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REVIEW
Contents Vol 55(4)

Accounting for the effect of temperature on squid growth in nature: from hypothesis to practice

J. W. Forsythe
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National Resource Center for Cephalopods, Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1163, USA. Email: john.forsythe@utmb.edu

Marine and Freshwater Research 55(4) 331-339 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF03146
Submitted: 19 September 2003  Accepted: 9 March 2004   Published: 22 June 2004

Abstract

The impact of temperature on cephalopod growth has become a productive area of study. Current knowledge of squid growth owes much to earlier laboratory studies on octopuses and cuttlefishes that revealed rapid temperature-sensitive growth. Advances in laboratory culture of squids eventually revealed the dramatic extent to which rising water temperature accelerates growth rates. This led to proposal and testing of a working hypothesis, the Forsythe Hypothesis, that during periods of gradually warming temperature, monthly cohorts of squids experience warmer conditions and grow faster, and perhaps larger, than older, earlier-hatched cohorts. The advent of statolith increment analysis for determining age in field-caught squids has provided a powerful tool in ground-truthing this hypothesis in nature. This hypothesis, now termed here the Forsythe Effect, has been laboratory- and field-tested over the past 10 years and been strongly supported. Food availability and inherent species-specific physiological limits must also be accounted for in predicting growth. Gaps still exist in our precise understanding of the temperature-induced changes in form and duration of squid growth. Acute and chronic ocean-scale seawater-temperature change events will compel us to look to squids as ‘bioindicators’ of environmental condition and to statoliths as the ‘archives’ of this information.

Extra keywords: bioindicators, cephalopoda, Forsythe Effect, Forsythe Hypothesis, statolith.


Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the NIH Center for Research Resources (grant P40 RR01024), the Texas Institute of Oceanography and Marine Medicine General Budget Account of the Marine Biomedical Institute and the staff of the NRCC for longstanding support of significant portions of the research cited here. I also thank G. Jackson for his comments on an early draft of this manuscript as well as those of two anonymous reviewers, all of which improved this paper.


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