision A. (YSI Inc.: Yellow Springs, OH, USA) Available at https://www.uvm.edu/bwrl/lab_docs/manuals/YSI_multi-sonde.pdf [Verified 19 January 2024]
Zamyadi A, Choo F, Newcombe G, Stuetz R, Henderson RK (2016) A review of monitoring technologies for real-time management of cyanobacteria: recent advances and future direction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 85, 83-96.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |