Effects of temperature and ration on the otolith-to-somatic size relationship in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): a test of the direct proportionality assumption
David G. Stormer A B and Francis Juanes A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
B Corresponding author. Email: dstormer@uvic.ca
Marine and Freshwater Research 67(7) 913-924 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15206
Submitted: 25 May 2015 Accepted: 14 March 2016 Published: 24 May 2016
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2016 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Fish otoliths are commonly used to estimate somatic growth rate, but this depends on the assumption that the otolith and body grow in direct proportion. Environmental conditions contribute to variability in somatic growth and can result in deviations from direct proportionality in the otolith-to-somatic size relationship. In the present study we examined the otolith-to-body size relationship for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to simulated seasonal (summer, autumn and winter) water temperatures and feeding rations. The otolith-to-somatic size relationship became uncoupled during summer between fish subjected to the cool (15°C) and hot (21°C) water temperatures. A food ration effect was also observed during the summer, such that fish fed an unlimited ration had smaller otoliths than equivalently sized fish fed a limited ration. The effects of water temperature and ration disappeared by the end of autumn, indicating that a seasonal compensatory response occurred in the otolith-to-somatic size relationship after the extreme temperatures and food limitations were alleviated. In winter, this relationship became uncoupled again, but only between fish that were fed throughout the winter and fish that were starved during the 3-month experimental period. The effects of water temperature and rations on the otolith-to-somatic size relationship of juvenile Chinook salmon could have implications for accurately estimating somatic growth from otolith growth in natural populations and should be incorporated into back-calculation techniques.
Additional keywords: back-calculation, food ration, water temperature.
References
Barber, M., and Jenkins, P. (2001). Differential effects of food and temperature lead to decoupling of short-term otolith and somatic growth rates in juvenile King George whiting. Journal of Fish Biology 58, 1320–1330.| Differential effects of food and temperature lead to decoupling of short-term otolith and somatic growth rates in juvenile King George whiting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baumann, H., Peck, M. A., and Herrmann, J. (2005). Short-term decoupling of otolith and somatic growth induced by food level changes in postlarval Baltic sprat, Sprattus sprattus. Marine and Freshwater Research 56, 539–547.
| Short-term decoupling of otolith and somatic growth induced by food level changes in postlarval Baltic sprat, Sprattus sprattus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beamish, R. J., and Mahnken, C. (2001). A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change. Progress in Oceanography 49, 423–437.
| A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benkwitt, C. E., Brodeur, R. D., Hurst, T. P., and Daly, E. A. (2009). Diel feeding chronology, gastric evacuation, and daily food consumption of juvenile Chinook salmon in Oregon coastal waters. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 138, 111–120.
| Diel feeding chronology, gastric evacuation, and daily food consumption of juvenile Chinook salmon in Oregon coastal waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brett, J. R., Clarke, W. C., and Shelbourn, J. E. (1982). Experiments on thermal requirements for growth and food conversion efficiency of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences Number 1127, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
Campana, S. (1990). How reliable are growth back-calculations based on otoliths? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, 2219–2227.
| How reliable are growth back-calculations based on otoliths?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Campana, S., and Neilson, J. D. (1985). Microstructure of fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 1014–1032.
| Microstructure of fish otoliths.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Claiborne, A. M., Miller, J. A., Weitkamp, L. A., Teel, D. J., and Emmett, R. L. (2014). Evidence for selective mortality in marine environments: the role of fish migration size, timing, and production type. Marine Ecology Progress Series 515, 187–202.
| Evidence for selective mortality in marine environments: the role of fish migration size, timing, and production type.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
El-Sabaawi, R., Dower, J. F., Kainz, M., and Mazumder, A. (2009). Interannual variability in fatty acid composition of the copepod Neocalanus plumchrus in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 382, 151–161.
| Interannual variability in fatty acid composition of the copepod Neocalanus plumchrus in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnvFaisrc%3D&md5=37e3cfe58060d3e151642d1ae59a2de5CAS |
Francis, R. I. C. C. (1990). Back-calculation of fish length: a critical review. Journal of Fish Biology 36, 883–902.
| Back-calculation of fish length: a critical review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hare, J. A., and Cowen, R. K. (1995). Effect of age, growth rate, and ontogeny on the otolith size–fish size relationship in bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, and the implications for back-calculation of size in fish early life history stages. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, 1909–1922.
| Effect of age, growth rate, and ontogeny on the otolith size–fish size relationship in bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, and the implications for back-calculation of size in fish early life history stages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Healey, M. C. (1983). Coastwide distribution and ocean migration patterns of stream- and ocean-type Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Canadian Field Naturalist 97, 427–433.
Jorgensen, E. H., Martinsen, M., Strom, V., Hansen, K. E. R., Ravuri, C. S., Gong, N., and Jobling, M. (2013). Long-term fasting in the anadromous Arctic charr is associated with downregulation of metabolic enzyme activity and upregulation of leptin A1 and SOCS expression in the liver. Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 3222–3230.
| Long-term fasting in the anadromous Arctic charr is associated with downregulation of metabolic enzyme activity and upregulation of leptin A1 and SOCS expression in the liver.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23685975PubMed |
Larsen, D. A., Beckman, B. R., and Dickhoff, W. W. (2001). The effect of low temperature and fasting during the winter on growth and smoltification of coho salmon. North American Journal of Aquaculture 63, 1–10.
| The effect of low temperature and fasting during the winter on growth and smoltification of coho salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mackas, D. L., Batten, S., and Trudel, M. (2007). Effects on zooplankton of a warmer ocean: recent evidence from the northeast Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 75, 223–252.
| Effects on zooplankton of a warmer ocean: recent evidence from the northeast Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marin Jarrin, J. R. M., and Miller, J. A. (2013). Sandy beach surf zones: an alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 135, 220–230.
| Sandy beach surf zones: an alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marshall, S. L., and Parker, S. S. (1982). Pattern identification in the microstructure of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39, 542–547.
| Pattern identification in the microstructure of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) otoliths.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Masson, D., and Cummins, P. F. (2007). Temperature trends and interannual variability in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Continental Shelf Research 27, 634–649.
| Temperature trends and interannual variability in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Megalofonou, P. (2006). Comparison of otolith growth and morphology with somatic growth and age in young-of-the-year bluefin tuna. Journal of Fish Biology 68, 1867–1878.
| Comparison of otolith growth and morphology with somatic growth and age in young-of-the-year bluefin tuna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller, J. A., Teel, D. J., Peterson, W. T., and Baptista, A. M. (2014). Assessing the relative importance of local and regional processes on the survival of a threatened salmon population. PLoS One 9, e99814.
| Assessing the relative importance of local and regional processes on the survival of a threatened salmon population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24924741PubMed |
Mosegaard, H., Svedang, H., and Taberman, K. (1988). Uncoupling of somatic and otolith growth rates in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) as an effect of differences in temperature response. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, 1514–1524.
| Uncoupling of somatic and otolith growth rates in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) as an effect of differences in temperature response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neilson, J. D., and Geen, G. H. (1982). Otoliths of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tskwytsch): daily growth increments and factors influencing their production. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39, 1340–1347.
| Otoliths of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tskwytsch): daily growth increments and factors influencing their production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neilson, J. D., and Geen, G. H. (1985). Effects of feeding regimes and diel temperature cycles on otolith increment formation in juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Fishery Bulletin 83, 91–101.
Otterlei, E., Folkvord, A., and Nyhammer, G. (2002). Temperature dependent otolith growth of larval and early juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). ICES Journal of Marine Science 59, 401–410.
| Temperature dependent otolith growth of larval and early juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pannella, G. (1971). Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns. Science 173, 1124–1127.
| Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Preikshot, D., Beamish, R. J., and Neville, C. M. (2013). A dynamic model describing ecosystem-level changes in the Strait of Georgia from 1960 to 2010. Progress in Oceanography 115, 28–40.
| A dynamic model describing ecosystem-level changes in the Strait of Georgia from 1960 to 2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quinn, T. P. (2005). ‘The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout.’ (University Press: Seattle, WA, USA.)
Reimers, A., Kjorrefjord, G., and Stavostrand, S. M. (1993). Compensatory growth and reduced maturation in second sea winter farmed Atlantic salmon following starvation in February and March. Journal of Fish Biology 43, 805–810.
| Compensatory growth and reduced maturation in second sea winter farmed Atlantic salmon following starvation in February and March.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reznick, D., Lindbeck, E., and Bryga, H. (1989). Slower growth results in larger otoliths: an experimental test with guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 108–112.
| Slower growth results in larger otoliths: an experimental test with guppies (Poecilia reticulata).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schabetsberger, R., Morgan, C. A., Brodeur, R. D., Potts, C. L., Peterson, W. T., and Emmett, R. L. (2003). Prey selectivity and diel feeding chronology of juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon in the Columbia River plume. Fisheries Oceanography 12, 523–540.
| Prey selectivity and diel feeding chronology of juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon in the Columbia River plume.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schweigert, J. F., Thompson, M., Fort, C., Hay, D. E., Therriault, T. W., and Brown, L. N. (2013). Factors linking Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) productivity and the spring plankton bloom in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Progress in Oceanography 115, 103–110.
| Factors linking Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) productivity and the spring plankton bloom in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Secor, D. H., and Dean, J. M. (1989). Somatic growth effects on the otolith–fish size relationship in young pond-reared striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 113–121.
| Somatic growth effects on the otolith–fish size relationship in young pond-reared striped bass, Morone saxatilis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Secor, D. H., and Dean, J. M. (1992). Comparison of otolith-based back-calculation methods to determine individual growth histories of larval striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, 1439–1454.
| Comparison of otolith-based back-calculation methods to determine individual growth histories of larval striped bass, Morone saxatilis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sogard, S. M. (1991). Interpretation of otolith microstructure in juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus): ontogenetic development, daily increment validation, and somatic growth relationships. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 1862–1871.
| Interpretation of otolith microstructure in juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus): ontogenetic development, daily increment validation, and somatic growth relationships.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Starrs, D., Ebner, B. C., and Fulton, C. J. (2013). Can backcalculation models unravel complex larval growth histories in a tropical freshwater fish? Journal of Fish Biology 83, 96–110.
| Can backcalculation models unravel complex larval growth histories in a tropical freshwater fish?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3sjmsVWqug%3D%3D&md5=54f9de95884bcf460988d267458d4286CAS | 23808694PubMed |
Takasuka, A., Oozeki, Y., Aoki, I., Kimura, R., Kubota, H., Sugisaki, H., and Akamine, T. (2008). Growth effect on the otolith and somatic size relationship in Japanese anchovy and sardine larvae. Fisheries Science 74, 308–313.
| Growth effect on the otolith and somatic size relationship in Japanese anchovy and sardine larvae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXltFSku7s%3D&md5=041172745ed29e56116bb49724d4969eCAS |
Tanaka, K., Mugiya, Y., and Yamada, J. (1981). Effects of photoperiod and feeding on daily growth patterns in otoliths of juvenile Tilapia nilotica. Fishery Bulletin 79, 459–466.
Tomaro, L. M., Teel, D. J., Peterson, W. T., and Miller, J. A. (2012). When is bigger better? Early marine residence of middle and upper Columbia River spring Chinook salmon. Marine Ecology Progress Series 452, 237–252.
| When is bigger better? Early marine residence of middle and upper Columbia River spring Chinook salmon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tompkins, A., Brown, G., and Thiess, M. (2011). Temporal patterns in productivity of North American sockeye and Chinook salmon. NPAFC Doc. 1356, Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Triebenbach, S. B., Smoker, W. W., Beckman, B. R., and Focht, R. (2009). Compensatory growth after winter food deprivation in hatchery-produced coho salmon and Chinook salmon smolts. North American Journal of Aquaculture 71, 384–399.
| Compensatory growth after winter food deprivation in hatchery-produced coho salmon and Chinook salmon smolts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Waessle, J. A., Lasta, C. A., and Favero, M. (2003). Otolith morphology and body size relationships for juvenile Sciaenidae in the Rio de la Plata Estuary (35–36°S). Scientia Marina 67, 233–240.
Wilson, J. A., Vigliola, L., and Meekan, M. G. (2009). The back-calculation of size and growth from otoliths: validation and comparison of models at an individual level. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368, 9–21.
| The back-calculation of size and growth from otoliths: validation and comparison of models at an individual level.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright, P. J., Metcalfe, N. B., and Thorpe, J. E. (1990). Otolith and somatic growth rates in Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L: evidence against coupling. Journal of Fish Biology 36, 241–249.
| Otolith and somatic growth rates in Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L: evidence against coupling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, Z., and Beamish, R. J. (2000). Use of otolith microstructure to study life history of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Strait of Georgia in 1995 and 1996. Fisheries Research 46, 239–250.
| Use of otolith microstructure to study life history of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Strait of Georgia in 1995 and 1996.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
