Taking advantage of adaptations when managing threatened species within variable environments: the case of the dwarf galaxias, Galaxiella pusilla (Teleostei, Galaxiidae)
R. A. Coleman A B D , T. A. Raadik C , V. Pettigrove A B and A. A. Hoffmann A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Victorian Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.
B Melbourne Water Corporation, Docklands, Vic. 3008, Australia,
C Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: rhys.coleman@melbournewater.com.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 68(1) 175-186 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15332
Submitted: 27 August 2015 Accepted: 12 January 2016 Published: 18 March 2016
Abstract
Native fish are threatened globally by invasive species, and management actions largely focus on detecting and eradicating invaders before they become established. However, once established, invaders might also be controlled by taking advantage of adaptations of threatened species to local conditions. This strategy was explored in dwarf galaxias (Galaxiella pusilla) a freshwater-dependent species of national conservation significance in Australia, threatened by invasive eastern gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki). Most habitats occupied by G. pusilla experience a seasonally variable and unpredictable hydrologic regime, where water levels substantially contract during dry periods and expand during wet periods. It was hypothesised that they are likely to have developed adaptations to surviving in these habitats by persisting without surface water. In contrast to G. holbrooki, we found that G. pusilla could withstand longer periods without surface water, including air breathing and higher respiration rates in air, than could G. holbrooki. We showed, within a single G. pusilla population, large inter-annual variability in fish densities linked to natural wetting and drying regimes. These findings indicate that periodic drying provides a way of protecting G. pusilla in water bodies where G. holbrooki has invaded, representing a strategy that takes advantage of local adaptation and metapopulation structure of G. pusilla.
Additional keywords: air breathing, behavioural adaptation, Gambusia holbrooki, invasive, metapopulation, physiological adaptation.
References
Aigo, J., Lattuca, M. E., and Cussac, V. (2014). Susceptibility of native perca (Percichthys trucha) and exotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to high temperature in Patagonia: different physiological traits and distinctive responses. Hydrobiologia 736, 73–82.| Susceptibility of native perca (Percichthys trucha) and exotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to high temperature in Patagonia: different physiological traits and distinctive responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXntVShtrc%3D&md5=931b77ed4fbb60b75beb0722651918a8CAS |
Arthington, A. H. (1991). Ecological and genetic impacts of introduced and translocated freshwater fishes in Australia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 33–43.
| Ecological and genetic impacts of introduced and translocated freshwater fishes in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ayres, R., and Clunie, P. (2010). Management of freshwater fish incursions: a review. PestSmart Toolkit publication. (Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra.) Available at http://www.feral.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/PestSmart_LitReview.pdf [Verified 1 December 2014].
Battle, J., and Golladay, S. W. (2001). Water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblages in three types of seasonally inundated limesink wetlands in southwest Georgia. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16, 189–207.
| Water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblages in three types of seasonally inundated limesink wetlands in southwest Georgia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkslWhsrY%3D&md5=cea0bd614a8349b36b7ec96dc6beef9bCAS |
Beck, R. G. (1985). Field observation upon the dwarf galaxiid Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae) in the southeast of South Australia, Australia. South Australian Naturalist 60, 12–22.
BOM (2011a). Average annual & monthly maximum, minimum, & mean temperature. Average daily maximum temperature – annual. Based on a standard 30-year climatology (1961–1990). Product Code: IDCJCM0005. Available at http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/temperature/index.jsp [Verified 5 March 2016].
BOM (2011b). Average annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall. Average rainfall – annual. Based on a standard 30-year climatology (1961–1990). Product Code: IDCJCM004. Available at http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/rainfall/index.jsp?period=an&area=oz [Verified 5 March 2016].
Bridges, C. R. (1988). Respiratory adaptations in intertidal fish. American Zoologist 28, 79–96.
| Respiratory adaptations in intertidal fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chakona, A., Swartz, E. R., and Magellan, K. (2011). Aerial exposure tolerance of a newly discovered galaxiid. Journal of Fish Biology 78, 912–922.
| Aerial exposure tolerance of a newly discovered galaxiid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M3jtlGjtA%3D%3D&md5=6121173ffa16b620f19477306dced953CAS | 21366581PubMed |
Chilcott, S. J., and Humphries, P. (1996). Freshwater fish of northeast Tasmania with notes on the dwarf galaxias. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery 103, 145–149.
Coleman, R. A., Pettigrove, V., Raadik, T. A., Hoffmann, A. A., Miller, A. D., and Carew, M. E. (2010). Microsatellite markers and mtDNA indicate two distinct groups in dwarf galaxias, Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae), a threatened freshwater fish from south-eastern Australia. Conservation Genetics 11, 1911–1928.
| Microsatellite markers and mtDNA indicate two distinct groups in dwarf galaxias, Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae), a threatened freshwater fish from south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coleman, R. A., Weeks, A. R., and Hoffmann, A. A. (2013). Balancing genetic uniqueness and genetic variation in determining conservation and translocation strategies: a comprehensive case study of threatened dwarf galaxias, Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Molecular Ecology 22, 1820–1835.
| Balancing genetic uniqueness and genetic variation in determining conservation and translocation strategies: a comprehensive case study of threatened dwarf galaxias, Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Pisces: Galaxiidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnvFyns7g%3D&md5=33aca2f3a8b21d19c567bb80e1af3acaCAS | 23432132PubMed |
Costelloe, J. F., Reid, J. R. W., Pritchard, J. C., Puckridge, J. T., Bailey, V. E., and Hudson, P. J. (2010). Are alien fish disadvantaged by extremely variable flow regimes in arid-zone rivers? Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 857–863.
| Are alien fish disadvantaged by extremely variable flow regimes in arid-zone rivers?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVansL%2FJ&md5=34f334095283fa51cc1101498bb60af2CAS |
Currie, S., Bagatto, B., DeMille, M., Learner, A., LeBlanc, D., Marks, C., Ong, K., Parker, J., Templeman, N., Tufts, B. L., and Wright, P. A. (2010). Metabolism, nitrogen excretion, and heat shock proteins in the central mudminnow (Umbra limi), a facultative air-breathing fish living in a variable environment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, 43–58.
| Metabolism, nitrogen excretion, and heat shock proteins in the central mudminnow (Umbra limi), a facultative air-breathing fish living in a variable environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlCju7g%3D&md5=b442a7a8524520775f9e5651ca9cbbe9CAS |
Eldon, G. A. (1978). The life history of Neochanna apoda Günther (Pisces: Galaxiidae). Fisheries Research Bulletin 19. (New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries: Wellington, New Zealand.) Available at http://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/frb19.pdf [Verified 1 December 2014].
Eldon, G. A. (1979). Breeding, growth and aestivation of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 13, 331–346.
| Breeding, growth and aestivation of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gee, J. H., and Gee, P. A. (1991). Reactions of gobioid fishes to hypoxia: buoyancy control and aquatic surface respiration. Copeia 1991, 17–28.
| Reactions of gobioid fishes to hypoxia: buoyancy control and aquatic surface respiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gehrke, P. C., Revell, M. B., and Philbey, A. W. (1993). Effects of river red gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, litter on golden perch, Macquaria ambigua. Journal of Fish Biology 43, 265–279.
| Effects of river red gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, litter on golden perch, Macquaria ambigua.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gooderham, J., and Tsyrlin, E. (2002). ‘The Waterbug Book: a Guide to the Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Temperate Australia.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Gozlan, R. E., Britton, L. R., Cowx, I., and Copp, G. H. (2010). Current knowledge on non-native freshwater fish introductions. Journal of Fish Biology 76, 751–786.
| Current knowledge on non-native freshwater fish introductions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hanski, I. (1998). Metapopulation dynamics. Nature 396, 41–49.
| Metapopulation dynamics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntl2rurw%3D&md5=ad93424aa0c885adf63b8dedc05561fcCAS |
Ho, S. S., Bond, N. R., and Thompson, R. M. (2013). Does seasonal flooding give a native species an edge over a global invader? Freshwater Biology 58, 159–170.
| Does seasonal flooding give a native species an edge over a global invader?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnsVOgsLk%3D&md5=2acc8ac77be220c9c4b65516c4f8a3bfCAS |
Humphries, P. (1983). Aspects of the biology of the dwarf galaxiid, Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae). B.Sc.(Hons) Thesis, Zoology Department, Monash University, Melbourne.
Humphries, P. (1986). Observations on the ecology of Galaxiella pusilla (Mack) (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae) in Diamond Creek, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 98, 133–137.
Jobling, M. (1981). The influences of feeding on the metabolic rate of fishes: a short review. Journal of Fish Biology 18, 385–400.
| The influences of feeding on the metabolic rate of fishes: a short review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, P. E., Senior, A., Allibone, R. M., and Closs, G. P. (2016). Life-history variation in a species complex of nonmigratory galaxiids. Ecology Freshwater Fish 25, 174–189.
| Life-history variation in a species complex of nonmigratory galaxiids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Junk, W. J., Bayley, P. B., and Sparks, R. E. (1989). The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. In ‘Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium (LARS)’, 14–21 September 1986, Honey Harbour, ON, Canada. (Ed. D. P. Dodge.) Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106, pp. 110–127. (Fisheries and Oceans Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada.) Available at http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/111846.pdf [Verified 5 March 2016].
Kerezsy, A., and Fensham, R. (2013). Conservation of the endangered red-finned blue-eye, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and control of alien eastern gambusia, Gambusia holbrooki, in a spring wetland complex. Marine and Freshwater Research 64, 851–863.
| Conservation of the endangered red-finned blue-eye, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and control of alien eastern gambusia, Gambusia holbrooki, in a spring wetland complex.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koehn, J. D., and Raadik, T. A. (1991). The Tasmanian mudfish, Galaxias cleaveri Scott, 1934 in Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 103, 77–86.
Koster, W. (2003). Threatened species of the world: Galaxiella pusilla (Mack 1936) (Galaxiidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 68, 268.
| Threatened species of the world: Galaxiella pusilla (Mack 1936) (Galaxiidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lake, P. S., Bayly, I. A. E., and Morton, D. W. (1989). The phenology of a temporary pond in western Victoria, Australia, with special reference to invertebrate succession. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 115, 171–202.
Leprieur, F., Hickey, M. A., Arbuckle, C. J., Closs, G. P., Brosse, S., and Townsend, C. R. (2006). Hydrological disturbance benefits a native fish at the expense of an exotic fish. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 930–939.
| Hydrological disturbance benefits a native fish at the expense of an exotic fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ling, N. (2004). Gambusia in New Zealand: Really bad or just misunderstood? New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38, 473–480.
| Gambusia in New Zealand: Really bad or just misunderstood?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lintermans, M. (2004). Human‐assisted dispersal of alien freshwater fish in Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38, 481–501.
| Human‐assisted dispersal of alien freshwater fish in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lodge, D. M., and Shrader-Frechette, K. (2003). Nonindigenous species: ecological explanation, environmental ethics, and public policy. Conservation Biology 17, 31–37.
| Nonindigenous species: ecological explanation, environmental ethics, and public policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macauley, B. J., and Fox, L. R. (1980). Variation in total phenols and condensed tannins in Eucalyptus: leaf phenology and insect grazing. Australian Journal of Ecology 5, 31–35.
| Variation in total phenols and condensed tannins in Eucalyptus: leaf phenology and insect grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mack, R. N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W. M., Evans, H., Clout, M., and Bazzaz, F. A. (2000). Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecological Applications 10, 689–710.
| Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
March, T. S., and Robson, B. J. (2006). Association between burrow densities of two Australian freshwater crayfish (Engaeus sericatus and Geocharax gracilis: Parastacidae) and four riparian land uses. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16, 181–191.
| Association between burrow densities of two Australian freshwater crayfish (Engaeus sericatus and Geocharax gracilis: Parastacidae) and four riparian land uses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, K. L. M., Berra, T. M., and Allen, G. R. (1993). Cutaneous aerial respiration during forced emergence in the Australian salamanderfish, Lepidogalaxias salamandroides. Copeia 1993, 875–879.
| Cutaneous aerial respiration during forced emergence in the Australian salamanderfish, Lepidogalaxias salamandroides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McMaster, D., and Bond, N. (2008). A field and experimental study on the tolerances of fish to Eucalyptus camaldulensis leachate and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, 177–185.
| A field and experimental study on the tolerances of fish to Eucalyptus camaldulensis leachate and low dissolved oxygen concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXisVWitLo%3D&md5=c937481bbdc3355127699d54e7505996CAS |
McPhail, J. D. (1999). A fish out of water: observations on the ability of black mudfish, Neochanna diversus, to withstand hypoxic water and drought. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33, 417–424.
| A fish out of water: observations on the ability of black mudfish, Neochanna diversus, to withstand hypoxic water and drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meredith, A. S., Davie, P. S., and Forster, M. E. (1982). Oxygen uptake by the skin of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 9, 387–390.
| Oxygen uptake by the skin of the Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller, R. R., Williams, J. D., and Williams, J. E. (1989). Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries (Bethesda, Md.) 14, 22–38.
| Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Brien, L. K. (2007). Size-dependant strategies in response to drought by Neochanna burrowsius. New Zealand Natural Sciences 32, 21–28.
Puckridge, J. T., Walker, K. F., and Costelloe, J. F. (2000). Hydrological persistence and the ecology of dryland rivers. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 16, 385–402.
| Hydrological persistence and the ecology of dryland rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pusey, B. J. (1986). The effect of starvation on oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in Lepidogalaxias salmandroides (Mees). Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 156, 701–705.
| The effect of starvation on oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in Lepidogalaxias salmandroides (Mees).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XlslWhsrc%3D&md5=b14dad3e3501e2104a151a4edc501402CAS |
Pyke, G. H. (2008). Plague minnow or mosquito fish? A review of the biology and impacts of introduced Gambusia species. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 39, 171–191.
| Plague minnow or mosquito fish? A review of the biology and impacts of introduced Gambusia species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Romanowski, N. (2004). Notes on dwarf galaxias Galaxiella pusilla. Fishes of Sahul 18, 80–86.
Ruiz-Navarro, A., Verdiell-Cubedo, D., Torralva, M., and Oliva-Paterna, F. J. (2013). Removal control of the highly invasive fish Gambusia holbrooki and effects on its population biology: learning by doing. Wildlife Research 40, 82–89.
| Removal control of the highly invasive fish Gambusia holbrooki and effects on its population biology: learning by doing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sato, M., Kawaguchi, Y., Nakajima, J., Takahiko, M., Shimatani, Y., and Onikura, N. (2010). A review of the research on introduced freshwater fishes: new perspectives, the need for research, and management implications. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 6, 99–108.
| A review of the research on introduced freshwater fishes: new perspectives, the need for research, and management implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson, G. G., and Withers, P. C. (1999). The metabolic response to hypoxia and emersion of aestivating fishes (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides and Galaxiella nigrostriata) and a non-aestivating fish (Bostockia porosa) from south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 47, 295–305.
| The metabolic response to hypoxia and emersion of aestivating fishes (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides and Galaxiella nigrostriata) and a non-aestivating fish (Bostockia porosa) from south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tonkin, Z., Ramsey, D. S. L., Macdonald, J., Crook, D., King, A. J., and Kaus, A. (2014). Does localized control of invasive eastern gambusia (Poeciliidae: Gambusia holbrooki) increase population growth of generalist wetland fishes? Austral Ecology 39, 355–366.
| Does localized control of invasive eastern gambusia (Poeciliidae: Gambusia holbrooki) increase population growth of generalist wetland fishes?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Unmack, P. J., Bagley, J. C., Adams, M., Hammer, M. P., and Johnson, J. B. (2012). Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the Australian freshwater fish genus Galaxiella, with an emphasis on dwarf galaxias (Galaxiella pusilla). PLoS One 7, e38433.
| Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the Australian freshwater fish genus Galaxiella, with an emphasis on dwarf galaxias (Galaxiella pusilla).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xos1ertrk%3D&md5=6552585eaaa49c5968647c0e2731997aCAS | 22693638PubMed |
Urbina, M. A., and Glover, C. N. (2012). Should I stay or should I go? Physiological, metabolic and biochemical consequences of voluntary emersion upon aquatic hypoxia in the scaleless fish Galaxias maculatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 182, 1057–1067.
| Should I stay or should I go? Physiological, metabolic and biochemical consequences of voluntary emersion upon aquatic hypoxia in the scaleless fish Galaxias maculatus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsleksrrM&md5=87f00b29e6af6452230e580d2a329aecCAS | 22645056PubMed |
Urbina, M. A., Meredith, A. S., Glover, C. N., and Forster, M. E. (2014). The importance of cutaneous gas exchange during aerial and aquatic respiration in galaxiids. Journal of Fish Biology 84, 759–773.
| The importance of cutaneous gas exchange during aerial and aquatic respiration in galaxiids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjvVOkurs%3D&md5=8365721fb4565f0a11f656cde849fbffCAS | 24417441PubMed |
Vitousek, P. M., D’Antonio, C. M., Loope, L. L., and Westbrooks, R. (1996). Biological invasions as global environmental change. American Scientist 84, 468–478.
Wager, R. (1996). Galaxiella pusilla. In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996’, e.T8820A12934389. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/8820/0 [Verified 25 February 2016].
Wager, R., and Jackson, P. (1993). The Action Plan for Australian Freshwater Fishes. Endangered Species Program Project number 147. (Australian Nature Conservation Agency: Canberra.) Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/action-plan-australian-freshwater-fishes [Verified 1 December 2014].
Wedderburn, S. D., Hillyard, K. A., and Shiel, R. J. (2013). Zooplankton response to flooding of a drought refuge and implications for the endangered fish species Craterocephalus fluviatilis cohabiting with alien Gambusia holbrooki. Aquatic Ecology 47, 263–275.
| Zooplankton response to flooding of a drought refuge and implications for the endangered fish species Craterocephalus fluviatilis cohabiting with alien Gambusia holbrooki.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White, A. W., and Pyke, G. H. (2011). World War II and the rise of the plague minnow Gambusia holbrooki (Girard, 1859) in Australia. Australian Zoologist 35, 1024–1032.
| World War II and the rise of the plague minnow Gambusia holbrooki (Girard, 1859) in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White, R. S. A., McHugh, P. A., Glover, C. N., and McIntosh, A. R. (2015). Multiple environmental stressors increase the realised niche breadth of a forest-dwelling fish. Ecography 38, 154–162.
| Multiple environmental stressors increase the realised niche breadth of a forest-dwelling fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, W. D. (1980). ‘Australian Freshwater Life: the Invertebrates of Australian Inland Waters.’ (Macmillan Publishers Australia: Melbourne.)
Winemiller, K. O., and Rose, K. A. (1992). Patterns of life-history diversification in North American fishes: implications for population regulation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, 2196–2218.
| Patterns of life-history diversification in North American fishes: implications for population regulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
