Threatening processes and conservation management of endemic freshwater fish in the Mediterranean basin: a review
Virgilio Hermoso A B E and Miguel Clavero C DA Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
B The Ecology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
C Grup d’ecologia del Paisatge, Àrea de Biodiversitat, Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Solsona, Catalonia, Spain.
D Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
E Corresponding author. Email: virgilio.hermoso@gmail.com
Marine and Freshwater Research 62(3) 244-254 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF09300
Submitted: 30 November 2009 Accepted: 2 November 2010 Published: 18 March 2011
Abstract
Mediterranean endemic freshwater fish are among the most threatened biota in the world. The Mediterranean basin has experienced substantial reductions in precipitation and water availability, which will worsen with climate change. Current water policy is directed to increase water-supply demands, especially for agriculture, and not to improve water-use efficiency and implement integrated and sustainable water management. Illegal extractions are common, exacerbating problems for important protected areas. Management is needed to mitigate the conflicts between environmental water and human demand, and ensure availability of water to maintain ecological processes and Mediterranean freshwater biodiversity. Water availability is not the only threat, although it is exacerbated by pollution and invasive species. The uneven spatial distribution of threats across the Mediterranean basin requires different strategies to conserve freshwater biodiversity. Implementation of multi-national laws (e.g. Water Framework Directive in the European Union) will help future management of freshwater ecosystems. Management actions must be planned at whole-catchment scales, with collaboration among different countries and water-management authorities. The current reserve area is small compared with other areas in the world and driven by terrestrial interests, and should be evaluated for its effectiveness to protect the Mediterranean freshwater biodiversity.
Additional keywords: climate change, drought, environmental flows, invasive species, pollution, Water Framework Directive.
References
Abell, R., Thieme, M. I., Revenga, C., Bryer, M., Kottelat, M., et al. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58, 403–414.| Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Abellán, P., Sánchez-Fernández, D., Velasco, J., and Millán, A. (2005). Conservation of freshwater biodiversity: a comparison of different area selection methods. Biodiversity and Conservation 14, 3457–3474.
| Conservation of freshwater biodiversity: a comparison of different area selection methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alcácer-Santos, C. (2004). Environment flow assessment for the Ebro delta in Spain. Improving links between wetland and catchment management. In ‘Assessment and Provision of Environmental Flows in Mediterranean Watercourses. Mediterranean Case Study’. Available at www.iucn.org/themes/wani/flow/cases/Spain.pdf [accessed 1 November 2009].
Allan, J. D., and Flecker, A. S. (1993). Biodiversity conservation in running waters. BioScience 43, 32–43.
| Biodiversity conservation in running waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alvarez Cobelas, M., Rojo, C., and Angeler, D. G. (2005). Mediterranean limnology: current status, gaps and the future. Journal of Limnology 64, 13–29.
Araujo, M. B., Cabeza, M., Thuiller, W., Hannah, L., and Williams, P. H. (2004). Would climate change drive species out of reserves? An assessment of existing reserve-selection methods. Global Change Biology 10, 1618–1626.
| Would climate change drive species out of reserves? An assessment of existing reserve-selection methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arthington, A. H., Bunn, S. E., Poff, N. L., and Naiman, R. J. (2006). The challenge of providing environmental flow rules to sustain river ecosystems. Ecological Applications 16, 1311–1318.
| The challenge of providing environmental flow rules to sustain river ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16937799PubMed |
Banarescu, P. (1989). Zoogeography and history of the freshwater fish fauna of Europe. In ‘The Freshwater Fishes of Europe’. (Ed. J. Holcik.) pp. 89–107. (Aula-Verlag: Wiesbaden, Germany.)
Baron, J. S., Gunderson, L., Allen, C. D., Fleishman, E., McKenzie, D., et al. (2009). Options for national parks and reserves for adapting to climate change. Environmental Management 44, 1033–1042.
| Options for national parks and reserves for adapting to climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19449058PubMed |
Bates, B. C., Kundzewicz, Z. W., Wu, S., and Palutikof, J. P. (Eds) (2008). ‘Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’ (IPCC Secretariat: Geneva.)
Benejam, L., Angermeier, P. L., Munné, A., and García-Berthou, E. (2010). Assessing effects of water abstraction on fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams. Freshwater Biology 55, 628–642.
| Assessing effects of water abstraction on fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benoit, G., Comeau, A., and Chabason, L. (Eds) (2005). ‘A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean: The Blue Plan’s Environment and Development Outlook.’ (Earthscan: London.)
Bianco, P. G. (1990). Potential role of the paleohistory of the Mediterranean and Paratethys basins on the early dispersal of Euro-Mediterranean freshwater fishes. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 1, 167–184.
Bianco, P. G., and Ketmaier, V. (2001). Anthropogenic changes in the freshwater fish fauna of Italy, with reference to the central region and Barbus graellsii, a newly established alien species of Iberian origin. Journal of Fish Biology 59, 190–208.
| Anthropogenic changes in the freshwater fish fauna of Italy, with reference to the central region and Barbus graellsii, a newly established alien species of Iberian origin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blanco-Garrido, F., Clavero, M., and Prenda, J. (2009). Jarabugo (Anaecypris hispanica) and freshwater blenny (Salaria fluviatilis): habitat preferences and relationship with exotic fish species in the middle Guadiana basin. Limnetica 28, 139–148.
Blinda, M., Boufarouna, M., Carmi, N., Davy, T., Detoc, S., et al. (2007). Technical report on water scarcity and drought management in the Mediterranean and the Water Framework Directive. Available at www.emwis.net/topics/WaterScarcity [accessed 1 November 2009].
Blondel, J., and Aronson, J. (Eds) (1999). ‘Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
Bolle, H. J. (Ed.) (2003). ‘Mediterranean Climate. Variability and Trends.’ (Springer Verlag: Berlin.)
Bonada, N., Rieradevall, M., Prat, N., and Resh, V. H. (2006). Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and macrohabitat connectivity in Mediterranean-climate streams of northern California. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 25, 32–43.
| Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and macrohabitat connectivity in Mediterranean-climate streams of northern California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bonada, N., Rieradevall, M., and Prat, N. (2007). Macroinvertebrate community structure and biological traits related to flow permanence in a Mediterranean river network. Hydrobiologia 589, 91–106.
| Macroinvertebrate community structure and biological traits related to flow permanence in a Mediterranean river network.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bromley, J., Cruces, J., Acreman, M. C., Martinez-Cortina, L., and Llamas, M. R. (2001). Problems of sustainable groundwater management in an area of over-exploitation: the Upper Guadiana catchment, central Spain. Water Resources Development 17, 379–396.
| Problems of sustainable groundwater management in an area of over-exploitation: the Upper Guadiana catchment, central Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Castaño-Castaño, S., Martinez-Santos, P., and Martinez-Alfaro, P. E. (2008). Evaluating infiltration losses in a Mediterranean wetland: Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park, Spain. Hydrological Processes 22, 5048–5053.
| Evaluating infiltration losses in a Mediterranean wetland: Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park, Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clavero, M., and García-Berthou, E. (2006). Homogenization dynamics and introduction routes of invasive freshwater fish in the Iberian Peninsula. Ecological Applications 16, 2313–2324.
| Homogenization dynamics and introduction routes of invasive freshwater fish in the Iberian Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17205906PubMed |
Clavero, M., Blanco-Garrido, F., and Prenda, J. (2004). Fish fauna in Iberian Mediterranean basins: biodiversity, introduced species and damming impacts. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14, 575–585.
| Fish fauna in Iberian Mediterranean basins: biodiversity, introduced species and damming impacts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clavero, M., Hermoso, V., Levin, N., and Kark, S. (2010). Geographical linkages between threats and imperilment in freshwater fish in the Mediterranean basin. Diversity & Distributions 16, 744–754.
| Geographical linkages between threats and imperilment in freshwater fish in the Mediterranean basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Darwall, W., Smith, K., Allen, D., Seddon, M., McGregor Reid, G., et al. (2008). Freshwater biodiversity – a hidden resource under threat. In ‘Wildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species’. (Eds J. C. Vié, C. Hilton-Taylor and S. N. Stuart.) pp. 43–53. (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.)
Doadrio, I. (1990). Phylogenetic relationships and classification of west Palearctic species of the genus Barbus (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). Aquatic Living Resources 3, 265–282.
| Phylogenetic relationships and classification of west Palearctic species of the genus Barbus (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doadrio, I., and Carmona, J. A. (2006). Phylogenetic overview of the genus Squalius (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with description of two new species. Cybium 30, 199–214.
Doadrio, I., and Elvira, B. (2007). A new species of the genus Achondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy and Doadrio, 2007 (Aactynopterigii, Cyprinidae) from Western Spain. Graellsia 63, 295–304.
| A new species of the genus Achondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy and Doadrio, 2007 (Aactynopterigii, Cyprinidae) from Western Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A. H., Gessner, M. O., Kawabata, Z. I., Knowler, J., et al. (2006). Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 81, 163–182.
| Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16336747PubMed |
Duncan, J. R., and Lockwood, J. L. (2001). Extinction in a field of bullets: a search for causes in the decline of the world’s freshwater fishes. Biological Conservation 102, 97–105.
| Extinction in a field of bullets: a search for causes in the decline of the world’s freshwater fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
European Commission (1992). Directive 1992/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal of the European Communities, L206. Available at http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/nature_and_biodiversity [accessed 15 December 2009].
European Commission (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Council and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities, L327 1-72. Available at http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/agriculture/environment [accessed 15 December 2009].
Filipe, A. F., Marques, T. A., Seabra, S., Tiago, M. P., Ribeiro, F., Moreira da Costa, L., Cowx, I. G., and Collares-Pereira, M. J. (2004). Selection of priority areas for fish conservation in Guadiana River basin, Iberian Peninsula. Conservation Biology 18, 189–200.
| Selection of priority areas for fish conservation in Guadiana River basin, Iberian Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
García de Jalón, D. (2003). The Spanish experience in determining minimum flow regimes in regulated streams. Canadian Water Resources Journal 28, 185–198.
| The Spanish experience in determining minimum flow regimes in regulated streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gasith, A., and Resh, V. H. (1999). Streams in Mediterranean climate regions: abiotic influences and biotic responses to predictable seasonal events. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30, 51–81.
| Streams in Mediterranean climate regions: abiotic influences and biotic responses to predictable seasonal events.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grantham, T. E., Merenlender, A. M., and Resh, V. H. (2010). Climatic influences and anthropogenic stressors: an integrated framework for streamflow management in Mediterranean-climate California, USA. Freshwater Biology 55, 188–204.
| Climatic influences and anthropogenic stressors: an integrated framework for streamflow management in Mediterranean-climate California, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hermoso, V., Blanco-Garrido, F., and Prenda, J. (2008). Spatial distribution of exotic fish species in the Guadiana river basin, with two new records. Limnetica 27, 189–194.
Hermoso, V., Clavero, M., Blanco-Garrido, F., and Prenda, F. (2009). Assessing freshwater fish sensitivity to different sources of perturbation in a Mediterranean basin. Ecology Freshwater Fish 18, 269–281.
| Assessing freshwater fish sensitivity to different sources of perturbation in a Mediterranean basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hermoso, V., Linke, S., and Prenda, J. (2009). Identifying priority sites for the conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity in a Mediterranean basin with a high degree of endemics. Hydrobiologia 623, 127–140.
| Identifying priority sites for the conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity in a Mediterranean basin with a high degree of endemics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hermoso, V., Clavero, M., Blanco-Garrido, F., and Prenda, F. (2010). Invasive species and habitat degradation in Iberian streams: an analysis of their role and interactive effects on freshwater fish diversity loss. Ecological Applications , .
| Invasive species and habitat degradation in Iberian streams: an analysis of their role and interactive effects on freshwater fish diversity loss.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hermoso, V., Linke, S., Prenda, J., and Possingham, H. P. (2010). Addressing longitudinal connectivity in the systematic conservation planning of the fresh waters. Freshwater Biology , .
| Addressing longitudinal connectivity in the systematic conservation planning of the fresh waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21116463PubMed |
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., and Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25, 1965–1978.
| Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoekstra, J. M., Boucher, T. M., Ricketts, T. H., and Roberts, C. (2005). Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecology Letters 8, 23–29.
| Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IUCN (2004). ‘Assessment and Provision of Environmental Flows in Mediterranean Water Courses. Concepts, Methods and Emerging Practice.’ (Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Malaga.) Available at www.uicnmed.org [accessed 1 November 2009].
IUCN (2008). ‘IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008.1.’ Available at www.iucnredlist.org [accessed 11 March 2009].
Johnson, P. T. J., Olden, J. D., and Vander Zanden, M. J. (2008). Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6, 357–363.
| Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kark, S., Levin, N., Grantham, H. S., and Possingham, H. P. (2009). Between-country collaboration and consideration of costs increase conservation planning efficiency in the Mediterranean basin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106, 15 368–15 373.
| Between-country collaboration and consideration of costs increase conservation planning efficiency in the Mediterranean basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFGgtr%2FF&md5=23d2eaaea42f70c7b5ea20b41f8634f1CAS |
Klausmeyer, K. R., and Shaw, M. R. (2009). Climate change, habitat loss, protected areas and the climate adaptation potential of species in Mediterranean ecosystems worldwide. PLoS ONE 4, e6392.
| Climate change, habitat loss, protected areas and the climate adaptation potential of species in Mediterranean ecosystems worldwide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19641600PubMed |
Kondolf, G. M., and Batalla, R. J. (2005). Hydrological effects of dams and water diversions on rivers of Mediterranean-climate regions: examples from California. In ‘Catchment Dynamics and River Processes: Mediterranean and Other Climate Regions’. (Eds C. Garcia and R. J. Batalla.) pp. 197–211. (Elsevier: Amsterdam.)
Kottelat, M., and Freyhof, J. (2007). ‘Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes.’ (Kottelat: Cornol, Switzerland.)
Leonardos, I. D., Kagalou, I., Tsoumani, M., and Economidis, P. S. (2008). Fish fauna in a protected Greek lake: biodiversity, introduced fish species over a 80-year period and their impacts on the ecosystem. Ecology Freshwater Fish 17, 165–173.
| Fish fauna in a protected Greek lake: biodiversity, introduced fish species over a 80-year period and their impacts on the ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leprieur, F., Beauchard, O., Blanchet, S., Oberdorff, T., and Brosse, S. (2008). Fish invasions in the world’s river systems: when natural processes are blurred by human activities. PLoS Biology 6, 404–410.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktVyktr8%3D&md5=6766c7fca3c58ec99909a3da400f5af8CAS |
Lévêque, C., Oberdorff, T., Paugy, D., Stiasnny, M. L. J., and Tedesco, P. A. (2008). Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwaters. Hydrobiologia 595, 545–567.
| Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwaters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Light, T., and Marchetti, M. P. (2007). Distinguishing between invasions and habitat changes as drivers of biodiversity loss among California’s freshwater fishes. Conservation Biology 21, 434–446.
| Distinguishing between invasions and habitat changes as drivers of biodiversity loss among California’s freshwater fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17391193PubMed |
Likens, G. E., Walker, K. F., Davies, P. E., Brookes, J., Olley, J., Young, W. J., Thoms, M. C., Lake, P. S., Gawne, B., Davis, J., Arthington, A. H., Thompson, R., and Oliver, R. L. (2009). Ecosystem science: toward a new paradigm for managing Australia’s inland aquatic ecosystems. Marine and Freshwater Research 60, 271–279.
| Ecosystem science: toward a new paradigm for managing Australia’s inland aquatic ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magalhães, M. F., Beja, P. R., Canas, C., and Collares-Pereira, M. J. (2002). Functional heterogeneity of dry-season fish refugia across a Mediterranean catchment: the role of habitat and predation. Freshwater Biology 47, 1919–1934.
| Functional heterogeneity of dry-season fish refugia across a Mediterranean catchment: the role of habitat and predation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magalhães, M. F., Beja, P., Schlosser, I. J., and Collares-Pereira, M. J. (2007). Effects of multi-year droughts on fish assemblages of seasonally drying Mediterranean streams. Freshwater Biology 52, 1494–1510.
| Effects of multi-year droughts on fish assemblages of seasonally drying Mediterranean streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magdaleno, F., and Fernandez, J. (2010). Hydromorphological alteration of a large Mediterranean river: relative role of high and low flows on the evolution of riparian forests and channel morphology. River Research and Applications , .
| Hydromorphological alteration of a large Mediterranean river: relative role of high and low flows on the evolution of riparian forests and channel morphology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Malmqvist, B., and Rundle, S. (2002). Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world. Environmental Conservation 29, 134–153.
| Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marr, S. M., Marchetti, M. P., Olden, J. D., Garcıa-Berthou, E., Morgan, D. L., Arismendi, I., Day, J. A., Griffiths, C. L., and Skelton, P. H. (2010). Freshwater fish introductions in mediterranean-climate regions: are there commonalities in the conservation problem? Diversity & Distributions 16, 606–619.
| Freshwater fish introductions in mediterranean-climate regions: are there commonalities in the conservation problem?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGarvey, D. J., and Hughes, R. M. (2008). Longitudinal zonation of Pacific Northwest (USA) fish assemblages and the species-discharge relationship. Copeia 2, 311–321.
| Longitudinal zonation of Pacific Northwest (USA) fish assemblages and the species-discharge relationship.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Merenlender, A. M., Deitch, M. J., and Feirer, S. (2008). Decision support tools for stream flow recovery and enhanced water security. California Agriculture 62, 148–155.
| Decision support tools for stream flow recovery and enhanced water security.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., and Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858.
| Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhs1Olsr4%3D&md5=5fd51f46f7548badc85cf5111d15a2b0CAS | 10706275PubMed |
Nel, J. L., Roux, D. J., Maree, G., Kleynhans, C. J., Moolman, J., Reyes, B., Rouget, M., and Cowling, R. M. (2007). Rivers in peril inside and outside protected areas: a systematic approach to conservation assessment of river ecosystems. Diversity & Distributions 13, 341–352.
| Rivers in peril inside and outside protected areas: a systematic approach to conservation assessment of river ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olson, D., and Dinerstein, E. (2002). The global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89, 199–224.
| The global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Powell, G. V. N., and Wikramanayake, E. D. (2002). Conservation biology for the biodiversity in crisis. Conservation Biology 16, 1–3.
Özesmi, U., and Gürer, I. (2004). Sultan Sazligi: biodiversity and natural resources management pilot project in Turkey (GEF-II). In ‘Assessment and Provision of Environmental Flows in Mediterranean Watercourses. Mediterranean Case Study’. Available at www.iucn.org/themes/wani/flow/cases/Turkey.pdf [accessed 1 November 2009].
Phillips, C., Allen, W., Fenemor, A., Bowden, B., and Young, R. (2010). Integrated catchment management research: lessons for interdisciplinary science from the Motueka Catchment, New Zealand. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 749–763.
| Integrated catchment management research: lessons for interdisciplinary science from the Motueka Catchment, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXptFGrsLw%3D&md5=e738a170c9f3ed0f94a29e4725e68025CAS |
Pimm, S. L., Rusell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L., and Brooks, T. M. (1995). The future of biodiversity. Science 269, 347–350.
| The future of biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXntVyit7s%3D&md5=4fd5f78984a0b78b5337f33222e4381cCAS | 17841251PubMed |
Prat, N., and Munné, A. (2000). Water use and quality and stream flow in a Mediterranean stream. Water Research 34, 3876–3881.
| Water use and quality and stream flow in a Mediterranean stream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlvVWnsrc%3D&md5=23f869a26aa125a8fff1a339642a6628CAS |
Prenda, J., Clavero, M., Blanco-Garrido, F., and Hermoso, V. (2006). Threats to the conservation of biotic integrity in Iberian fluvial ecosystems. Limnetica 25, 377–388.
Revenga, C., and Mock, G. (2000). Freshwater biodiversity in crisis. Earth Trends World Resources Institute: 1–4. Available at http//earthtrends.wri.org [accessed 15 December 2009].
Reyjol, Y., Hugueny, B., Pont, D., Bianco, P. G., Beier, U., et al. (2007). Patterns in species richness and endemism of European freshwater fish. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16, 65–75.
| Patterns in species richness and endemism of European freshwater fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roll, U., Dayan, T., Simberloff, D., and Goren, M. (2007). Characteristics of the introduced fish fauna of Israel. Biological Invasions 9, 813–824.
| Characteristics of the introduced fish fauna of Israel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saunders, D. L., Meeuwing, J. J., and Vincent, C. J. (2002). Freshwater protected areas: strategies for conservation. Conservation Biology 16, 30–41.
| Freshwater protected areas: strategies for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sheldon, F., Bunn, S. E., Hughes, J. M., Arthington, A. H., Balcombe, S. R., et al. (2010). Ecological roles and threats to aquatic refugia in arid landscapes: dryland river waterholes. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 885–895.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVansL%2FK&md5=bcb59cdbfeb05e725068f87079378bb4CAS |
Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (2004). ‘Slovenian Environmental Protection Act. (ZVO-1) SOP-2004-01-1694.’ Available at http://www.mop.gov.si/en/legislation/environment/the_evnironment_protection_act [accessed 15 December 2009].
Smart, M. (2004). River flow regulation and wetland conservation in a dry country: Ichkeul, Tunisia. In ‘Assessment and Provision of Environmental Flows in Mediterranean Watercourses. Mediterranean Case Study’. Available at www.iucn.org/themes/wani/flow/cases/Lebanon.pdf [accessed 1 November 2009].
Smith, K. G., and Darwall, W. R. T. (Eds) (2006). ‘The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Fish Endemic to the Mediterranean Basin.’ (IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.)
Sommerwerk, N., Bloesch, J., Paunović, M., Baumgartner, C., Venohr, M., Schneider-Jacoby, M., Hein, T., and Tockner, K. (2010). Managing the world’s most international river: the Danube River Basin. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 736–748.
| Managing the world’s most international river: the Danube River Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXptFGrs7c%3D&md5=739630f98d5b5f4a90f7bbac3688a2d5CAS |
Storey, R. (2004). Assessing groundwater and surface water flows through Aammiq Wetland. In ‘Assessment and Provision of Environmental Flows in Mediterranean Watercourses. Mediterranean Case Study’. Available at www.iucn.org/themes/wani/flow/cases/Lebanon.pdf [accessed 1 November 2009].
Thomas, R. J. (2008). Opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of dryland farmers in central and west Asia and north Africa to climate change. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 126, 36–45.
| Opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of dryland farmers in central and west Asia and north Africa to climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Underwood, E. C., Klausmeyer, K. R., Cox, R. L., Busby, S., Morrison, S. A., et al. (2009). Expanding the global network of protected areas to save the imperiled Mediterranean biome. Conservation Biology 23, 43–52.
| Expanding the global network of protected areas to save the imperiled Mediterranean biome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18950475PubMed |
UNECA (1999). Freshwater stress and scarcity in Africa by 2025. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
UNEP/MAP/WHO (2004). Municipal wastewater treatment plants in Mediterranean coastal cities (II). MAP Technical Reports Series No. 157. UNEP/MAP, Athens.
UNEP_WCMC (2009). ‘Data Structure of the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Annual Release 2009, New WDPA Schema, Web-download Version – February 2009.’ Available at http://www.wdpa.org/AnnualRelease.aspx [accessed 15 December 2009].
Urrea, G., and Sabater, S. (2009). Epilithic diatom assemblages and their relationship to environmental characteristics in an agricultural watershed (Guadiana River, SW Spain). Ecological Indicators 9, 693–703.
| Epilithic diatom assemblages and their relationship to environmental characteristics in an agricultural watershed (Guadiana River, SW Spain).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., and Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 130–137.
| The river continuum concept.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
WWF (2006). Drought in the Mediterranean – WWF policy proposals. World. WWF/Adena, WWF Mediterranean Programme, WWF, Berlin.
Xenopoulos, M. A., Lodge, D. M., Alcamo, J., Marker, M., Schulze, K., et al. (2005). Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from climate change and water withdrawal. Global Change Biology 11, 1557–1564.
| Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from climate change and water withdrawal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |