Inherent variation in carbon and nitrogen isotopic assimilation in the freshwater macro-invertebrate Cherax destructor
Debashish Mazumder A D , Li Wen B , Mathew P. Johansen A , Tsuyoshi Kobayashi B and Neil Saintilan C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
B Science Division, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box A290, Sydney South, NSW 1232, Australia.
C Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: debashish.mazumder@ansto.gov.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 67(12) 1928-1937 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15180
Submitted: 5 May 2015 Accepted: 14 October 2015 Published: 5 January 2016
Abstract
Individual variability in diet source selection has often been cited as the main factor for intra-specific variation of isotopic signatures among food-web consumers. We conducted a laboratory study to test how well the individual variability of the δ13C and δ15N ratios in the muscle of an omnivore consumer (yabby: Cherax destructor) corresponded to the variability of various diet types and diet combinations. We found that C. destructor muscle isotope signatures varied in concert with the composition of single-source diets, and that this variability was low. However, when fed the same proportional mixture of multiple diet sources, comparatively high isotopic variability was observed among specimens. Results suggest that a substantial component of isotopic variability in wild populations may be owing to inherent differences in uptake, absorption, and sequestration among individuals, which is distinct from behaviourally driven individualised diet selection. Considering the potential of such individual variability in assimilation to be present in many different consumer populations, we suggest further testing for a range of species and inclusion of this source of variation, for interpretation of isotopic data for trophic ecology.
Additional keywords: individual dietary behaviour, intra-specific variation, stable isotopes, trophic ecology.
References
Afik, D., and Karasov, W. H. (1995). The trade-offs between digestion rate and efficiency in warblers and their ecological implications. Ecology 76, 2247–2257.| The trade-offs between digestion rate and efficiency in warblers and their ecological implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Afik, D., Darken, B. W., and Karasov, W. H. (1997). Is diet shifting facilitated by modulation of intestinal nutrient uptake? Test of an adaptational hypothesis in yellow-rumped warblers. Physiological Zoology 70, 213–221.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhvV2gt7o%3D&md5=6d8376c5a3b7ca814ddd22a89abc0615CAS | 9231394PubMed |
Alderson, B., Mazumder, D., Saintilan, N., Zimmerman, K., and Mulry, P. (2013). Application of isotope mixing models to discriminate dietary sources over small-scale patches in saltmarsh. Marine Ecology Progress Series 487, 113–122.
| Application of isotope mixing models to discriminate dietary sources over small-scale patches in saltmarsh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barnes, C., Sweeting, C. J., Jennings, S., Barry, J. T., and Polunin, N. V. C. (2007). Effect of temperature and ration size on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope trophic fractionation. Functional Ecology 21, 356–362.
| Effect of temperature and ration size on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope trophic fractionation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barnes, C., Jennings, S., Polunin, N. C., and Lancaster, J. (2008). The importance of quantifying inherent variability when interpreting stable isotope field data. Oecologia 155, 227–235.
| The importance of quantifying inherent variability when interpreting stable isotope field data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17999089PubMed |
Bearhop, S., Phillips, R. A., McGill, R., Cherel, Y., Dawson, D. A., and Croxall, J. P. (2006). Stable isotopes indicate sex-specific and long-term individual foraging specialisation in diving seabirds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311, 157–164.
| Stable isotopes indicate sex-specific and long-term individual foraging specialisation in diving seabirds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beatty, S. J. (2006). The diet and trophic positions of translocated, sympatric populations of Cherax destructor and Cherax cainii in the Hutt River, Western Australia: evidence of resource overlap. Marine and Freshwater Research 57, 825–835.
| The diet and trophic positions of translocated, sympatric populations of Cherax destructor and Cherax cainii in the Hutt River, Western Australia: evidence of resource overlap.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1OgsLfP&md5=503053ecd56fcaa210450d3b76835f45CAS |
Beaudoin, C. P., Tonn, W. M., Prepas, E. E., and Wassenaar, L. I. (1999). Individual specialization and trophic adaptability of northern pike (Esox lucius): an isotope and dietary analysis. Oecologia 120, 386–396.
| Individual specialization and trophic adaptability of northern pike (Esox lucius): an isotope and dietary analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolnick, D. I., Svanbäck, R., Fordyce, J. A., Yang, L. H., Davis, J. M., Hulsey, C. D., and Forister, M. L. (2003). The ecology of individuals: incidence and implications of individual specialization. American Naturalist 161, 1–28.
| The ecology of individuals: incidence and implications of individual specialization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12650459PubMed |
Bolnick, D. I., Ingram, T., Stutz, W. E., Snowberg, L. K., Lau, O. L., and Paull, J. S. (2010). Ecological release from interspecific competition leads to decoupled changes in population and individual niche width. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 277, 1789–1797.
| Ecological release from interspecific competition leads to decoupled changes in population and individual niche width.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bosley, K. L., and Wainright, S. C. (1999). Effects of preservatives and acidification on the stable isotope ratios (15N : 14N, 13C : 12C) of two species of marine animals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, 2181–2185.
| Effects of preservatives and acidification on the stable isotope ratios (15N : 14N, 13C : 12C) of two species of marine animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bouillon, S., Connolly, R. M., and Lee, S. Y. (2008). Organic matter exchange and cycling in mangrove ecosystems: recent insights from stable isotope studies. Journal of Sea Research 59, 44–58.
| Organic matter exchange and cycling in mangrove ecosystems: recent insights from stable isotope studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlsFymtg%3D%3D&md5=efb3ee9b7bc3c18891dd133c94185115CAS |
Bryan, J. E., and Larkin, P. A. (1972). Food specialization by individual trout. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29, 1615–1624.
| Food specialization by individual trout.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carolan, J. V., Mazumder, D., Dimovski, C., Diocares, R., and Twining, J. (2012). Biokinetics and discrimination factors for δ13C and δ15N in the omnivorous freshwater crustacean, Cherax destructor. Marine and Freshwater Research 63, 878–886.
| Biokinetics and discrimination factors for δ13C and δ15N in the omnivorous freshwater crustacean, Cherax destructor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFynsrrM&md5=a7c96a49074accfb55b8f872738044edCAS |
Dall, S. R. X., Bell, A. M., Bolnick, D. I., and Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2012). An evolutionary ecology of individual differences. Ecology Letters 15, 1189–1198.
| An evolutionary ecology of individual differences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
DeNiro, M. J., and Epstein, S. (1978). Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 495–506.
| Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXls1WrsbY%3D&md5=260fbfb17f7afb643cef228fb5ec713dCAS |
DeNiro, M. J., and Epstein, S. (1981). Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 341–351.
| Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXktVGmtLw%3D&md5=2167e1f40c638478192ca078511555f3CAS |
Dieckmann, U., and Doebeli, M. (1999). On the origin of species by sympatric speciation. Nature 400, 354–357.
| On the origin of species by sympatric speciation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkvFOgu7c%3D&md5=78d56ce18ccbd2664994dd385dce2a20CAS | 10432112PubMed |
Durell, S. E. A. L. V. D. (2000). Individual feeding specialisation in shorebirds: population consequences and conservation implications. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 75, 503–518.
| Individual feeding specialisation in shorebirds: population consequences and conservation implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fantle, M. S., Dittel, A. I., Schwalm, S. M., Epifanio, C. E., and Fogel, M. L. (1999). A food web analysis of the juvenile blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids. Oecologia 120, 416–426.
| A food web analysis of the juvenile blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, using stable isotopes in whole animals and individual amino acids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Flaherty, E. A., and Ben-David, M. (2010). Overlap and partitioning of the ecological and isotopic niches. Oikos 119, 1409–1416.
| Overlap and partitioning of the ecological and isotopic niches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ford, E. B. (1964) ‘Ecological Genetics’, 1st edn. (Methuen: London, UK)
Fry, B., Joern, A., and Parker, P. L. (1978). Grasshopper food web analysis: use of carbon isotope ratios to examine feeding relationships among terrestrial herbivores. Ecology 59, 498–506.
| Grasshopper food web analysis: use of carbon isotope ratios to examine feeding relationships among terrestrial herbivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fry, B., Mumford, P. L., Tam, F., Fox, D. D., Warren, G. L., Havens, K. E., and Steinman, A. D. (1999). Trophic position and individual feeding histories of fish from Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, 590–600.
| Trophic position and individual feeding histories of fish from Lake Okeechobee, Florida.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gannes, L. Z., O’Brien, D. M., and del Rio, C. M. (1997). Stable isotopes in animal ecology: assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments. Ecology 78, 1271–1276.
| Stable isotopes in animal ecology: assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gorokhova, E., and Hansson, S. (1999). An experimental study on variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during growth of Mysis mixta and Neomysis integer. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, 2203–2210.
| An experimental study on variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during growth of Mysis mixta and Neomysis integer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gu, B., Schelske, C. L., and Hoyer, M. V. (1997). Intrapopulation feeding diversity in blue tilapia: evidence from stable-isotope analyses. Ecology 78, 2263–2266.
Hentschel, B. T. (1998). Intraspecific variations in δ13C indicate ontogenetic diet changes in deposit-feeding polychaetes. Ecology 79, 1357–1370.
| Intraspecific variations in δ13C indicate ontogenetic diet changes in deposit-feeding polychaetes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Herzka, S. Z., and Holt, G. J. (2000). Changes in isotopic composition of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae in response to dietary shifts: potential applications to settlement studies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, 137–147.
| Changes in isotopic composition of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae in response to dietary shifts: potential applications to settlement studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill, J., and McQuaid, C. (2009). Effects of food quality on tissue-specific isotope ratios in the mussel Perna perna. Hydrobiologia 635, 81–94.
| Effects of food quality on tissue-specific isotope ratios in the mussel Perna perna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1CqurzF&md5=32b0043859fa4f80c971adbf97b3188aCAS |
Hobson, K. A., and Clark, R. G. (1992). Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes II: factors influencing diet-tissue fractionation. The Condor 94, 189–197.
| Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes II: factors influencing diet-tissue fractionation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffman, E. A., and Pfennig, D. W. (1999). Proximate causes of cannibalistic polyphenism in larval tiger salamanders. Ecology 80, 1076–1080.
| Proximate causes of cannibalistic polyphenism in larval tiger salamanders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hollows, J. W., Townsend, C. R., and Collier, K. J. (2002). Diet of the crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus in bush and pasture streams: insights from stable isotopes and stomach analysis. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36, 129–142.
| Diet of the crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus in bush and pasture streams: insights from stable isotopes and stomach analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Iles, J., Kelleway, J., Kobayashi, T., Mazumder, D., Knowles, L., Priddel, D., and Saintilan, N. (2010). Grazing kangaroos act as local recyclers of energy on semiarid floodplains. Australian Journal of Zoology 58, 145–149.
| Grazing kangaroos act as local recyclers of energy on semiarid floodplains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Inman, A. J., Lefebvre, L., and Giraldeau, L.-A. (1987). Individual diet differences in feral pigeons: Evidence for resource partitioning. Animal Behaviour 35, 1902–1903.
| Individual diet differences in feral pigeons: Evidence for resource partitioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaehler, S., and Pakhomov, E. A. (2001). Effects of storage and preservation on the δ13C and δ15N signatures of selected marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 219, 299–304.
| Effects of storage and preservation on the δ13C and δ15N signatures of selected marine organisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXptVers7c%3D&md5=827d05cac926e155bfeef7355bc9bfe8CAS |
Kelleway, J., Mazumder, D., Wilson, G., and Kobayashi, T. (2010) ‘Using Isotopic Techniques to Assess Trophic Structure in Northern Murray–Darling Basin Wetlands.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Leigh, C., Sheldon, F., Kingsford, R. T., and Arthington, A. H. (2010). Sequential floods drive ‘booms’ and wetland persistence in dryland rivers: a synthesis. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 896–908.
| Sequential floods drive ‘booms’ and wetland persistence in dryland rivers: a synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVansL%2FP&md5=76129dde59f35e721d25634630ee087dCAS |
Magurran, A. E., and Garcia, C. M. (2000). Sex differences in behaviour as an indirect consequence of mating system. Journal of Fish Biology 57, 839–857.
| Sex differences in behaviour as an indirect consequence of mating system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martínez del Rio, C., Wolf, N., Carleton, S. A., and Gannes, L. Z. (2009). Isotopic ecology ten years after a call for more laboratory experiments. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 84, 91–111.
| Isotopic ecology ten years after a call for more laboratory experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matthews, B., and Mazumder, A. (2004). A critical evaluation of intrapopulation variation of δ13C and isotopic evidence of individual specialization. Oecologia 140, 361–371.
| A critical evaluation of intrapopulation variation of δ13C and isotopic evidence of individual specialization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15118902PubMed |
Minagawa, M., and Wada, E. (1984). Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 1135–1140.
| Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXktlOms7w%3D&md5=df5b4bddc3fdbe395d263acb5d4ccd51CAS |
Newsome, S. D., Tinker, M. T., Monson, D. H., Oftedal, O. T., Ralls, K., Staedler, M. M., Fogel, M. L., and Estes, J. A. (2009). Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Ecology 90, 961–974.
| Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19449691PubMed |
Newsome, S. D., Yeakel, J. D., Wheatley, P. V., and Tinker, M. T. (2012). Tools for quantifying isotopic niche space and dietary variation at the individual and population level. Journal of Mammalogy 93, 329–341.
| Tools for quantifying isotopic niche space and dietary variation at the individual and population level.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nyström, P., Stenroth, P., Holmqvist, N., Berglund, O., Larsson, P., and Graneli, W. (2006). Crayfish in lakes and streams: individual and population responses to predation, productivity and substratum availability. Freshwater Biology 51, 2096–2113.
| Crayfish in lakes and streams: individual and population responses to predation, productivity and substratum availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ohlsson, K. E. A., and Hakan Wallmark, P. (1999). Novel calibration with correction for drift and non-linear response for continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry applied to the determination of δ15N, total nitrogen, δ13C and total carbon in biological material. Analyst (London) 124, 571–577.
| Novel calibration with correction for drift and non-linear response for continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry applied to the determination of δ15N, total nitrogen, δ13C and total carbon in biological material.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parkyn, S. M., Collier, K. J., and Hicks, B. J. (2001). New Zealand stream crayfish: functional omnivores but trophic predators? Freshwater Biology 46, 641–652.
| New Zealand stream crayfish: functional omnivores but trophic predators?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peterson, B. J., and Fry, B. (1987). Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, 293–320.
| Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Phillips, D., and Eldridge, P. (2006). Estimating the timing of diet shifts using stable isotopes. Oecologia 147, 195–203.
| Estimating the timing of diet shifts using stable isotopes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16341714PubMed |
Polis, G. A. (1984). Age structure component of niche width and intraspecific resource partitioning: can age groups function as ecological species? American Naturalist 123, 541–564.
| Age structure component of niche width and intraspecific resource partitioning: can age groups function as ecological species?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Post, D., Layman, C., Arrington, D. A., Takimoto, G., Quattrochi, J., and Montaña, C. (2007). Getting to the fat of the matter: models, methods and assumptions for dealing with lipids in stable isotope analyses. Oecologia 152, 179–189.
| Getting to the fat of the matter: models, methods and assumptions for dealing with lipids in stable isotope analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17225157PubMed |
Réale, D., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T., and Dingemanse, N. J. (2007). Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 82, 291–318.
| Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17437562PubMed |
Roshier, D. A., Robertson, A. I., and Kingsford, R. T. (2002). Responses of waterbirds to flooding in an arid region of Australia and implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 106, 399–411.
| Responses of waterbirds to flooding in an arid region of Australia and implications for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roughgarden, J. (1972). Evolution of niche width. American Naturalist 106, 683–718.
| Evolution of niche width.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roughgarden, J. (1974). Niche width: biogeographic patterns among anolis lizard populations. American Naturalist 108, 429–442.
| Niche width: biogeographic patterns among anolis lizard populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saintilan, N., and Mazumder, D. (2010). Fine-scale variability in the dietary sources of grazing invertebrates in a temperate Australian saltmarsh. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 615–620.
| Fine-scale variability in the dietary sources of grazing invertebrates in a temperate Australian saltmarsh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXms1Omur0%3D&md5=73c27c669bad3fc5f4df1901238bb93dCAS |
Schluter, D. (2000) ‘The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation.’ (Oxford University Press: New York.)
Sih, A., Bell, A., and Johnson, J. C. (2004). Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, 372–378.
| Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, B. R., and Blumstein, D. T. (2008). Fitness consequences of personality: a meta-analysis. Behavioral Ecology 19, 448–455.
| Fitness consequences of personality: a meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, T. B., and Skúlason, S. (1996). Evolutionary significance of resource polymorphisms in fishes, amphibians, and birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27, 111–133.
| Evolutionary significance of resource polymorphisms in fishes, amphibians, and birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stenroth, P., Holmqvist, N., Nyström, P., Berglund, O., Larsson, P., and Granéli, W. (2006). Stable isotopes as an indicator of diet in omnivorous crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus): the influence of tissue, sample treatment, and season. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, 821–831.
| Stable isotopes as an indicator of diet in omnivorous crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus): the influence of tissue, sample treatment, and season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XksFKnu7k%3D&md5=3eed66b40d9f257340739681c2b17251CAS |
Sweeting, C. J., Jennings, S., and Polunin, N. V. C. (2005). Variance in isotopic signatures as a descriptor of tissue turnover and degree of omnivory. Functional Ecology 19, 777–784.
| Variance in isotopic signatures as a descriptor of tissue turnover and degree of omnivory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Syväranta, J., and Jones, R. I. (2008). Changes in feeding niche widths of perch and roach following biomanipulation, revealed by stable isotope analysis. Freshwater Biology 53, 425–434.
| Changes in feeding niche widths of perch and roach following biomanipulation, revealed by stable isotope analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vander Zanden, M. J., Shuter, B. J., Lester, N. P., and Rasmussen, J. B. (2000). Within- and among-population variation in the trophic position of a pelagic predator, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, 725–731.
| Within- and among-population variation in the trophic position of a pelagic predator, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Webb, S., Hedges, R., and Simpson, S. (1998). Diet quality influences the δ13C and δ15N of locusts and their biochemical components. The Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 2903–2911.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnvVCkt7g%3D&md5=bfd5e73ff0d767d490312fef797ffd2fCAS | 9739072PubMed |
Werner, T. K., and Sherry, T. W. (1987). Behavioral feeding specialization in Pinaroloxias inornata, the 'Darwin’s finch’ of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84, 5506–5510.
| Behavioral feeding specialization in Pinaroloxias inornata, the 'Darwin’s finch’ of Cocos Island, Costa Rica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cnivFCrsw%3D%3D&md5=9378e5836b3915cb5cb4e999dde545adCAS | 16593864PubMed |
Whitledge, G. W., and Rabeni, C. F. (1997). Energy sources and ecological role of crayfishes in an Ozark stream: insights from stable isotopes and gut analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, 2555–2563.
| Energy sources and ecological role of crayfishes in an Ozark stream: insights from stable isotopes and gut analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yokoyama, H., Tamaki, A., Harada, K., Katsumasa Shimoda, K. K., and Ishihi, Y. (2005). Variability of diet-tissue isotopic fractionation in estuarine macrobenthos. Marine Ecology Progress Series 296, 115–128.
| Variability of diet-tissue isotopic fractionation in estuarine macrobenthos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFSktbvO&md5=6a9dc466f9bb6d7215f1e229e59f0fafCAS |
