Assessing the hazards of trace metals in different land use types around a coastal wetland nature reserve in China
Lingqian Xu A , Nasreen Jeelani A , Shubo Fang B D E , Shuqing An A C E and Aixin Hou D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China.
B College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, P.R. China.
C Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, P.R. China.
D Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
E Corresponding authors. Email: bsfang@shou.edu.cn; anshq@nju.edu.cn
Marine and Freshwater Research 69(5) 730-740 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF17123
Submitted: 1 May 2017 Accepted: 20 September 2017 Published: 15 December 2017
Abstract
An understanding of trace metal pollution due to reclamation activities around Yancheng National Nature Reserve is important for the utilisation and management of the reserve and surrounding coastal and marine areas. In the present study, we evaluated the current state of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn pollution (total concentrations and ecological risk), their potential hazard (availability index and desorption rate) and soil properties (cation exchange capacity, iron and manganese oxide content, soil organic matter, salinity and pH) in different land use types around this nature reserve. Although the current state of trace metal pollution was not severe, the potential hazards of these trace metals should not be ignored, especially for Cd because of its significantly higher availability index values in farmlands and aquaculture ponds than in natural habitats (by 33 and 32% of the total amount of Cd respectively). Thus, strict monitoring and environmentally responsible land reclamation management practices should be considered for these coastal areas.
Additional keywords: coastal management, potential hazard, reclamation, trace metal pollution.
References
Akele, M. L., Kelderman, P., Koning, C. W., and Irvine, K. (2016). Trace metal distributions in the sediments of the Little Akaki River, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188, 389.| Trace metal distributions in the sediments of the Little Akaki River, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2s%2FmvV2jsQ%3D%3D&md5=bfb65ee2cdbc673b80e3a3359493b630CAS |
Arfania, H., and Asadzadeh, F. (2015). Mobility of heavy metals after spiking in relation to sediment and metal properties: leaching column study. Journal of Soils and Sediments 15, 2311–2322.
| Mobility of heavy metals after spiking in relation to sediment and metal properties: leaching column study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXpvV2gur4%3D&md5=67d2cf1aa27f9e7d543c994587a2eef3CAS |
Bai, J., Cui, B., Yang, Z., Xu, X., Ding, Q., and Gao, H. (2010). Heavy metal contamination of cultivated wetland soils along a typical plateau lake from southwest China. Environmental Earth Sciences 59, 1781–1788.
| Heavy metal contamination of cultivated wetland soils along a typical plateau lake from southwest China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjvF2ksr8%3D&md5=3cb3e8d9823d4e16eb9b97b7fdf309c9CAS |
Buchman, M. F. (2008). NOAA screening quick reference tables. NOAA HAZMAT Report 97-2, Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle WA, USA.
Caeiro, S., Costa, M. H., Ramos, T. B., Fernandes, F., Silveira, N., Coimbra, A., Medeiros, G., and Painho, M. (2005). Assessing heavy metal contamination in Sado Estuary sediment: an index analysis approach. Ecological Indicators 5, 151–169.
| Assessing heavy metal contamination in Sado Estuary sediment: an index analysis approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksVyjsLs%3D&md5=c95fa7b267a4fd871f4435c921353d14CAS |
Chen, B., Huang, H., Yu, W., Zheng, S., Wang, J., and Jiang, J. (2009). Marine biodiversity conservation based on integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) – a case study in Quanzhou Bay, Fujian, China. Ocean and Coastal Management 52, 612–619.
| Marine biodiversity conservation based on integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) – a case study in Quanzhou Bay, Fujian, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Connor, S. E., and Thomas, I. (2003). Sediments as archives of industrialisation: evidence of atmospheric pollution in coastal wetlands of southern Sydney, Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 149, 189–210.
| Sediments as archives of industrialisation: evidence of atmospheric pollution in coastal wetlands of southern Sydney, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntFOitbw%3D&md5=adaa7cc30f2a1e559ad8d62a880c8a18CAS |
Deng, X., and Wen, L. L. (2010). Cadmium hazards to human health and the prevention and treatment research. National Medical Frontiers of China 5, 4–5.
Duan, H., Zhang, H., Huang, Q., Zhang, Y., Hu, M., Niu, Y., and Zhu, J. (2016). Characterization and environmental impact analysis of sea land reclamation activities in China. Ocean and Coastal Management 130, 128–137.
| Characterization and environmental impact analysis of sea land reclamation activities in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
El Zrelli, R., Courjault-Radé, P., Rabaoui, L., Castet, S., Michel, S., and Bejaoui, N. (2015). Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment in the surface sediments of the coastal area surrounding the industrial complex of Gabes city, Gulf of Gabes, SE Tunisia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 101, 922–929.
| Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment in the surface sediments of the coastal area surrounding the industrial complex of Gabes city, Gulf of Gabes, SE Tunisia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhslGjsb7J&md5=b836ba5b6504f9711270a4e22cd6df0bCAS |
Elmallah, M. I. Y., Elkhadragy, M. F., Al-Olayan, E. M., and Abdel Moneim, A. E. (2017). Protective effect of Fragariaananassa crude extract on cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes suppression, and apoptosis in rat testes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, 957.
| Protective effect of Fragariaananassa crude extract on cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes suppression, and apoptosis in rat testes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fang, R.-j., and Shen, Y.-m. (2015). Effects of coast beach reclamation on the change of landscape pattern and its spatial centroids: a case study in coastal wetland of part of Yancheng National Natural Reserve. Journal of Natural Resources 5, 772–783.
Fang, S.-b., Ye, S.-f., Jia, X.-B., Tian, Z., Nie, E., and Zheng, Z. (2012). Analysis of spatial heterogeneity of the ecological risks associated with heavy metals along Yancheng Coast. Shanghai Haiyang Daxue Xuebao 21, 86–91.
Forst, M. F. (2009). The convergence of integrated coastal zone management and the ecosystems approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 52, 294–306.
| The convergence of integrated coastal zone management and the ecosystems approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fu, J., Wang, H., Billah, S. M. R., Yu, H., and Zhang, X. (2014). Heavy metals in seawater, sediments, and biota from the coastal area of Yancheng City, China. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 33, 1697–1704.
| Heavy metals in seawater, sediments, and biota from the coastal area of Yancheng City, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtFKlsbnF&md5=c89148f056d0e5ee7ef557d5619c5668CAS |
Gang, X., Pei, S., Jian, L., Gao, M., Gang, H., and Kong, X. (2015). Surface sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the near-shore area, north Shandong Peninsula. Marine Pollution Bulletin 95, 395–401.
| Surface sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the near-shore area, north Shandong Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Håkanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research 14, 975–1001.
| An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Han, Z. X., Zhu, Z., Wu, D. D., and Liu, Y. R. (2012). Distributation and implications of heavy metal in Jiangsu coastal sediments in China. Advanced Materials Research 549, 957–960.
| Distributation and implications of heavy metal in Jiangsu coastal sediments in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVKlur7P&md5=59dc4bd50e1a68c1aef58c25c1658ff8CAS |
Harvey, N., and Hilton, M. (2006) Coastal management in the Asia–Pacific region. In ‘Global Change and Integrated Coastal Management: the Asia–Pacific Region’. (Ed. N Harvey) 39-66. (Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, Netherlands.)
Hu, Y., Liu, X., Bai, J., Shih, K., Zeng, E. Y., and Cheng, H. (2013). Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 20, 6150–6159.
| Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFClsLbE&md5=09e8dc27ad34503ae8994da44c331396CAS |
Huang, X. (2014). Study on the layout and development of reclamation activities in Jiangsu. Ph.D. Thesis. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
Hutchinson, T. C., and Meema, K. M. (Eds) (1987). ‘Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment. Scope, Vol. 31.’ (Wiley: New York, NY, USA.)
Ioannides, K., Stamoulis, K., Papachristodoulou, C., Tziamou, E., Markantonaki, C., and Tsodoulos, I. (2015). Distribution of heavy metals in sediment cores of Lake Pamvotis (Greece): a pollution and potential risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187, 4209.
| Distribution of heavy metals in sediment cores of Lake Pamvotis (Greece): a pollution and potential risk assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2MvhtFGnsA%3D%3D&md5=21c0649610bb72cae9018d13dfdafa6aCAS |
Jiang, H., Zhang, L., Zheng, B., and Wang, G. (2012). Role of organic acids in desorption of mercury from contaminated soils in eastern Shandong Province, China. Chinese Geographical Science 22, 414–421.
| Role of organic acids in desorption of mercury from contaminated soils in eastern Shandong Province, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kawai, K., Hayashi, A., Kikuchi, H., and Yokoyama, S. (2014). Desorption properties of heavy metals from cement hydrates in various chloride solutions. Construction & Building Materials 67, 55–60.
| Desorption properties of heavy metals from cement hydrates in various chloride solutions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kos, V., Budič, B., Hudnik, V., Lobnik, F., and Zupan, M. (1996). Determination of heavy metal concentrations in plants exposed to different degrees of pollution using ICP. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry 354, 648–652.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XitVensbg%3D&md5=3553e536f49aae4c4b3fc33d97e249ccCAS |
Lair, G. J., Graf, M., Zehetner, F., and Gerzabek, M. H. (2008). Distribution of cadmium among geochemical fractions in floodplain soils of progressing development. Environmental Pollution 156, 207–214.
| Distribution of cadmium among geochemical fractions in floodplain soils of progressing development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtV2jsLnK&md5=40c508e2b1c98762e291aff9cb0b87ddCAS |
Langston, W. J., Burt, G. R., and Pope, N. D. (1999). Bioavailability of metals in sediments of the Dogger Bank (central North Sea): a mesocosm study. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48, 519–540.
| Bioavailability of metals in sediments of the Dogger Bank (central North Sea): a mesocosm study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktV2ksLo%3D&md5=21ce7d0ae4f3a57170c1d9b87d77ef00CAS |
Lin, H., Tao, S., Xue, S., and Jiang, X. (2016). Heavy metal spatial variation, bioaccumulation, and risk assessment of Zostera japonica habitat in the Yellow River Estuary, China. The Science of the Total Environment 541, 435–443.
| Heavy metal spatial variation, bioaccumulation, and risk assessment of Zostera japonica habitat in the Yellow River Estuary, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsFKns7vL&md5=69de9d37bd765fbaef2cb7d9e59d5ca2CAS |
Liu, J. G., Zhu, Q. S., Zhang, Z. J., Xu, J. K., Yang, J. C., and Wong, M. H. (2005). Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85, 147–153.
| Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvFKrug%3D%3D&md5=9a67ed87677c63d8c5ea3e21a997ca25CAS |
Long, E. R., and Morgan, L. G. (1990). The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorbed contaminants tested in the National Status and Trends Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
Long, E. R., MacDonald, D. D., Severn, C. G., and Hong, C. B. (2000). Classifying probabilities of acute toxicity in marine sediments with empirically derived sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 2598–2601.
| Classifying probabilities of acute toxicity in marine sediments with empirically derived sediment quality guidelines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntVaku7g%3D&md5=170cfb162a25494c85beef6067289dedCAS |
Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J. P., Wang, T., Shi, Y., Wang, G., and Xing, Y. (2007). Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 29, 459–471.
| Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFyqs77M&md5=faf56b07d6b5a6870bb7d3af3a9d3c77CAS |
Luo, X. S., Yu, S., Zhu, Y. G., and Li, X. D. (2012). Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China. The Science of the Total Environment 421–422, 17–30.
| Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ma, Z., Melville, D. S., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Yang, H., Ren, W., Zhang, Z., Piersma, T., and Li, B. (2014). Rethinking China’s new great wall. Science 346, 912–914.
| Rethinking China’s new great wall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitVGksLjJ&md5=2440e64c195ccff73ea1d087056d66a2CAS |
Ma, X., Hang, Z., Tian, M., Zhang, L., Jia, M., Zhou, X., Chang, X., and Ying, L. (2015). Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques. Chemosphere 144, 264–272.
McCready, S., Birch, G. F., and Taylor, S. E. (2003). Extraction of heavy metals in Sydney Harbour sediments using 1M HCl and 0.05M EDTA and implications for sediment-quality guidelines. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, 249–255.
| Extraction of heavy metals in Sydney Harbour sediments using 1M HCl and 0.05M EDTA and implications for sediment-quality guidelines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjsVOmtLc%3D&md5=e56b01d7b3cf499f275af9ff63e33f6bCAS |
Mehra, O. P., and Jackson, M. L. (1958). Iron oxide removal from soil and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clays and Clay Minerals 7, 317–327.
| Iron oxide removal from soil and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal 2, 108–118.
Mustafa, G., Kookana, R. S., and Singh, B. (2006). Desorption of cadmium from goethite: effects of pH, temperature and aging. Chemosphere 64, 856–865.
| Desorption of cadmium from goethite: effects of pH, temperature and aging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmslyrsLg%3D&md5=0fa953a3c4dfb5668f6a189ba6aaaf28CAS |
Othmani, M. A., Souissi, F., Durães, N., Abdelkader, M., and Silva, E. F. D. (2015). Assessment of metal pollution in a former mining area in the NW Tunisia: spatial distribution and fraction of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187, 523.
| Assessment of metal pollution in a former mining area in the NW Tunisia: spatial distribution and fraction of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ottinger, M., Clauss, K., and Kuenzer, C. (2016). Aquaculture: relevance, distribution, impacts and spatial assessments – a review. Ocean and Coastal Management 119, 244–266.
| Aquaculture: relevance, distribution, impacts and spatial assessments – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pietrzykowski, M., Socha, J., and van Doorn, N. S. (2014). Linking heavy metal bioavailability (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) in Scots pine needles to soil properties in reclaimed mine areas. The Science of the Total Environment 470–471, 501–510.
| Linking heavy metal bioavailability (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) in Scots pine needles to soil properties in reclaimed mine areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pourjavid, M. R., Arabieh, M., Sehat, A. A., Rezaee, M., Hosseini, M. H., Yousefi, S. R., and Jamali, M. R. (2014). Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of PbII and CdII in natural samples after column graphene oxide-based solid phase extraction using 4-acetamidothiophenol. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 25, 2063–2072.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXktVyruw%3D%3D&md5=8ad55545041b8b920e9e44dfea22fa6fCAS |
Qiuehan, H. (2007). Review on the toxicological effect and the mechanism of cadmium to human health. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences 35, 2528–2531.
Reboreda, R., and Caçador, I. (2007). Copper, zinc and lead speciation in salt marsh sediments colonised by Halimione portulacoides and Spartina maritima. Chemosphere 69, 1655–1661.
| Copper, zinc and lead speciation in salt marsh sediments colonised by Halimione portulacoides and Spartina maritima.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtF2ms7vM&md5=f429ffd19fb68d4bb3b3939e37528a11CAS |
Rivera, M. B., Giráldez, M. I., and Fernández-Caliani, J. C. (2016). Assessing the environmental availability of heavy metals in geogenically contaminated soils of the Sierra de Aracena Natural Park (SW Spain). Is there a health risk? The Science of the Total Environment 560–561, 254–265.
| Assessing the environmental availability of heavy metals in geogenically contaminated soils of the Sierra de Aracena Natural Park (SW Spain). Is there a health risk?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sengor, S. S. (2007). Biogeochemical cycling of heavy metals in benthic sediments of Lake Coeur d’Alene. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
SEPAC (1995). Environmental quality standard for soils. Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, P.R. China.
Sun, Z., Xu, G., Hao, T., Huang, Z., Fang, H., and Wang, G. (2015). Release of heavy metals from sediment bed under wave-induced liquefaction. Marine Pollution Bulletin 97, 209–216.
| Release of heavy metals from sediment bed under wave-induced liquefaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtVaitbbM&md5=5bb143ce5782779624fcb9443d5e88edCAS |
Sungur, A., Soylak, M., Yilmaz, S., and Özcan, H. (2014). Determination of heavy metals in sediments of the Ergene River by BCR sequential extraction method. Environmental Earth Sciences 72, 3293–3305.
| Determination of heavy metals in sediments of the Ergene River by BCR sequential extraction method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmtFWis70%3D&md5=82c66ef37dae64c1b7567c32ef6a9dbcCAS |
Tsolova, V., Hristova, M., Bech, J., Roca, N., and Banov, M. (2013). Content of exchangeable forms and mobility of Pb, Cu and Zn in reclaimed soils (Technosols) of Bulgaria. Egu General Assembly 15, 12923.
Visuthismajarn, P., Vitayavirasuk, B., Leeraphante, N., and Kietpawpan, M. (2005). Ecological risk assessment of abandoned shrimp ponds in southern Thailand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 104, 409–418.
| Ecological risk assessment of abandoned shrimp ponds in southern Thailand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjt1GqsL0%3D&md5=0dcbc19c5889036fa6d1cb0c53be7b15CAS |
Walkley, A., and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of degradation method for determining soil organic matter: a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29–38.
| An examination of degradation method for determining soil organic matter: a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaA2cXitlGmug%3D%3D&md5=52f985d36242d2e099bfd7338d85af62CAS |
Wang, L., Yuan, X., Zhong, H., Wang, H., Wu, Z., Chen, X., and Zeng, G. (2014). Release behavior of heavy metals during treatment of dredged sediment by microwave-assisted hydrogen peroxide oxidation. Chemical Engineering Journal 258, 334–340.
| Release behavior of heavy metals during treatment of dredged sediment by microwave-assisted hydrogen peroxide oxidation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXht1Oju77P&md5=bd859efba842bcda47b1f6be0414db45CAS |
Wang, Y., Yang, L., Kong, L., Liu, E., Wang, L., and Zhu, J. (2015). Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongping Lake, Shandong, east China. Catena 125, 200–205.
| Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongping Lake, Shandong, east China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVygtLrJ&md5=42047fda6ada760209e41ab07feecea7CAS |
Wang, N., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., and Li, X. (2016). Adoption of eco-friendly soil-management practices by smallholder farmers in Shandong Province of China. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 2016, 1–9.
Xia, Z. L., Li, S. Z., Li, T. F., and Ba, Y. (1987) ‘The Background Value of Soil Element and Study Methods.’ (China Meteorological Press: Beijing, P.R. China.) [In Chinese].
Yang, Z., Lu, W., Long, Y., Bao, X., and Yang, Q. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 108, 27–38.
| Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFWit7zN&md5=5867385808e81e2cbb262dd8cffc742bCAS |
Yang, S., Zhou, D., Yu, H., Wei, R., and Pan, B. (2013). Distribution and speciation of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in agricultural and non-agricultural soils near a stream upriver from the Pearl River, China. Environmental Pollution 177, 64–70.
| Distribution and speciation of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in agricultural and non-agricultural soils near a stream upriver from the Pearl River, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXksF2qurY%3D&md5=9a7b9b46d592d97ac1c7a1efdf3981aaCAS |
Yang, W., An, S., Zhao, H., Fang, S., Lu, X., Xiao, Y., Qiao, Y., and Cheng, X. (2015). Labile and recalcitrant soil carbon and nitrogen pools in tidal salt marshes of the eastern Chinese coast as affected by short-term C4 plant Spartina alterniflora invasion. Clean – Soil, Air, Water 43, 872–880.
| Labile and recalcitrant soil carbon and nitrogen pools in tidal salt marshes of the eastern Chinese coast as affected by short-term C4 plant Spartina alterniflora invasion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXkvVWktbc%3D&md5=4126b961afa8b98d9a12fdaa62a800d8CAS |
Yuan, F., Depew, R., and Soltis-Muth, C. (2014). Ecosystem regime change inferred from the distribution of trace metals in Lake Erie sediments. Scientific Reports 4, 1–7.
Zeng, D., Zhu, K., and Pei, X. (2014). Characteristics of heavy metal circulation in biosphere. Agricultural Science and Technology 15, 642–647.
Zhou, J.-M., Dang, Z., Cai, M.-F., and Liu, C.-Q. (2007). Soil heavy metal pollution around the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China. Pedosphere 17, 588–594.
| Soil heavy metal pollution around the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1Cnt77I&md5=3b9d211b69e5c129308d2716f1157987CAS |
Zhou, C., An, S., Deng, Z., Yin, D., Zhi, Y., Sun, Z., Zhao, H., Zhou, L., Fang, C., and Chen, Q. (2009). Sulfur storage changed by exotic Spartina alterniflora in coastal saltmarshes of China. Ecological Engineering 35, 536–543.
| Sulfur storage changed by exotic Spartina alterniflora in coastal saltmarshes of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zuo, P., Zhao, S.-d., Zhao, X.-q., Teng, H.-f., Geng, J.-j., and Gao, X. (2010). Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments in original saltmarshes in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China. Marine Science Bulletin 29, 372–377.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1Kqs77J&md5=e020deb1379cddd45e2cce385ddd9e55CAS |
