Reservoir provides cool-water refuge for adult Chinook salmon in a trap-and-haul reintroduction program
George P. Naughton A , Matthew L. Keefer A D , Tami S. Clabough A , Matthew J. Knoff A C , Timothy J. Blubaugh A , Cameron Sharpe B and Christopher C. Caudill A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS-1136, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA.
B Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, 2040 Marine Sciences Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA.
C Present address: BioSonics Telemetry LP, 4027 Leary Way NW, Seattle, WA 98107, USA.
D Corresponding author. Email: mkeefer@uidaho.edu
Marine and Freshwater Research 69(12) 1995-2007 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18124
Submitted: 24 March 2018 Accepted: 21 June 2018 Published: 25 September 2018
Abstract
Trap-and-haul is a mitigation strategy at many hydropower dams lacking upstream fish-passage facilities, and protocols are needed to maximise its effectiveness. We used biotelemetry to assess the potential benefits of releasing transported adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) into a cold-water reservoir v. a relatively warm-water tributary before spawning. Over 5 years, we released 160 salmon into Foster Reservoir (Oregon, USA) and another 102 into the South Santiam River near historical salmon spawning areas further upstream. In total, 70% of reservoir-released salmon entered an upriver tributary after spending a median of 3–95 days annually in the reservoir. Data recovered from 61 archival temperature loggers indicated that salmon were ~3–6°C cooler per day in the reservoir than in the river. We estimated that cumulative exposure of reservoir-released fish was reduced by 64 degree days, on average (range = –129 to 392), relative to river-released fish. Release into the reservoir was not risk free; 14% of all reservoir-released fish fell back downstream v. 1% of river-released fish. We conclude that reduced transport distance, reduced thermal exposure and potential survival benefits of releasing salmon into reservoirs should be weighed against risks of factors such as fallback and homing errors.
Additional keywords: behavioral thermoregulation, biologger, homing, mitigation, native species, philopatry.
References
Agostinho, A. A., Pelicice, F. M., and Gomes, L. C. (2008). Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, 1119–1132.| Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson, J. H., Pess, G. R., Carmichael, R. W., Ford, M. J., Cooney, T. D., Baldwin, C. M., and McClure, M. M. (2014). Planning Pacific salmon and steelhead reintroduction aimed at long-term viability and recovery. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 34, 72–93.
| Planning Pacific salmon and steelhead reintroduction aimed at long-term viability and recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Armstrong, J. B., Ward, E. J., Schindler, D. E., and Lisi, P. J. (2016). Adaptive capacity at the northern front: sockeye salmon behaviourally thermoregulate during novel exposure to warm temperatures. Conservation Physiology 4, cow039.
| Adaptive capacity at the northern front: sockeye salmon behaviourally thermoregulate during novel exposure to warm temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benda, S. E., Naughton, G. P., Caudill, C. C., Kent, M. L., and Schreck, C. B. (2015). Cool, pathogen-free refuge lowers pathogen-associated prespawn mortality of Willamette River Chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144, 1159–1172.
| Cool, pathogen-free refuge lowers pathogen-associated prespawn mortality of Willamette River Chinook salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berman, C. H., and Quinn, T. P. (1991). Behavioural thermoregulation and homing by spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Yakima River. Journal of Fish Biology 39, 301–312.
| Behavioural thermoregulation and homing by spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), in the Yakima River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boggs, C. T., Keefer, M. L., Peery, C. A., Bjornn, T. C., and Stuehrenberg, L. C. (2004). Fallback, reascension and adjusted fishway escapement estimates for adult chinook salmon and steelhead at Columbia and Snake River dams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133, 932–949.
| Fallback, reascension and adjusted fishway escapement estimates for adult chinook salmon and steelhead at Columbia and Snake River dams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bowerman, T., Keefer, M. L., and Caudill, C. C. (2016). Pacific salmon prespawn mortality: patterns, methods, and study design considerations. Fisheries 41, 738–749.
| Pacific salmon prespawn mortality: patterns, methods, and study design considerations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bowerman, T., Roumasset, A., Keefer, M. L., Sharpe, C. S., and Caudill, C. C. (2018). Prespawn mortality of female Chinook salmon increases with water temperature and percent hatchery origin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 147, 31–42.
| Prespawn mortality of female Chinook salmon increases with water temperature and percent hatchery origin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradford, M. J., Lovy, J., Patterson, D. A., Speare, D. J., Bennett, W. R., Stobbart, A. R., and Tovey, C. P. (2010). Parvicapsula minibicornis infections in gill and kidney and the premature mortality of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Cultus Lake, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, 673–683.
| Parvicapsula minibicornis infections in gill and kidney and the premature mortality of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Cultus Lake, British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coutant, C. C. (1977). Compilation of temperature preference data. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34, 739–745.
| Compilation of temperature preference data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
DeHaan, P. W., and Bernall, S. R. (2013). Spawning success of bull trout transported above main-stem Clark Fork River dams in Idaho and Montana. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 33, 1269–1282.
| Spawning success of bull trout transported above main-stem Clark Fork River dams in Idaho and Montana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
DeWeber, J. T., Peterson, J. T., Sharpe, C., Kent, M. L., Colvin, M. E., and Schreck, C. B. (2017). A hidden-process model for estimating prespawn mortality using carcass survey data. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 37, 162–175.
| A hidden-process model for estimating prespawn mortality using carcass survey data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dittman, A. H., May, D., Larsen, D. A., Moser, M. L., Johnston, M., and Fast, D. (2010). Homing and spawning site selection by supplemented hatchery- and natural-origin Yakima River spring Chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139, 1014–1028.
| Homing and spawning site selection by supplemented hatchery- and natural-origin Yakima River spring Chinook salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Donaldson, M. R., Cooke, S. J., Patterson, D. A., Hinch, S. G., Robichaud, D., Hanson, K. C., Olsson, I., Crossin, G. T., English, K. K., and Farrell, A. P. (2009). Limited behavioural thermoregulation by adult upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, 480–490.
| Limited behavioural thermoregulation by adult upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans, M. L., Jonson, M. A., Jacobson, D., Wang, J., Hogansen, M., and O’Malley, K. G. (2016). Evaluating a multi-generational reintroduction program for threatened salmon using genetic parentage analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, 844–852.
| Evaluating a multi-generational reintroduction program for threatened salmon using genetic parentage analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gehrke, P. C., Milligan, D. M., and Barwick, M. (2002). Changes in fish communities of the Shoalhaven River 20 years after construction of Tallowa Dam, Australia. River Research and Applications 18, 265–286.
| Changes in fish communities of the Shoalhaven River 20 years after construction of Tallowa Dam, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
George, A. L., Kuhajda, B. R., Williams, J. D., Cantrell, M. A., Rakes, P. L., and Shute, J. R. (2009). Guidelines for propagation and translocation for freshwater fish conservation. Fisheries 34, 529–545.
| Guidelines for propagation and translocation for freshwater fish conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gustafson, R. G., Waples, R. S., Myers, J. M., Weitkamp, L. A., Bryant, G. J., Johnson, O. W., and Hard, J. J. (2007). Pacific salmon extinctions: quantifying lost and remaining diversity. Conservation Biology 21, 1009–1020.
| Pacific salmon extinctions: quantifying lost and remaining diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harmon, T. S. (2009). Methods for reducing stressors and maintaining water quality associated with live fish transport in tanks: a review of the basics. Reviews in Aquaculture 1, 58–66.
| Methods for reducing stressors and maintaining water quality associated with live fish transport in tanks: a review of the basics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hinch, S. G., Cooke, S. J., Farrell, A. P., Miller, K. M., Lapointe, M., and Patterson, D. A. (2012). Dead fish swimming: a review of research on the early migration and high premature mortality in adult Fraser River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Journal of Fish Biology 81, 576–599.
| Dead fish swimming: a review of research on the early migration and high premature mortality in adult Fraser River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffnagle, T. L., Carmichael, R. W., Frenyea, K. A., and Keniry, P. J. (2008). Run timing, spawn timing, and spawning distribution of hatchery- and natural-origin spring Chinook salmon in the Imnaha River, Oregon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28, 148–164.
| Run timing, spawn timing, and spawning distribution of hatchery- and natural-origin spring Chinook salmon in the Imnaha River, Oregon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jeffries, K. M., Hinch, S. G., Sierocinski, T., Pavlidis, P., and Miller, K. M. (2014). Transcriptomic responses to high water temperature in two species of Pacific salmon. Evolutionary Applications 7, 286–300.
| Transcriptomic responses to high water temperature in two species of Pacific salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Peery, C. A., Jepson, M. A., Tolotti, K. R., and Stuehrenberg, L. C. (2004a). Stock-specific migration timing of adult spring-summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24, 1145–1162.
| Stock-specific migration timing of adult spring-summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Peery, C. A., Ringe, R. R., and Bjornn, T. C. (2004b). Regurgitation rates of intragastric radio transmitters by adult Chinook salmon and steelhead during upstream migration in the Columbia and Snake rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24, 47–54.
| Regurgitation rates of intragastric radio transmitters by adult Chinook salmon and steelhead during upstream migration in the Columbia and Snake rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Peery, C. A., Daigle, W. R., Jepson, M. A., Lee, S. R., Boggs, C. T., Tolotti, K. R., and Burke, B. J. (2005). Escapement, harvest, and unknown loss of radio-tagged adult salmonids in the Columbia River–Snake River hydrosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, 930–949.
| Escapement, harvest, and unknown loss of radio-tagged adult salmonids in the Columbia River–Snake River hydrosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Caudill, C. C., Peery, C. A., and Boggs, C. T. (2008). Non-direct homing behaviours by adult Chinook salmon in a large, multi-stock river system. Journal of Fish Biology 72, 27–44.
| Non-direct homing behaviours by adult Chinook salmon in a large, multi-stock river system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Peery, C. A., and High, B. (2009). Behavioral thermoregulation and associated mortality trade-offs in migrating adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): variability among sympatric populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, 1734–1747.
| Behavioral thermoregulation and associated mortality trade-offs in migrating adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): variability among sympatric populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Taylor, G. A., Garletts, D. F., Gauthier, G. A., Pierce, T. M., and Caudill, C. C. (2010). Prespawn mortality in adult spring Chinook salmon outplanted above barrier dams. Ecology Freshwater Fish 19, 361–372.
| Prespawn mortality in adult spring Chinook salmon outplanted above barrier dams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Clabough, T. S., Jepson, M. A., Naughton, G. P., Blubaugh, T. J., Joosten, D. C., and Caudill, C. C. (2015). Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon in the Willamette River basin. Journal of Thermal Biology 48, 11–20.
| Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon in the Willamette River basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keefer, M. L., Jepson, M. A., Naughton, G. P., Blubaugh, T. J., Clabough, T. S., and Caudill, C. C. (2017). Condition-dependent en route migration mortality of adult Chinook salmon in the Willamette River main stem. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 37, 370–379.
| Condition-dependent en route migration mortality of adult Chinook salmon in the Willamette River main stem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kent, M. L., Benda, S., St-Hilaire, S., and Schreck, C. B. (2013). Sensitivity and specificity of histology for diagnoses of four common pathogens and detection of nontarget pathogens in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 25, 341–351.
| Sensitivity and specificity of histology for diagnoses of four common pathogens and detection of nontarget pathogens in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kocan, R., Hershberger, P., and Winton, J. (2004). Ichthyophoniasis: an emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 16, 58–72.
| Ichthyophoniasis: an emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kock, T. J., Ekstrom, B. K., Leidtke, T. L., Serl, J. D., and Kohn, M. (2016). Behavior patterns and fates of adult steelhead, Chinook salmon, and coho salmon released into the upper Cowlitz River Basin, 2005–09 and 2012, Washington. Open-file report 2016-1144, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
Liermann, C. R., Nilsson, C., Robertson, J., and Ng, R. Y. (2012). Implications of dam obstruction for global freshwater fish diversity. Bioscience 62, 539–548.
| Implications of dam obstruction for global freshwater fish diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lusardi, R. A., and Moyle, P. B. (2017). Two-way trap and haul as a conservation strategy for anadromous salmonids. Fisheries 42, 478–487.
| Two-way trap and haul as a conservation strategy for anadromous salmonids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mathes, M. T., Hinch, S. G., Cooke, S. J., Crossin, G. T., Patterson, D. A., Lotto, A. G., and Farrell, A. P. (2010). Effects of water temperature, timing, physiological condition and lake thermal refugia on migrating adult Weaver Creek sockeye salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, 70–84.
| Effects of water temperature, timing, physiological condition and lake thermal refugia on migrating adult Weaver Creek sockeye salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCullough, D. A., Spalding, S., Sturdevant, D., and Hicks, M. (2001). ‘Summary of Technical Literature Examining the Physiological Effects of Temperature on Salmonids. EPA-910-D-01-005.’ (US Environmental Protection Agency: Seattle, WA, USA.)
McCullough, D. A., Bartholow, J. M., Jager, H. I., Beschta, R. L., Cheslak, E. F., Deas, M. L., Ebersole, J. L., Foott, J. S., Johnson, S. L., Marine, K. R., Mesa, M. G., Petersen, J. H., Souchon, Y., Tiffan, K. F., and Wurtsbaugh, W. A. (2009). Research in thermal biology: burning questions for coldwater stream fishes. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17, 90–115.
| Research in thermal biology: burning questions for coldwater stream fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mesa, M. G., Magie, R. J., and Copeland, E. S. (2010). Passage and behavior of radio-tagged adult Pacific lampreys (Entosphenus tridentatus) at the Willamette Falls Project, Oregon. Northwest Science 84, 233–242.
| Passage and behavior of radio-tagged adult Pacific lampreys (Entosphenus tridentatus) at the Willamette Falls Project, Oregon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mosser, C. M., Thompson, L. C., and Strange, J. S. (2013). Survival of captured and relocated adult spring-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in a Sacramento River tributary after cessation of migration. Environmental Biology of Fishes 96, 405–417.
| Survival of captured and relocated adult spring-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in a Sacramento River tributary after cessation of migration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
National Marine Fisheries Service (1999). Endangered and threatened species: threatened status for three Chinook salmon evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) in Washington and Oregon, and endangered status for one Chinook salmon ESU in Washington. Federal Register 64, 14308–14328.
National Marine Fisheries Service (2016). ‘2016 5-year Review: Summary and Evaluation of Upper Willamette River Steelhead, Upper Willamette River Chinook.’ (US Department of Commerce, NOAA Fisheries: Portland, OR, USA.)
Naughton, G. P., Keefer, M. L., Clabough, T. S., Knoff, M. J., Blubaugh, T. J., and Caudill, C. C. (2018). Tag effects on prespawn mortality of Chinook Salmon: a field experiment using PIT tags, radio transmitters, and untagged controls. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 38, 96–103.
| Tag effects on prespawn mortality of Chinook Salmon: a field experiment using PIT tags, radio transmitters, and untagged controls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Newell, J. C., and Quinn, T. P. (2005). Behavioral thermoregulation by maturing adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in a stratified lake prior to spawning. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, 1232–1239.
| Behavioral thermoregulation by maturing adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in a stratified lake prior to spawning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nilsen, E., Zaugg, S., Alvarez, D., Morace, J., Waite, I., Counihan, T., Hardiman, J., Torres, L., Patiño, R., Mesa, M., and Grove, R. (2014). Contaminants of legacy and emerging concern in largescale suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus) and the foodweb in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, USA. The Science of the Total Environment 484, 344–352.
| Contaminants of legacy and emerging concern in largescale suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus) and the foodweb in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ögut, H., LaPatra, S. E., and Reno, P. W. (2005). Effects of host density on furunculosis epidemics determined by the simple SIR model. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 71, 83–90.
| Effects of host density on furunculosis epidemics determined by the simple SIR model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Patterson, D. A., Skibo, K. M., Barnes, D. P., Hills, J. A., and Macdonald, J. S. (2007). The influence of water temperature on time to surface for adult sockeye salmon carcasses and the limitations in estimating salmon carcasses in the Fraser River, British Columbia. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27, 878–884.
| The influence of water temperature on time to surface for adult sockeye salmon carcasses and the limitations in estimating salmon carcasses in the Fraser River, British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rand, P. S., Hinch, S. G., Morrison, J., Foreman, M. G. G., MacNutt, M. J., Macdonald, J. S., Healey, M. C., Farrell, A. P., and Higgs, D. A. (2006). Effects of river discharge, temperature, and future climates on energetics and mortality of adult migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135, 655–667.
| Effects of river discharge, temperature, and future climates on energetics and mortality of adult migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Richter, A., and Kolmes, S. A. (2005). Maximum temperature limits for Chinook, coho, and chum salmon, and steelhead trout in the Pacific Northwest. Reviews in Fisheries Science 13, 23–49.
| Maximum temperature limits for Chinook, coho, and chum salmon, and steelhead trout in the Pacific Northwest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sard, N. M., O’Malley, K. G., Jacobson, D. P., Hogansen, M. J., Johnson, M. A., and Banks, M. A. (2015). Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, 1390–1397.
| Factors influencing spawner success in a spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reintroduction program.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schreck, C. B., Solazzi, M. F., Johnson, S. L., and Nickelson, T. E. (1989). Transportation stress affects performance of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquaculture 82, 15–20.
| Transportation stress affects performance of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sheer, M. B., and Steel, E. A. (2006). Lost watersheds: barriers, aquatic habitat connectivity, and salmon persistence in the Willamette and lower Columbia River basins. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135, 1654–1669.
| Lost watersheds: barriers, aquatic habitat connectivity, and salmon persistence in the Willamette and lower Columbia River basins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shute, J. R., Rakes, P. L., and Shute, P. W. (2005). Reintroduction of four imperiled fishes in Abrams Creek, Tennessee. The Southwestern Naturalist 4, 93–110.
| Reintroduction of four imperiled fishes in Abrams Creek, Tennessee.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
US Army Corps of Engineers (2007). Supplemental biological assessment of the effects of the Willamette River Flood Control Project on species listed under the Endangered Species Act. Prepared in cooperation with the USACE, Bonneville Power Administration, and US Bureau of Reclamation. Available at http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/Portals/24/docs/environment/biop/Final_Will_Suppl_BA.pdf [Verified 15 May 2018].
US Fish & Wildlife Service (2011). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: establishment of a nonessential experimental population of bull trout in the Clackamas River Subbasin, OR. Federal Register 76, 35979–35995.
Wagner, G. N., Hinch, S. G., Kuchel, L. J., Lotto, A., Jones, S. R. M., Patterson, D. A., Macdonald, J. S., Van Der Kraak, G., Shrimpton, M., English, K. K., Larsson, S., Cooke, S. J., Healey, M. C., and Farrell, A. P. (2005). Metabolic rates and swimming performance of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) after a controlled infection with Parvicapsula minibicornis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, 2124–2133.
| Metabolic rates and swimming performance of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) after a controlled infection with Parvicapsula minibicornis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ziv, G., Baran, E., Nam, S., Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., and Levin, S. A. (2012). Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong River Basin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 5609–5614.
| Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong River Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
