Spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variation in the association of fishes (family Labridae) with rocky-reef habitats
Jason K. Morton A B D and William Gladstone A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle (Ourimbah Campus), PO Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
B Present address: School of Science and Mathematics, Avondale College of Higher Education, PO Box 19, Cooranbong, NSW 2265, Australia.
C Present address: School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: jason.morton@avondale.edu.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 62(7) 870-884 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF10315
Submitted: 14 December 2010 Accepted: 9 April 2011 Published: 25 July 2011
Abstract
Habitat variability is an important factor structuring fish assemblages of rocky reefs in temperate Australia. Accepting the generality of this model requires that habitat-related variation is consistent through time, across multiple spatial scales, and applies to all life-history stages. We used repeated underwater visual surveys at multiple spatial scales over a 22-month period to test whether three distinct rocky-reef habitats had different wrasse assemblages and whether these assemblages were subject to spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variability. Overall, the strongest and most consistent habitat association was with sponge gardens, which had the most distinct assemblage, and the greatest species richness and density of individuals. Habitat associations in fringe and barrens were less consistent. A substantial increase in the abundance of small individuals, coinciding with warmer sea temperatures, contributed to temporal fluctuations in the density of wrasses. Overall, habitats were not strongly partitioned among larger individuals of the most abundant species, suggesting that adults are largely habitat generalists whereas small, recruiting individuals showed greater habitat specialisation. The present study emphasises the importance of incorporating spatial, temporal and ontogenetic variability into surveys of fish assemblages to understand more fully the dynamics of temperate rocky-reef systems.
Additional keywords: fish distribution, habitat partitioning, labrid, ontogeny.
References
Anderson, M. J., and Millar, R. B. (2004). Spatial variation and effects of habitat on temperate reef fish assemblages in northeastern New Zealand. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 305, 191–221.| Spatial variation and effects of habitat on temperate reef fish assemblages in northeastern New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson, M. J., Gorley, R. N., and Clarke, K. R. (2008). ‘PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods.’ (PRIMER-E: Plymouth, UK.)
Andrew, N. (1999). New South Wales. In ‘Under Southern Seas: The Ecology of Australia’s Rocky Shores’. (Ed. N. Andrew.) pp. 8–19. (University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.)
Arendt, M. D., Lucy, J. A., and Munroae, T. A. (2001). Seasonal occurrence and site-utilization patterns of adult tautog, Tautoga onitis (Labridae), at manmade and natural structures in lower Chesapeake Bay. Fishery Bulletin 99, 519–527.
Barrett, N. S. (1995). Aspects of the biology and ecology of six temperate reef fishes (families: Labridae and Monacanthidae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
Bellwood, D. R., Wainwright, P. C., Fulton, C. J., and Hoey, A. (2002). Assembly rules and functional groups at global biogeographical scales. Functional Ecology 16, 557–562.
| Assembly rules and functional groups at global biogeographical scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Breder, C. M. (1951). Nocturnal and feeding behaviour of the labrid fish Xyrichthys psittacus. Copeia 2, 162–163.
| Nocturnal and feeding behaviour of the labrid fish Xyrichthys psittacus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Caselle, J. E., and Warner, R. R. (1996). Variability in recruitment of coral reef fishes: the importance of habitat at two spatial scales. Ecology 77, 2488–2504.
| Variability in recruitment of coral reef fishes: the importance of habitat at two spatial scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Choat, J. H. (1982). Fish feeding and the structure of benthic communities in temperate waters. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13, 423–449.
| Fish feeding and the structure of benthic communities in temperate waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Choat, J. H., and Ayling, A. M. (1987). The relationship between habitat structure and fish faunas on New Zealand reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 110, 257–284.
| The relationship between habitat structure and fish faunas on New Zealand reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke, K. R. (1993). Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18, 117–143.
| Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke, K. R., and Gorley, R. N. (2006). ‘PRIMER v6: User Manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E.’ (Plymouth Marine Laboratory: Plymouth, UK.)
Clifton, K. B., and Motta, P. J. (1998). Feeding morphology, diet, and ecomorphological relationships among five Caribbean labrids (Teleostei, Labridae). Copeia 4, 953–966.
| Feeding morphology, diet, and ecomorphological relationships among five Caribbean labrids (Teleostei, Labridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Consoli, P., Romeo, T., Giongrandi, U., and Andaloro, F. (2008). Differences among fish assemblages associated with a nearshore vermetid reef and two other rocky habitats along the shores of Cape Milazzo (northern Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, 401–410.
| Differences among fish assemblages associated with a nearshore vermetid reef and two other rocky habitats along the shores of Cape Milazzo (northern Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Costello, M. J., Darwall, W. R., and Lysaght, S. (1997). Activity patterns of north European wrasse (Pisces, Labridae) species and precision of diver survey techniques. Oceanographic Literature Review 44, 120.
Curley, B. G., Kingsford, M. J., and Gillanders, B. M. (2002). Spatial and habitat-related patterns of temperate reef fish assemblages: implications for the design of marine protected areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 1197–1210.
| Spatial and habitat-related patterns of temperate reef fish assemblages: implications for the design of marine protected areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Denny, C. M. (2005). Distribution and abundance of labrids in northeastern New Zealand: the relationship between depth, exposure and pectoral fin aspect ratio. Environmental Biology of Fishes 72, 33–43.
| Distribution and abundance of labrids in northeastern New Zealand: the relationship between depth, exposure and pectoral fin aspect ratio.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Denny, C. M., and Schiel, D. R. (2001). Feeding ecology of the banded wrasse Notolabrus fucicola (Labridae) in southern New Zealand: prey items, seasonal differences, and ontogenetic variation. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35, 925–933.
| Feeding ecology of the banded wrasse Notolabrus fucicola (Labridae) in southern New Zealand: prey items, seasonal differences, and ontogenetic variation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Edgar, G. J. (2001). ‘Australian Marine Habitats in Temperate Waters.’ (Reed New Holland: Sydney.)
Floeter, S. R., Guimaraes, R. Z. P., Rocha, L. A., Ferreira, C. E. L., Rangel, C. A., et al. (2001). Geographic variation in reef-fish assemblages along the Brazilian coast. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10, 423–431.
| Geographic variation in reef-fish assemblages along the Brazilian coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Floeter, S. R., Krohling, W., Gasparini, J. L., Ferreira, C. E. L., and Zalmon, I. R. (2007). Reef fish community structure on coastal islands of the southeastern Brazil: the influence of exposure and benthic cover. Environmental Biology of Fishes 78, 147–160.
| Reef fish community structure on coastal islands of the southeastern Brazil: the influence of exposure and benthic cover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fontes, J., Santos, R. S., Afonso, P., and Caselle, J. E. (2011). Larval growth, size, stage duration and recruitment success of a temperate reef fish. Journal of Sea Research 65, 1–7.
| Larval growth, size, stage duration and recruitment success of a temperate reef fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fowler, A. J. (1987). The development of sampling strategies for population studies of coral reef fishes: a case study. Coral Reefs 6, 49–58.
| The development of sampling strategies for population studies of coral reef fishes: a case study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fowler, A. J. (1990). Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution and abundance of chaetodontid fishes at One Tree Reef, southern GBR. Marine Ecology Progress Series 64, 39–53.
| Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution and abundance of chaetodontid fishes at One Tree Reef, southern GBR.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fulton, C. J., and Bellwood, D. R. (2004). Wave exposure, swimming performance, and the structure of tropical and temperate reef fish assemblages. Marine Biology 144, 429–437.
| Wave exposure, swimming performance, and the structure of tropical and temperate reef fish assemblages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fulton, C. J., Bellwood, D. R., and Wainwright, P. C. (2001). The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae). Marine Biology 139, 25–33.
| The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
García-Charton, J. A., and Pérez-Ruzafa, Á. (1999). Ecological heterogeneity and the evaluation of the effects of marine reserves. Fisheries Research 42, 1–20.
| Ecological heterogeneity and the evaluation of the effects of marine reserves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
García-Charton, J. A., Pérez-Ruzafa, Á., Sánchez-Jerez, P., Bayle-Sempere, J. T., Reñones, O., et al. (2004). Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity, habitat structure, and the effect of marine reserves on Western Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages. Marine Biology 144, 161–182.
| Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity, habitat structure, and the effect of marine reserves on Western Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
García-Rubies, A., and Macpherson, E. (1995). Substrate use and temporal pattern of recruitment in juvenile fishes of the Mediterranean littoral. Marine Biology 124, 35–42.
| Substrate use and temporal pattern of recruitment in juvenile fishes of the Mediterranean littoral.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gillanders, B. M. (1995). Reproductive biology of the protogynous hermaphrodite Achoerodus viridis (Labridae) from south-eastern Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 46, 999–1008.
| Reproductive biology of the protogynous hermaphrodite Achoerodus viridis (Labridae) from south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gillanders, B. M. (1995). Feeding ecology of the temperate marine fish Achoerodus viridis (Labridae): size, seasonal and site-specific differences. Marine and Freshwater Research 46, 1009–1020.
| Feeding ecology of the temperate marine fish Achoerodus viridis (Labridae): size, seasonal and site-specific differences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gillanders, B. M. (1997). Comparison of growth rates between estuarine and coastal reef populations of Achoerodus viridis (Pisces: Labridae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 146, 283–287.
| Comparison of growth rates between estuarine and coastal reef populations of Achoerodus viridis (Pisces: Labridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gillanders, B. M. (1997). Patterns of abundance and size structure in the blue groper, Achoerodus viridis (Pisces, Labridae): evidence of the links between estuaries and coastal reefs. Environmental Biology of Fishes 49, 153–173.
| Patterns of abundance and size structure in the blue groper, Achoerodus viridis (Pisces, Labridae): evidence of the links between estuaries and coastal reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gillanders, B. M., and Kingsford, M. J. (1998). Influence of habitat on abundance and size structure of a large temperate-reef fish, Achoerodus viridis (Pisces: Labridae). Marine Biology 132, 503–514.
| Influence of habitat on abundance and size structure of a large temperate-reef fish, Achoerodus viridis (Pisces: Labridae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gladstone, W. (2007). Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17, 71–87.
| Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harman, N., Harvey, E. S., and Kendrick, G. S. (2003). Differences in fish assemblages from different reef habitats at Hamelin Bay, south-western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 54, 177–184.
| Differences in fish assemblages from different reef habitats at Hamelin Bay, south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Helfman, G. S., Collette, B. B., and Facey, D. E. (1997). ‘The Diversity of Fishes.’ (Blackwell Science: Malden, MA.)
Hoese, D. F., Bray, D. J., Allen, G. R., Paxton, J. R., Wells, P. L., et al. (Eds) (2007). ‘Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35, Parts 1–3. Fishes.’ (CSIRO Publishing/Australian Biological Resources Study: Melbourne/Canberra.)
Holbrook, S. J., Kingsford, M. J., Schmitt, R. J., and Stephens, J. S. (1994). Spatial and temporal patterns in assemblages of temperate reef fish. American Zoologist 34, 463–475.
Jones, G. P. (1984). Population ecology of the temperate reef fish Pseudolabrus celidotus Bloch & Schneider (Pisces: Labridae). I. Factors influencing recruitment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 75, 257–276.
| Population ecology of the temperate reef fish Pseudolabrus celidotus Bloch & Schneider (Pisces: Labridae). I. Factors influencing recruitment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, G. P. (1984). Population ecology of the temperate reef fish Pseudolabrus celidotus Bloch & Schneider (Pisces: Labridae). II. Factors influencing adult density. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 75, 277–303.
| Population ecology of the temperate reef fish Pseudolabrus celidotus Bloch & Schneider (Pisces: Labridae). II. Factors influencing adult density.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, G. P. (1999). The wrasses. In ‘Under Southern Seas: the Ecology of Australia’s Rocky Shores’. (Ed. N. Andrew.) pp. 180–187. (University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.)
Kingsford, M. J., and Carlson, I. J. (2010). Patterns of distribution and movement of fishes, Ophthalmolepis lineolatus and Hypoplectrodes maccullochi, on temperate rocky reefs of south eastern Australia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 88, 105–118.
| Patterns of distribution and movement of fishes, Ophthalmolepis lineolatus and Hypoplectrodes maccullochi, on temperate rocky reefs of south eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kleczkowski, M., Babcock, R. C., and Clapin, G. (2008). Density and size of reef fishes in and around a temperate marine reserve. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, 165–176.
| Density and size of reef fishes in and around a temperate marine reserve.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuiter, R. H. (1993). ‘Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia.’ (Crawford House Press: Bathurst, NSW.)
Kuiter, R. H. (1996). ‘Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia.’ (New Holland Publishers: Sydney.)
La Mesa, G., Molinari, A., Gambaccini, S., and Tunesi, L. (2011). Spatial pattern of coastal fish assemblages in different habitats in north-western Mediterranean. Marine Ecology (Berlin) 32, 104–114.
| Spatial pattern of coastal fish assemblages in different habitats in north-western Mediterranean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Letourneur, Y. (1996). Dynamics of fish communities on Reunion fringing reefs, Indian Ocean. I. Patterns of spatial fluctuations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 195, 1–30.
| Dynamics of fish communities on Reunion fringing reefs, Indian Ocean. I. Patterns of spatial fluctuations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lincoln Smith, M. P. (1988). Effects of observer swimming speed on sample counts of temperate rocky reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 43, 223–231.
| Effects of observer swimming speed on sample counts of temperate rocky reef fish assemblages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magill, S. H., and Sayer, M. D. J. (2002). Seasonal and interannual variation in fish assemblages of northern temperate rocky subtidal habitats. Journal of Fish Biology 61, 1198–1216.
| Seasonal and interannual variation in fish assemblages of northern temperate rocky subtidal habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Malcolm, H. A., Gladstone, W., Lindfield, S., Wraith, J., and Lynch, T. P. (2007). Spatial and temporal variation in reef fish assemblages of marine parks in New South Wales, Australia – baited video observations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350, 277–290.
| Spatial and temporal variation in reef fish assemblages of marine parks in New South Wales, Australia – baited video observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Masterson, C. F., Danilowicz, B. S., and Sale, P. F. (1997). Yearly and inter-island variation in the recruitment dynamics of the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum, Bloch). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 214, 149–166.
| Yearly and inter-island variation in the recruitment dynamics of the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum, Bloch).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meekan, M. G., and Choat, J. H. (1997). Latitudinal variation in abundance of herbivorous fishes: a comparison of temperate and tropical reefs. Marine Biology 128, 373–383.
| Latitudinal variation in abundance of herbivorous fishes: a comparison of temperate and tropical reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morton, J. K. (2007). The ecology of three species of wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) on temperate rocky reefs of New South Wales, Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Newcastle, Newcastle.
Morton, J. K., Gladstone, W., Hughes, J. M., and Stewart, J. (2008). Comparison of the life histories of three co-occurring wrasses (Teleostei: Labridae) in coastal waters of south-eastern Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, 560–574.
| Comparison of the life histories of three co-occurring wrasses (Teleostei: Labridae) in coastal waters of south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morton, J. K., Platell, M. E., and Gladstone, W. (2008). Differences in feeding ecology among three co-occurring species of wrasse (Teleostei: Labridae) on rocky reefs of temperate Australia. Marine Biology 154, 577–592.
| Differences in feeding ecology among three co-occurring species of wrasse (Teleostei: Labridae) on rocky reefs of temperate Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nanami, A., and Nishihira, M. (1999). Nest construction by the labrid fish Choerodon jordani (Snyder 1908). Coral Reefs 18, 292.
| Nest construction by the labrid fish Choerodon jordani (Snyder 1908).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parker, P. G. (1999). Fish assemblages at Julian Rocks and the adjacent waters of northern New South Wales, Australia. Australian Zoologist 31, 134–160.
Pérez-Matus, A., and Shima, J. S. (2010). Disentangling the effects of macroalgae on the abundance of temperate reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 388, 1–10.
| Disentangling the effects of macroalgae on the abundance of temperate reef fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pérez-Matus, A., Ferry-Graham, L. A., Cea, A., and Vásquez, J. A. (2007). Community structure of temperate reef fishes in kelp-dominated subtidal habitats of northern Chile. Marine and Freshwater Research 58, 1069–1085.
| Community structure of temperate reef fishes in kelp-dominated subtidal habitats of northern Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pihl, L., and Wennhage, H. (2002). Structure and diversity of fish assemblages on rocky and soft bottom shores on the Swedish west coast. Journal of Fish Biology 61, 148–166.
| Structure and diversity of fish assemblages on rocky and soft bottom shores on the Swedish west coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Platell, M. E., Hesp, S. A., Cossington, S. M., Lek, E., Moore, S. E., et al. (2010). Influence of selected factors on the dietary compositions of three targeted and co-occurring temperate species of reef fishes: implications for food partitioning. Journal of Fish Biology 76, 1255–1276.
| Influence of selected factors on the dietary compositions of three targeted and co-occurring temperate species of reef fishes: implications for food partitioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvpsFSgtw%3D%3D&md5=20c10779d84842763f7fe1f42e932159CAS |
Rilov, G., and Schiel, D. R. (2006). Trophic linkages across seascapes: subtidal predators limit effective mussel recruitment in rocky intertidal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 327, 83–93.
| Trophic linkages across seascapes: subtidal predators limit effective mussel recruitment in rocky intertidal communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Russell, I., Parrott, D., Ives, M., Goldsmith, D., Fox, S., et al. (2008). Reducing fish losses to cormorants using artificial fish refuges: an experimental study. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15, 189–198.
| Reducing fish losses to cormorants using artificial fish refuges: an experimental study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sayer, M. D. J., Gibson, R. N., and Atkinson, R. J. A. (1993). Distribution and density of populations of goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris) on the west coast of Scotland. Journal of Fish Biology 43, 157–167.
| Distribution and density of populations of goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris) on the west coast of Scotland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shepherd, S. A. (2006). Ontogenetic changes in diet, feeding behaviour and activity of the western blue groper, Achoerodus gouldii. In ‘The Marine Fauna and Flora of Esperance, Western Australia. Vol. 2 (Proceedings of the 12th International Marine Biology Workshop)’. (Eds F. E. Wells, D. I. Walker and G. A. Kendrick.) pp. 477–494. (Western Australian Museum: Perth.)
Shepherd, S. A., and Brook, J. B. (2003). A survey of the western blue groper on southern Yorke Peninsula. Reefwatch, Conservation Council of South Australia, Adelaide.
Shepherd, S. A., and Brook, J. B. (2005). Foraging ecology of the western blue groper, Achoerodus gouldii, at the Althorpe Islands, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 129, 202–208.
Shepherd, S. A., and Clarkson, P. S. (2001). Diet, feeding behaviour, activity and predation of the temperate blue-throated wrasse, Notolabrus tetricus. Marine and Freshwater Research 52, 311–322.
| Diet, feeding behaviour, activity and predation of the temperate blue-throated wrasse, Notolabrus tetricus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Takayanagi, S., Sakai, Y., Hashimoto, H., and Gushima, K. (2003). Sleeping mound construction using coral fragments by the rockmover wrasse. Journal of Fish Biology 63, 1352–1356.
| Sleeping mound construction using coral fragments by the rockmover wrasse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson, A. A., and Mapstone, B. D. (2002). Intra- versus inter-annual variation in counts of reef fishes and interpretations of long-term monitoring studies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 232, 247–257.
| Intra- versus inter-annual variation in counts of reef fishes and interpretations of long-term monitoring studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Treasurer, J. W. (1994). The distribution, age and growth of wrasse (Labridae) in inshore waters of west Scotland. Journal of Fish Biology 44, 905–918.
| The distribution, age and growth of wrasse (Labridae) in inshore waters of west Scotland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tribble, G. W. (1982). Social organization, patterns of sexuality, and behaviour of the wrasse Coris dorsomaculata at Miyake-jima, Japan. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7, 29–38.
| Social organization, patterns of sexuality, and behaviour of the wrasse Coris dorsomaculata at Miyake-jima, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tuya, F., Wernberg, T., and Thomsen, M. S. (2008). Testing the ‘abundant centre’ hypothesis on endemic reef fishes in south-western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 372, 225–230.
| Testing the ‘abundant centre’ hypothesis on endemic reef fishes in south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tuya, F., Wernberg, T., and Thomsen, M. S. (2009). Habitat structure affect abundances of labrid fishes across temperate reefs in south-western Australia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 86, 311–319.
| Habitat structure affect abundances of labrid fishes across temperate reefs in south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Underwood, A. J. (1981). Techniques of analysis of variance in experimental marine biology and ecology. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 19, 513–605.
Underwood, A. J., Kingsford, M. J., and Andrew, N. L. (1991). Patterns in shallow subtidal marine assemblages along the coast of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 6, 231–249.
Wainwright, P. C. (1988). Morphology and ecology: functional basis of feeding constraints in Caribbean labrid fishes. Ecology 69, 635–645.
| Morphology and ecology: functional basis of feeding constraints in Caribbean labrid fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wainwright, P. C., Bellwood, D. R., and Westneat, M. W. (2002). Ecomorphology of locomotion in labrid fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 65, 47–62.
| Ecomorphology of locomotion in labrid fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ward, T. J., Vanderklift, M. A., Nicholls, A. O., and Kenchington, R. A. (1999). Selecting marine reserves using habitats and species assemblages as surrogates for biological diversity. Ecological Applications 9, 691–698.
| Selecting marine reserves using habitats and species assemblages as surrogates for biological diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
