Register      Login
Marine and Freshwater Research Marine and Freshwater Research Society
Advances in the aquatic sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Sources and trophic transfer of trace metals in wild fish from coastal areas in the South China Sea

Wenfeng Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-4917 A * , Guanwen Zhang A , Huaming Yu B , Peng Cheng C and Pengran Guo A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rapid Testing Instrument for Food Nutrition and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, PR China.

B Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China.

C State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.

* Correspondence to: wenfengzhang08@126.com

Handling Editor: Wan Zhanhong

Marine and Freshwater Research - https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22120
Submitted: 13 June 2022  Accepted: 24 November 2022   Published online: 23 January 2023

© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Context: Wild fish is a good source of minerals and other high-quality nutrition; however, many wild fish species potentially accumulate hazardous metals, making them a threat to human health.

Aims: The aim was to study characteristics and the source of metals in wild fish in the South China Sea by using, for the first time, the correlation of trace metals and stable isotopes.

Methods: Analytical instruments and statistical methods were respectively used to determine elements and the relative correlations.

Key results: Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) tended to accumulate in bluespot mullet and Macao tonguesole. Variation among fish species and spatial differences might be two important factors influencing both the metal concentrations and the selenium (Se):mercury (Hg) molar ratios in biota. Hg, Mn, Pb and tin (Sn) tended to be biomagnified with an increasing trophic level, whereas chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) showed a trend of biodilution.

Conclusions: The Se:Hg molar ratios exhibited noticeable species and spatial variation for the wild fish, whereas the main sources of Sn and Pb contamination might be antifouling reagents and surface applications.

Implications: The speciation of the elements is worth investigating next, so as to obtain valuable insight into the state of the wild environment and the impacts to human wellbeing.

Keywords: biomagnification, environmental monitoring, food web, marine fish, methyl mercury, stable isotopes, trace metals, trophic levels.


References

Bai, J, Xiao, R, Cui, B, Zhang, K, Wang, Q, Liu, X, Gao, H, and Huang, L (2011). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in wetland soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environmental Pollution 159, 817–824.
Assessment of heavy metal pollution in wetland soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in the Pearl River Estuary, South China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bangladesh Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (2014) Bangladesh Gazette, SRO number 233/Ayan, Bangladesh Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock.

Borstein, SR, Fordyce, JA, O’Meara, BC, Wainwright, PC, and McGee, MD (2019). Reef fish functional traits evolve fastest at trophic extremes. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, 191–199.
Reef fish functional traits evolve fastest at trophic extremes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Campbell, LM, Norstrom, RJ, Hobson, KA, Muir, DCG, Backus, S, and Fisk, AT (2005). Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay). Science of The Total Environment 351-352, 247–263.
Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cao, Y, Niu, X, Guo, S, Gao, L, and Wei, X (2018). The release of mercury and arsenic during the combustion of two Chinese coal gangues. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 13, 85–92.
The release of mercury and arsenic during the combustion of two Chinese coal gangues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carpi, A (1997). Mercury from combustion sources: a review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 98, 241–254.
Mercury from combustion sources: a review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Caut, S, Guirlet, E, Angulo, E, Das, K, and Girondot, M (2008). Isotope analysis reveals foraging area dichotomy for Atlantic leatherback turtles. PLoS ONE 3, e1845.
Isotope analysis reveals foraging area dichotomy for Atlantic leatherback turtles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chen, X, Zhang, W, Huang, W, Yang, X, Geng, Y, and Li, G (2018). 广东沿海两地海水鱼总汞与甲基汞的相关性分析 [Correlation analysis of total mercury and methyl mercury in marine fishes purchased from two coastal regions in Guangdong.]. 现代食品科技 [Modern Food Technology] 34, 1–8.
广东沿海两地海水鱼总汞与甲基汞的相关性分析 [Correlation analysis of total mercury and methyl mercury in marine fishes purchased from two coastal regions in Guangdong.].Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cheng, Z, Liang, P, Shao, D-D, Wu, S-C, Nie, X-P, Chen, K-C, Li, K-B, and Wong, M-H (2011). Mercury biomagnification in the aquaculture pond ecosystem in the Pearl River Delta. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61, 491–499.
Mercury biomagnification in the aquaculture pond ecosystem in the Pearl River Delta.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cheung, KC, Poon, BHT, Lan, CY, and Wong, MH (2003). Assessment of metal and nutrient concentrations in river water and sediment collected from the cities in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Chemosphere 52, 1431–1440.
Assessment of metal and nutrient concentrations in river water and sediment collected from the cities in the Pearl River Delta, South China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ciardullo, S, Aureli, F, Coni, E, Guandalini, E, Iosi, F, Raggi, A, Rufo, G, and Cubadda, F (2008). Bioaccumulation potential of dietary arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in organs and tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) as a function of fish growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 2442–2451.
Bioaccumulation potential of dietary arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in organs and tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) as a function of fish growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cusack, LK, Eagles-Smith, C, Harding, AK, Kile, M, and Stone, D (2017). Selenium: mercury molar ratios in freshwater fish in the Columbia River Basin: potential applications for specific fish consumption advisories. Biological Trace Element Research 178, 136–146.
Selenium: mercury molar ratios in freshwater fish in the Columbia River Basin: potential applications for specific fish consumption advisories.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Endo, T, Hayasaka, M, Ogasawra, H, Kimura, O, Kotaki, Y, and Haraguchi, K (2015). Relationships among mercury concentration, and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in the scalp hair of residents from seven countries: effects of marine fish and C4 plants consumption. PLoS ONE 10, e0128149.
Relationships among mercury concentration, and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in the scalp hair of residents from seven countries: effects of marine fish and C4 plants consumption.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

European Commission (2009). Commission Decision of 28 May 2009. 2009/425/EC from Directive 76/769/EEC. Official Journal of European Communities – Legislation 138, 11–13.

European Food Safety Authority (2009). EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), 2009. Scientific opinion on arsenic in food. EFSA Journal 7, 1351.
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), 2009. Scientific opinion on arsenic in food.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

European Union (2006). Maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of European Union – Legislation 364, 5–24.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in Action. (FAO: Rome, Italy) Available at sprep.org/attachments/VirLib/Global/state-world-fisheries-acquaculture-2020.pdf [Verified 27 February 2021]

Food and Drug Administration (2007). Food labeling: revision of reference values and mandatory nutrients. Federal Register 72, 62149–62175.

Fraga, CG (2005). Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 26, 235–244.
Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Goldhaber, SB (2003). Trace element risk assessment: essentiality vs. toxicity. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 38, 232–242.
Trace element risk assessment: essentiality vs. toxicity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Greenberg, RR, Zoller, WH, and Gordon, GE (1978). Composition and size distributions of particles released in refuse incineration. Environmental Science & Technology 12, 566–573.
Composition and size distributions of particles released in refuse incineration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gu, Y-G, Lin, Q, Huang, H-H, Wang, L, Ning, J-J, and Du, F-Y (2017). Heavy metals in fish tissues/stomach contents in four marine wild commercially valuable fish species from the western continental shelf of South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 114, 1125–1129.
Heavy metals in fish tissues/stomach contents in four marine wild commercially valuable fish species from the western continental shelf of South China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hill, EF, and Soares, JH (1987). Oral and intramuscular toxicity of inorganic and organic mercury chloride to growing quail. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 20, 105–116.
Oral and intramuscular toxicity of inorganic and organic mercury chloride to growing quail.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hu, Y, Zhang, W, Chen, G, Cheng, H, and Tao, S (2018). Public health risk of trace metals in fresh chicken meat products on the food markets of a major production region in southern China. Environmental Pollution 234, 667–676.
Public health risk of trace metals in fresh chicken meat products on the food markets of a major production region in southern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Huang, R, Chen, S, Chen, Z, Peng, J, Wang, P, Huo, W, Huang, W, and Yang, X (2019a). 广东省沿海常见海水鱼中多不饱和脂肪酸及其与甲基汞共摄入对神经发育的风险-获益评估 [Risk–benefit assessment of neurodevelopmental risk-benefit assessment of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their co-intake with methylmercury in common marine fish in coastal Guangdong province. 中国食品卫生杂志 [Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene] 31, 199–204.
广东省沿海常见海水鱼中多不饱和脂肪酸及其与甲基汞共摄入对神经发育的风险-获益评估 [Risk–benefit assessment of neurodevelopmental risk-benefit assessment of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their co-intake with methylmercury in common marine fish in coastal Guangdong province.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Huang, R, Chen, Z, Wang, P, Chen, S, and Huo, W (2019b). 2015年广东省成年居民水产品类食物摄入状况分析 [Analysis on food intake status of aquatic products among adult residents in Guangdong Province in 2015.]. 华南预防医学 [South China Preventive Medicine] 45, 283–286.
2015年广东省成年居民水产品类食物摄入状况分析 [Analysis on food intake status of aquatic products among adult residents in Guangdong Province in 2015.].Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

International Maritime Organization (2021) Anti-fouling systems. International convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships. (IMO: London, UK) Available at https://imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Anti-Fouling.aspx [Verified 27 February 2021]

Johnson, TKB, LePrevost, CE, Kwak, TJ, and Cope, WG (2018). Selenium, mercury, and their molar ratio in sportfish from drinking water reservoirs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, 1864.
Selenium, mercury, and their molar ratio in sportfish from drinking water reservoirs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations–World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (2011) Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food: prepared by the seventy-second meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Food Additives Series: 63; FAO JECFA Monographs 8. (WHO: Geneva, Switzerland; and FAO: Rome, Italy) Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241660631 [Verified 16 December 2022]

Khan, MAK, and Wang, F (2009). Mercury–selenium compounds and their toxicological significance: toward a molecular understanding of the mercury–selenium antagonism. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, 1567–1577.
Mercury–selenium compounds and their toxicological significance: toward a molecular understanding of the mercury–selenium antagonism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lavoie, RA, Jardine, TD, Chumchal, MM, Kidd, KA, and Campbell, LM (2013). Biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food webs: a worldwide meta-analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 47, 13385–13394.
Biomagnification of mercury in aquatic food webs: a worldwide meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Li, W, Wei, C, Zhang, C, Van Hulle, M, Cornelis, R, and Zhang, X (2003). A survey of arsenic species in Chinese seafood. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41, 1103–1110.
A survey of arsenic species in Chinese seafood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Li, L, Lü, S, and Cen, J (2019). Spatio-temporal variations of harmful algal blooms along the coast of Guangdong, Southern China during 1980–2016. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 37, 535–551.
Spatio-temporal variations of harmful algal blooms along the coast of Guangdong, Southern China during 1980–2016.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liu, R, Jiang, W, Li, F, Pan, Y, Wang, C, and Tian, H (2021). Occurrence, partition, and risk of seven heavy metals in sediments, seawater, and organisms from the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Environmental Management 279, 111771.
Occurrence, partition, and risk of seven heavy metals in sediments, seawater, and organisms from the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liu, B, Lv, L, An, M, Wang, T, Li, M, and Yu, Y (2022). Heavy metals in marine food web from Laizhou Bay, China: levels, trophic magnification, and health risk assessment. Science of The Total Environment 841, 156818.
Heavy metals in marine food web from Laizhou Bay, China: levels, trophic magnification, and health risk assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McVay, IR, Maher, WA, Krikowa, F, and Ubrhien, R (2019). Metal concentrations in waters, sediments and biota of the far south-east coast of New South Wales, Australia, with an emphasis on Sn, Cu and Zn used as marine antifoulant agents. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 41, 1351–1367.
Metal concentrations in waters, sediments and biota of the far south-east coast of New South Wales, Australia, with an emphasis on Sn, Cu and Zn used as marine antifoulant agents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (1992) 1992年渔业统计年鉴 [1992 Fishery Statistical Yearbook.] (China Agriculture Press Co., Ltd: Beijing, PR China) Available at http://www.cafs.ac.cn/system/_content/download.jsp?urltype=news.DownloadAttachUrl&owner=1323872515&wbfileid=2043723 [In Chinese, verified 6 January 2023]

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (1996) 1996年渔业统计年鉴 [1996 Fishery Statistical Yearbook.] (China Agriculture Press Co., Ltd: Beijing, PR China) Available at http://www.cafs.ac.cn/system/_content/download.jsp?urltype=news.DownloadAttachUrl&owner=1323872515&wbfileid=2043727 [In Chinese, verified 6 January 2023]

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2016) 2016年渔业统计年鉴 [2016 Fishery Statistical Yearbook.] (China Agriculture Press Co., Ltd: Beijing, PR China) Available at http://www.cafs.ac.cn/system/_content/download.jsp?urltype=news.DownloadAttachUrl&owner=1323872515&wbfileid=2043748 [In Chinese, verified 6 January 2023]

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, National Fisheries Technology Extension Center, China Society of Fisheries (2019) 2019年中国渔业统计年鉴 [2019 China Fishery Statistical Yearbook.] (China Agriculture Press Co., Ltd: Beijing, PR China) Available at https://cafs.ac.cn/system/_content/download.jsp?urltype=news.DownloadAttachUrl&owner=1323872515&wbfileid=2813174 [In Chinese, verified 6 January 2023]

Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (2006) NY 5073-2006 无公害食品 水产品中有毒有害物质限量 [NY 5073-2006. Pollution-free food – limits of toxic and harmful substances in aquatic products.] (MAPRC) Available at http://foodmate.net/standard/sort/5/7865.html [In Chinese, verified 6 January 2023]

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (2000) Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea, 1997. Aquatic environment monitoring report number 52, Center for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK.

National Health and Family Planning Commission of China (2016) GB 5009.17-2014 食品安全国家标准 食品中总汞及有机汞的测定 [GB 5009.17-2014. National food safety standard determination of total mercury and organic mercury in food.] (Standards Press of China: Beijing, PR China) Available at http://foodmate.net/standard/sort/3/47737.html [In Chinese, verified 6 January 2023]

National Health of the People’s Republic of China (2017) GB 2762-2017 食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量 (含第1号修改单) [GB 2762-2017. National food safety standard limits of contaminants in food (including amendment number 1).] (MHPRC) Available at http://foodmate.net/standard/sort/3/50748.html [In Chinese, verified 6 January 2023]

Ordiano-Flores, A, Galván-Magaña, F, Sánchez-González, A, Soto-Jiménez, MF, and Páez-Osuna, F (2021). Mercury, selenium, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the striped marlin Kajikia audax and blue marlin Makaira nigricans food web from the Gulf of California. Marine Pollution Bulletin 170, 112657.
Mercury, selenium, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the striped marlin Kajikia audax and blue marlin Makaira nigricans food web from the Gulf of California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ouédraogo, O, Chételat, J, and Amyot, M (2015). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of mercury and selenium in African sub-tropical fluvial reservoirs food webs (Burkina Faso). PLoS ONE 10, e0123048.
Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of mercury and selenium in African sub-tropical fluvial reservoirs food webs (Burkina Faso).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peng, X, Fan, Y, Jin, J, Xiong, S, Liu, J, and Tang, C (2017). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of ultraviolet absorbents in marine wildlife of the Pearl River Estuarine, South China Sea. Environmental Pollution 225, 55–65.
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of ultraviolet absorbents in marine wildlife of the Pearl River Estuarine, South China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rahman, MS, Akther, S, Ahmed, ASS, Saha, N, Rahman, LS, Ahmed, MK, Arai, T, and Idris, AM (2022). Distribution and source apportionment of toxic and trace elements in some benthic and pelagic coastal fish species in Karnaphuli River Estuary, Bangladesh: risk to human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin 183, 114044.
Distribution and source apportionment of toxic and trace elements in some benthic and pelagic coastal fish species in Karnaphuli River Estuary, Bangladesh: risk to human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ralston, NVC, Kaneko, JJ, and Raymond, LJ (2019). Selenium health benefit values provide a reliable index of seafood benefits vs. risks. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 55, 50–57.
Selenium health benefit values provide a reliable index of seafood benefits vs. risks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Razavi, NR, Qu, M, Jin, B, Ren, W, Wang, Y, and Campbell, LM (2014). Mercury biomagnification in subtropical reservoir fishes of eastern China. Ecotoxicology 23, 133–146.
Mercury biomagnification in subtropical reservoir fishes of eastern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Seixas, TG, Moreira, I, Siciliano, S, Malm, O, and Kehrig, HA (2014). Differences in methylmercury and inorganic mercury biomagnification in a tropical marine food web. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 92, 274–278.
Differences in methylmercury and inorganic mercury biomagnification in a tropical marine food web.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shen, Y, and Zhu, G (2022). First report on the burden and distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the ocellated icefish (Chionodraco rastrospinosus) of northern Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Pollution Bulletin 182, 113963.
First report on the burden and distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the ocellated icefish (Chionodraco rastrospinosus) of northern Antarctic Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sloth, JJ, and Julshamn, K (2008). Survey of total and inorganic arsenic content in Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from Norwegian fiords: revelation of unusual high levels of inorganic arsenic. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 1269–1273.
Survey of total and inorganic arsenic content in Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from Norwegian fiords: revelation of unusual high levels of inorganic arsenic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sloth, JJ, Julshamn, K, and Lundebye, A-K (2005). Total arsenic and inorganic arsenic content in Norwegian fish feed products. Aquaculture Nutrition 11, 61–66.
Total arsenic and inorganic arsenic content in Norwegian fish feed products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Spiller, HA (2018). Rethinking mercury: the role of selenium in the pathophysiology of mercury toxicity. Clinical Toxicology 56, 313–326.
Rethinking mercury: the role of selenium in the pathophysiology of mercury toxicity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Suedel BC, Boraczek JA, Peddicord RK, Clifford PA, Dillon TM (1994) Trophic transfer and biomagnification potential of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. In ‘Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology’. (Ed. GW Ware) Vol. 136, pp. 21–89. (Springer: New York, NY, USA) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2672-7

Sun, S, Zhang, H, Luo, Y, Guo, C, Ma, X, Fan, J, Chen, J, and Geng, N (2022). Occurrence, accumulation, and health risks of heavy metals in Chinese market baskets. Science of The Total Environment 829, 154597.
Occurrence, accumulation, and health risks of heavy metals in Chinese market baskets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tao, LSR, Mak, YKY, Ho, VCM, Sham, RC, Hui, TTY, Lau, DCP, and Leung, KMY (2021). Improvements of population fitness and trophic status of a benthic predatory fish following a trawling ban. Frontiers in Marine Science 8, 614219.
Improvements of population fitness and trophic status of a benthic predatory fish following a trawling ban.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tovar-Sánchez, A, González-Ortegón, E, and Duarte, CM (2019). Trace metal partitioning in the top meter of the ocean. Science of The Total Environment 652, 907–914.
Trace metal partitioning in the top meter of the ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ulusoy, Ş, Mol, S, Karakulak, FS, and Kahraman, AE (2019). Selenium–mercury balance in commercial fish species from the Turkish waters. Biological Trace Element Research 191, 207–213.
Selenium–mercury balance in commercial fish species from the Turkish waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

United States Environmental Protection Agency (1998) Method 7473: mercury in solids and solutions by thermal de-composition, amalgamation, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. (US EPA: Washington, DC, USA) Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/epa-7473.pdf [Verified 27 February 2021]

United States Food and Drug Administration (2016) Food labeling: revision of the nutrition and supplement facts labels. (US FDA: Bethesda, MD, USA) Available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/05/27/2016-11867/food-labeling-revision-of-the-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels [Verified 16 December 2022]

Wang, M, Tong, Y, Chen, C, Liu, X, Lu, Y, Zhang, W, He, W, Wang, X, Zhao, S, and Lin, Y (2018). Ecological risk assessment to marine organisms induced by heavy metals in China’s coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 126, 349–356.
Ecological risk assessment to marine organisms induced by heavy metals in China’s coastal waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wang, P, Hu, Y, and Cheng, H (2019). Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration fly ash as an important source of heavy metal pollution in China. Environmental Pollution 252, 461–475.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration fly ash as an important source of heavy metal pollution in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wang, P, Zhao, R, Chen, Z, Wu, W, Chen, S, Huang, R, Huo, WL, Huang, W, and Yang, X (2021). 基于生物可给性的广东省居民主要消费海水鱼膳食暴露评估应用初探 [Preliminary study on the application of dietary exposure assessment based on bioavailability of seawater fish, the main consumption of residents in Guangdong Province.]. 中国食品卫生杂志 [Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene] 33, 200–205.
基于生物可给性的广东省居民主要消费海水鱼膳食暴露评估应用初探 [Preliminary study on the application of dietary exposure assessment based on bioavailability of seawater fish, the main consumption of residents in Guangdong Province.].Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

World Health Organization (2011) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: seventy-third [73rd] report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series number 960. (WHO: Geneva, Switzerland) Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44515 [Verified 27 February 2021]

Xu, X, Zhang, Q, and Wang, W-X (2016). Linking mercury, carbon, and nitrogen stable isotopes in Tibetan biota: implications for using mercury stable isotopes as source tracers. Scientific Reports 6, 25394.
Linking mercury, carbon, and nitrogen stable isotopes in Tibetan biota: implications for using mercury stable isotopes as source tracers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yang, G, Sun, X, and Song, Z (2020). Trophic level and heavy metal pollution of Sardinella albella in Liusha Bay, Beibu Gulf of the South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 156, 111204.
Trophic level and heavy metal pollution of Sardinella albella in Liusha Bay, Beibu Gulf of the South China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yang, C-P, Liu, Y, Shan, B-B, Xu, J, Yu, W, Sun, D-R, and Zhang, Z-W (2021). Heavy metal concentrations and associated health risks in edible tissues of marine nekton from the outer Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, 2108–2118.
Heavy metal concentrations and associated health risks in edible tissues of marine nekton from the outer Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zhang, W, and Huang, W (2020). 广东经济鱼类不饱和脂肪酸的含量分析与组成特征评价 [The levels and evaluation of component characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids in Guangdong economic fish species.]. 环境化学 [Environmental Chemistry] 39, 1181–1191.
广东经济鱼类不饱和脂肪酸的含量分析与组成特征评价 [The levels and evaluation of component characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids in Guangdong economic fish species.].Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zhang, W, Liu, X, Cheng, H, Zeng, EY, and Hu, Y (2012). Heavy metal pollution in sediments of a typical mariculture zone in South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64, 712–720.
Heavy metal pollution in sediments of a typical mariculture zone in South China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zhang, W, Huang, W, Chen, X, Yang, X, and Yang, X (2020). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence for the low biomagnification of mercury in marine fish from the South China Sea. Marine and Freshwater Research 71, 1017–1025.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence for the low biomagnification of mercury in marine fish from the South China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zou, C, Yin, D, and Wang, R (2022). Mercury and selenium bioaccumulation in wild commercial fish in the coastal East China Sea: selenium benefits versus mercury risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 180, 113754.
Mercury and selenium bioaccumulation in wild commercial fish in the coastal East China Sea: selenium benefits versus mercury risks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |