Assessing threats from coral and crustose coralline algae disease on the reefs of New Caledonia
Greta Aeby A E , Aline Tribollet B , Gregory Lasne C and Thierry Work D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, PO Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA.
B IRD-Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 6)-CNRS-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, IRD France Nord, 32 Avenida Henri Varagnat, F-93143 Bondy Cedex, France.
C BIOCENOSE MARINE Sarl, Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia.
D US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, PO Box 50187, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA.
E Corresponding author. Email: greta@hawaii.edu
Marine and Freshwater Research 67(4) 455-465 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF14151
Submitted: 12 June 2014 Accepted: 27 February 2015 Published: 9 July 2015
Abstract
The present study reports the results of the first quantitative survey of lesions on coral and crustose coralline algae (CCA) on reefs in the lagoon of New Caledonia. Surveys on inshore and offshore reefs were conducted at 13 sites in 2010, with 12 sites resurveyed in 2013. Thirty coral diseases affecting 15 coral genera were found, with low overall disease prevalence (<1%). This study extends the known distribution of growth anomalies to the coral genera Platygyra and Hydnophora, endolithic hypermycosis to Platygyra, Leptoria and Goniastrea and extends the geographic range of three CCA diseases. We found the first trematode infection in Porites outside of Hawaii. Disease prevalence differed among coral genera, with Porites having more lesions, and Acropora and Montipora fewer lesions, than expected on the basis of field abundance. Inshore reefs had a lower coral-colony density, species diversity and reduced CCA cover than did the offshore reefs. Disease prevalence was significantly higher on inshore reefs in 2013 than in 2010, but did not change on offshore reefs. The potential ecological impact of individual coral diseases was assessed using an integrative-scoring and relative-ranking scheme based on average frequency of occurrence, prevalence and estimated degree of virulence. The top-five ranked diseases were all tissue-loss diseases.
Additional keywords: CCA disease, coral disease, ecological impact of coral disease, endolithic hypermycosis, growth anomalies, trematode infection, white syndrome.
References
Adey, W. H. (1998). Coral reefs: algal structured and mediated ecosystems in shallow, turbulent, alkaline waters. Journal of Phycology 34, 393–406.| Coral reefs: algal structured and mediated ecosystems in shallow, turbulent, alkaline waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aeby, G. S. (1993). The potential effect the ability of a coral intermediate host to regenerate may have had on the evolution of its association with a marine parasite. In ‘Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium, 22–27 June 1992, Guam’, Vol. 2, pp. 809–815. (University of Guam Press, Guam.)
Aeby, G. S. (1998). A digenean metacercaria from the reef coral, Porites compressa, experimentally identified as Podocotyloides stenometra. The Journal of Parasitology 84, 1259–1261.
| A digenean metacercaria from the reef coral, Porites compressa, experimentally identified as Podocotyloides stenometra.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7hslSmsA%3D%3D&md5=8ef92baafa7aa662bb36015b0270d55dCAS | 9920324PubMed |
Aeby, G. (2003). Corals in the genus Porites are susceptible to infection by a larval trematode. Coral Reefs 22, 216.
| Corals in the genus Porites are susceptible to infection by a larval trematode.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aeby, G. S. (2005). Outbreak of coral disease in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Coral Reefs 24, 481.
| Outbreak of coral disease in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aeby, G. S. (2007). First record of coralline lethal orange disease (CLOD) in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Coral Reefs 26, 385.
| First record of coralline lethal orange disease (CLOD) in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aeby, G., Work, T., Fenner, D., and DiDonato, E. (2009). Coral and crustose coralline algae disease on the reefs of American Samoa. In ‘Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, 7–11 July 2008’, pp. 197–201. (National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI), Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, Florida.)
Aeby, G. S., Ross, M., Williams, G. J., Lewis, T. D., and Work, T. M. (2010). Disease dynamics of Montipora white syndrome within Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii: distribution, seasonality, virulence, and transmission. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 91, 1–8.
| Disease dynamics of Montipora white syndrome within Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii: distribution, seasonality, virulence, and transmission.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cfjs1GitQ%3D%3D&md5=a7dc8532e012ce2479ef833eb8910f52CAS | 20853736PubMed |
Aeby, G. S., Bourne, D. G., Wilson, B., and Work, T. M. (2011a). Coral diversity and the severity of disease outbreaks: a cross-regional comparison of Acropora white syndrome in a species-rich region (American Samoa) with a species-poor region (northwestern Hawaiian Islands). Journal of Marine Biology 2011, 490198.
| Coral diversity and the severity of disease outbreaks: a cross-regional comparison of Acropora white syndrome in a species-rich region (American Samoa) with a species-poor region (northwestern Hawaiian Islands).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aeby, G. S., Williams, G. J., Franklin, E. C., Kenyon, J., Cox, E. F., Coles, S., and Work, T. M. (2011b). Patterns of coral disease across the Hawaiian archipelago: relating disease to environment. PLoS One 6, e20370.
| Patterns of coral disease across the Hawaiian archipelago: relating disease to environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXntFWksr0%3D&md5=60ea88403404b6742c002cbd73bf32e9CAS | 21655248PubMed |
Aeby, G. S., Williams, G. J., Franklin, E., Haapkyla, J., Harvell, C. D., Neale, S., Page, C., Raymundo, L., Vargas-Angel, B., Willis, B., Work, T., and Davy, S. (2011c). Growth anomalies on the coral genera Acropora and Porites are strongly associated with host density and human population size. PLoS One 6, e16887.
| Growth anomalies on the coral genera Acropora and Porites are strongly associated with host density and human population size.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXisl2hu7s%3D&md5=62b7d11b39c3b05b1d7593a8173d4266CAS | 21365011PubMed |
Ainsworth, T., Kvennefors, E., Blackall, L., Fine, M., and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2006). Disease and cell death in white syndrome of acroporid corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 151, 19–29.
| Disease and cell death in white syndrome of acroporid corals on the Great Barrier Reef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Andréfouët, S., Cabioch, G., Flamand, B., and Pelletier, B. (2006). The diversity of New Caledonia coral reef geomorphology and genetic processes: a synthesis from optical remote sensing, coring and acoustic multi-beam observations. In’ Compendium of Marine Species from New Caledonia. Scientific Papers and Techniques ll7’. (Eds C. E. Payri and B. Richer de Forges.) pp. 33–49. (Institute of Research for Development: Noumea.)
Aronson, R. B., and Precht, W. F. (2001). White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. In ‘The Ecology and Etiology of Newly Emerging Marine Diseases’. (Ed. J. Porter.) pp. 25–38. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands.)
Barneah, O., Ben-Dov, E., Kramarsky-Winter, E., and Kushmaro, A. (2007). Characterization of black band disease in Red Sea stony corals. Environmental Microbiology 9, 1995–2006.
| Characterization of black band disease in Red Sea stony corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVeiu73N&md5=c45b16525391a94593fc4f1395f608f7CAS | 17635545PubMed |
Benzoni, F., Galli, P., and Pichon, M. (2010). Pink spots on Porites: not always a coral disease. Coral Reefs 29, 153.
| Pink spots on Porites: not always a coral disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bonvallot, J., Gay, J. C., and Habert, E. (2012). ‘Atlas of New Caledonia.’ (Marseille-Nouméa, IRD – Congress New Caledonia: IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Location: Marseille, France.)
Bruno, J. F., and Selig, E. R. (2007). Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS One 2, e711.
| Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17684557PubMed |
Bruno, J. F., Selig, E. R., Casey, K. S., Page, C. A., Willis, B. L., Harvell, C. D., Sweatman, H., and Melendy, A. M. (2007). Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. PLoS Biology 5, e124.
| Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17488183PubMed |
Cheng, T. C., and Wong, A. K. (1974). Chemical, histochemical, and histopathological studies on corals, Porites spp., parasitized by trematode metacercariae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 23, 303–317.
| Chemical, histochemical, and histopathological studies on corals, Porites spp., parasitized by trematode metacercariae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXks1WhsLs%3D&md5=01372a7fe0ebabc02758cdceb790a988CAS | 4151372PubMed |
Colwell, R. (2004). Infectious disease and environment: cholera as a paradigm for waterborne disease. International Microbiology 7, 285–289.
| 15666250PubMed |
Dalton, S., and Smith, S. (2006). Coral disease dynamics at a subtropical location, Solitary Islands Marine Park, eastern Australia. Coral Reefs 25, 37–45.
| Coral disease dynamics at a subtropical location, Solitary Islands Marine Park, eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
De’ath, G., Fabricius, K. E., Sweatman, H., and Puotinen, M. (2012). The 27-year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 17 995–17 999.
| The 27-year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhsl2ktbjF&md5=190ffba9d19f0c1b53b5d94c9801b91cCAS |
Fabricius, K. E. (2005). Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, 125–146.
| Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVahsbk%3D&md5=724e50926a3f71b9ab97850898b13ad3CAS | 15737355PubMed |
Fenner, D. (2011). Reef corals of the eastern lagoon (Touho–Ponerihouen) of Grande-Terre, New Caledonia. In ‘A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of the Northeastern Lagoon from Touhou to Ponerihouen, Province Nord, New Caledonia’. (Eds S. A. McKenna, M. A. Hosken and N. Baillon.) pp. 141–160. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 62. (Conservation International: Arlington, VA.)
Fenner, D., and Muir, P. (2009). Reef corals of the northwestern lagoon of Grande-Terre, New Caledonia. In ‘Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of the Coral Reefs of the Northwest Lagoon, between Yandee and Koumac, Province Nord, New Caledonia’. (Ed. S. McKenna.) pp. 18–32. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 53. (Conservation International: Arlington, VA.)
Fernandez, J. M., Ouillon, S., Chevillon, C., Douillet, P., Fichez, R., and Gendre, R. L. (2006). A combined modeling and geochemical study of the fate of terrigenous inputs from mixed natural and mining sources in a coral reef lagoon (New Caledonia). Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, 320–331.
| A combined modeling and geochemical study of the fate of terrigenous inputs from mixed natural and mining sources in a coral reef lagoon (New Caledonia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit1Crt74%3D&md5=08c7091eddcc9f0f9e2de4ddb5e76639CAS | 16257017PubMed |
Frias-Lopez, J., Bonheyo, G., Jin, Q., and Fouke, B. W. (2003). Cyanobacteria associated with coral black band disease in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific reefs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 2409–2413.
| Cyanobacteria associated with coral black band disease in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXivFKqt74%3D&md5=1ef965d77e26679668f89c3e82f08c48CAS | 12676731PubMed |
Gardner, T. A., Côté, I. M., Gill, J. A., Grant, A., and Watkinson, A. R. (2003). Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science 301, 958–960.
| Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt1elsL0%3D&md5=3531c45e2ce4f3674c531d267417c025CAS | 12869698PubMed |
Green, E. P., and Bruckner, A. W. (2000). The significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation. Biological Conservation 96, 347–361.
| The significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harrington, L., Fabricius, K., De’ath, G., and Negri, A. (2004). Recognition and selection of settlement substrata determine post-settlement survival in corals. Ecology 85, 3428–3437.
| Recognition and selection of settlement substrata determine post-settlement survival in corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harvell, C. D., Jordan-Dahlgren, E., Merkel, S., Rosenberg, E., Raymundo, L., Smith, G., Weil, E., and Willis, B. (2007). Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates. Oceanography 20, 172–195.
| Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heron, S. F., Willis, B. L., Skirving, W. J., Eakin, C. M., Page, C. A., and Miller, I. R. (2010). Summer hot snaps and winter conditions: modeling white syndrome outbreaks on Great Barrier Reef Corals. PLoS One 5, e12210.
| Summer hot snaps and winter conditions: modeling white syndrome outbreaks on Great Barrier Reef Corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20808912PubMed |
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F., Edwards, A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A., and Hatziolos, M. E. (2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742.
| Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVWhu7fN&md5=e3ee8b6f43e3553ff7e23b2196c4f671CAS | 18079392PubMed |
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly, S. R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson, J., Kleypas, J., Lough, J., Marshall, P., Nystrom, M., Palumbi, S., Pandolfi, J., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden, J. (2003). Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301, 929–933.
| Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt1elsb4%3D&md5=49096c324f4ef3066d55b164ac2e9913CAS | 12920289PubMed |
Jokiel, P. L., and Rodgers, K. S. (2007). Ranking coral ecosystem ‘health and value’ for the Islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. Pacific Conservation Biology 13, 60.
Keesing, F., Belden, L. K., Daszak, P., Dobson, A., Harvell, C. D., Holt, R. D., Hudson, P., Jolles, A., Jones, K., Mitchell, C., Myers, S., Bogich, T., and Ostfeld, R. S. (2010). Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature 468, 647–652.
| Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFSku7bE&md5=7d98ae6f9b8fad74349d00d931117771CAS | 21124449PubMed |
Kuta, K., and Richardson, L. (1996). Abundance and distribution of black band disease on coral reefs in the northern Florida Keys. Coral Reefs 15, 219–223.
| Abundance and distribution of black band disease on coral reefs in the northern Florida Keys.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laboute, P., and Richer de Forges, B. (2004). ‘Lagoons and Reefs of New Caledonia. Editions Catherine Ledru Nouméa.’ (Research Institute for Development: Nouméa, New Caledonia.)
Lasne, G. (2007). ‘Les Coraux de la Nouvelle-Caldonie: Synthèse Bibliographique. Coral Reef Initiative for the South Pacific (CRISP).’ (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD): Noumea.)
Littler, M., and Littler, D. (1995). Impact of CLOD pathogen on Pacific coral reefs. Science 267, 1356–1360.
| Impact of CLOD pathogen on Pacific coral reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktF2it78%3D&md5=588872bbf2c6460d8459c83166be10cbCAS | 17812612PubMed |
Luna, G. M., Bongiorni, L., Gili, C., Biavasco, F., and Danovaro, R. (2010). Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of the white syndrome in tropical stony corals. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2, 120–127.
| Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of the white syndrome in tropical stony corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23766006PubMed |
McKenna, S. A. (2009). Reef condition. In ‘Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of the Coral Reefs of the Northwest Lagoon, between Yandee and Koumac, Province Nord, New Caledonia’. In ‘RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 53’. (Ed. S. McKenna.) pp. 61–69. (Conservation International: Arlington, VA.)
McKenna, S. A. (2011). Reef condition: Touho, Poindimie, and Ponerihouen. In ‘A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of the Northeastern Lagoon from Touho to Ponerihouen, Province Nord, New Caledonia’. (Eds S. A. McKenna, M. A. Hosken and N. Baillon.) pp. 194–204. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 62. (Conservation International: Arlington, VA.)
Muller, E. M., Raymundo, L. J., Willis, B. L., Haapkylä, J., Yusuf, S., Wilson, J. R., and Harvell, D. C. (2012). Coral health and disease in the Spermonde Archipelago and Wakatobi, Sulawesi. Journal of Indonesia Coral Reefs 1, 147–159.
Myers, R., and Raymundo, L. (2009). Coral disease in Micronesian reefs: a link between disease prevalence and host abundance. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 87, 97–104.
| Coral disease in Micronesian reefs: a link between disease prevalence and host abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20095245PubMed |
Pandolfi, J. M., Connolly, S. R., Marshall, D. J., and Cohen, A. L. (2011). Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333, 418–422.
| Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXovF2murY%3D&md5=2422ce57e08f71f5884c62ef851c2ef3CAS | 21778392PubMed |
Payri, C. E., and Richer de Forges, B. (2006). ‘Compendium of Marine Species from New Caledonia. Scientific Papers and Techniques II7.’ (Institute of Research for Development: Noumea.)
Richardson, L. L. (1998). Coral diseases: what is really known? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 438–443.
| Coral diseases: what is really known?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7it1Sjuw%3D%3D&md5=2888a37698a28cd81baa3e907264b7e6CAS |
Richardson, L. L. (2004). Black band disease. In ‘Coral Health and Disease’. (Eds E. Rosenberg and Y. Loya.) pp. 325–336. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
Rützler, K., and Santavy, D. L. (1983). The black band disease of Atlantic reef corals. Marine Ecology 4, 301–319.
| The black band disease of Atlantic reef corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sato Y.,, Bourne D. G., and Willis B. L. (2009 ).
Sato, Y., Willis, B. L., and Bourne, D. G. (2010). Successional changes in bacterial communities during the development of black band disease on the reef coral, Montipora hispida. The ISME Journal 4, 203–214.
| Successional changes in bacterial communities during the development of black band disease on the reef coral, Montipora hispida.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19776765PubMed |
Schutte, V. G., Selig, E. R., and Bruno, J. F. (2010). Regional spatio-temporal trends in Caribbean coral reef benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402, 115–122.
| Regional spatio-temporal trends in Caribbean coral reef benthic communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stimson, J. (2011). Ecological characterization of coral growth anomalies on Porites compressa in Hawai‘i. Coral Reefs 30, 133–142.
| Ecological characterization of coral growth anomalies on Porites compressa in Hawai‘i.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sussman, M., Willis, B., Victor, S., and Bourne, D. (2008). Coral pathogens identified for white syndrome (WS) epizootic in the Indo-Pacific. PLoS One 3, e2393.
| Coral pathogens identified for white syndrome (WS) epizootic in the Indo-Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18560584PubMed |
Sutherland, K., Porter, J., and Torres, C. (2004). Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 266, 273–302.
| Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tribollet, A. (2008). The boring microflora in modern coral reef ecosystems: a review of its roles. In ‘Current Developments in Bioerosion’. (Eds M. Wisshak and L. Tapanila.) pp. 67–94. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
Ushijima, B., Smith, A., Aeby, G. S., and Callahan, S. M. (2012). Vibrio owensii strain OCN002 induces the tissue loss disease Montipora white syndrome in the Hawaiian rice coral Montipora capitata. PLoS One 7, e46717.
| Vibrio owensii strain OCN002 induces the tissue loss disease Montipora white syndrome in the Hawaiian rice coral Montipora capitata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFCitr%2FM&md5=db4585593fcca3c2f80935ce69092c95CAS | 23056419PubMed |
Ushijima, B., Videau, P., Burger, A., Shore-Maggio, A., Runyon, C., Sudek, M., Aeby, G., and Callahan, S. (2014). Vibrio coralliilyticus strain OCN008 is an etiological agent of acute Montipora white syndrome. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, 2102–2109.
| Vibrio coralliilyticus strain OCN008 is an etiological agent of acute Montipora white syndrome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24463971PubMed |
Vargas-Ángel, B. (2010). Crustose coralline algal diseases in the US-affiliated Pacific Islands. Coral Reefs 29, 943–956.
| Crustose coralline algal diseases in the US-affiliated Pacific Islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vargas-Ángel, B., and Wheeler, B. (2009). Coral health and disease assessment in the US Pacific territories and affiliated states. In ‘Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, 7–11 July 2008’. pp. 175–179. (National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI), Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, Florida.)
Voss, J. D., and Richardson, L. L. (2006). Nutrient enrichment enhances black band disease progression in corals. Coral Reefs 25, 569–576.
| Nutrient enrichment enhances black band disease progression in corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilkinson, C. (2008). ‘Status of Coral Reefs of the World.’ (Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, Qld.)
Willis, B., Page, C., and Dinsdale, E. (2004). Coral disease on the Great Barrier Reef. In ‘Coral Health and Disease’. (Eds E. Rosenberg and Y. Loya.) pp. 69–104. (Springer-Verlag: Germany.)
Work, T., and Aeby, G. (2006). Systematically describing gross lesions in corals. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 70, 155–160.
| Systematically describing gross lesions in corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16875402PubMed |
Work, T. M., and Aeby, G. S. (2011). Pathology of tissue loss (white syndrome) in Acropora sp. corals from the central Pacific. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 107, 127–131.
| Pathology of tissue loss (white syndrome) in Acropora sp. corals from the central Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21457717PubMed |
Work, T., Richardson, L., Reynolds, T., and Willis, B. (2008a). Biomedical and veterinary science can increase our understanding of coral disease. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 362, 63–70.
| Biomedical and veterinary science can increase our understanding of coral disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Work, T., Aeby, G., Stanton, F., and Fenner, D. (2008b). Overgrowth of fungi (endolithic hypermycosis) associated with multifocal to diffuse distinct amorphous dark discoloration of corals in the Indo-Pacific. Coral Reefs 27, 663.
| Overgrowth of fungi (endolithic hypermycosis) associated with multifocal to diffuse distinct amorphous dark discoloration of corals in the Indo-Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Work, T. M., Forsman, Z., Szabo, Z., Lewis, T., Aeby, G., and Toonen, R. (2011). Inter-specific coral chimerism: genetically distinct metazoa associated with tissue loss in Montipora capitata. PLoS One 6, e22869.
| Inter-specific coral chimerism: genetically distinct metazoa associated with tissue loss in Montipora capitata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVyks7fJ&md5=d9356a3f979de1de7bc0dfd782181562CAS | 21829541PubMed |
Work, T. M., Russell, R., and Aeby, G. S. (2012). Tissue loss (white syndrome) in the coral Montipora capitata is a dynamic disease with multiple host responses and potential causes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 279, 4334–4341.
| Tissue loss (white syndrome) in the coral Montipora capitata is a dynamic disease with multiple host responses and potential causes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Work, T., Aeby, G., Lasne, G., and Tribollet, A. (2014). Gross and microscopic pathology of hard and soft corals in New Caledonia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 120, 50–58.
| Gross and microscopic pathology of hard and soft corals in New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24927644PubMed |
