Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Microbiology Australia Microbiology Australia Society
Microbiology Australia, bringing Microbiologists together
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Lipids, statins and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A viruses

Melissa Carabott A , Ryan Case A , Sudip Dhakal A and Ian Macreadie A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia

B Tel.: +61 402 564 308; Email: ian.macreadie@rmit.edu.au

Microbiology Australia 42(2) 87-91 https://doi.org/10.1071/MA21021
Submitted: 30 March 2021  Accepted: 26 April 2021   Published: 17 May 2021

Journal Compilation © The Authors 2021 Open Access CC BY, published (by CSIRO Publishing) on behalf of the ASM

Abstract

The extensive and on-going epidemiology studies of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have raised interesting observations on statins reducing COVID-19 severity. In this review, literature is analysed to examine how statins affect COVID-19 and influenza A, another pandemic respiratory virus. This information could be useful to prevent or reduce disease severity caused by respiratory viruses.


References

[1]  Selleck, P. and Bernard, R. (2020) The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic: plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose. Microbiol. Aust. 41, 177–182.
The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic: plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[2]  WHO (2021) WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/ (accessed 26 April 2021).

[3]  Zeiser, R. (2018) Immune modulatory effects of statins. Immunology 154, 69–75.
Immune modulatory effects of statins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29392731PubMed |

[4]  Westermeyer, C. and Macreadie, I.G. (2007) Simvastatin reduces ergosterol levels, inhibits growth and causes loss of mtDNA in Candida glabrata. FEMS Yeast Res. 7, 436–441.
Simvastatin reduces ergosterol levels, inhibits growth and causes loss of mtDNA in Candida glabrata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17257373PubMed |

[5]  Kočar, E. et al. (2021) Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: basic concepts and clinical applications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) – Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1866, 158849.
Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: basic concepts and clinical applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[6]  Sun, X. and Whittaker, G.R. (2003) Role for influenza virus envelope cholesterol in virus entry and infection. J. Virol. 77, 12543.
Role for influenza virus envelope cholesterol in virus entry and infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14610177PubMed |

[7]  Louie, A.Y. et al. (2020) Dietary cholesterol affects the pathogenesis of influenza A virus infection in mice. J. Immunol. 204, 93.19.

[8]  Bajimaya, S. et al. (2017) Cholesterol is required for stability and infectivity of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses. Virology 510, 234–241.
Cholesterol is required for stability and infectivity of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28750327PubMed |

[9]  Kow, C.S. and Hasan, S.S. (2020) Meta-analysis of effect of statins in patients with COVID-19. Am. J. Cardiol. 134, 153–155.
Meta-analysis of effect of statins in patients with COVID-19.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32891399PubMed |

[10]  Zhang, X.-J. et al. (2020) In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with COVID-19. Cell Metab. 32, 176–187.e4.
In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with COVID-19.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32592657PubMed |

[11]  Torres-Peña, J.D. et al. (2021) Prior treatment with statins is associated with improved outcomes of patients with COVID-19: data from the SEMI-COVID-19 registry. Drugs 81, 685–95.
| 33782908PubMed |

[12]  Permana, H. et al. (2021) In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol. Rep. 1–12.

[13]  Reiner, Ž. et al. (2020) Statins and the COVID-19 main protease: in silico evidence on direct interaction. AMS 16, 490–496.
Statins and the COVID-19 main protease: in silico evidence on direct interaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32399094PubMed |

[14]  Mehrbod, P. et al. (2014) Mechanisms of action and efficacy of statins against influenza. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 872370.
Mechanisms of action and efficacy of statins against influenza.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25478576PubMed |

[15]  Episcopio, D. et al. (2019) Atorvastatin restricts the ability of influenza virus to generate lipid droplets and severely suppresses the replication of the virus. FASEB J. 33, 9516–9525.
Atorvastatin restricts the ability of influenza virus to generate lipid droplets and severely suppresses the replication of the virus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31125254PubMed |

[16]  Brassard, P. et al. (2017) The effect of statins on influenza-like illness morbidity and mortality. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 26, 63–70.
The effect of statins on influenza-like illness morbidity and mortality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27686457PubMed |

[17]  Vandermeer, M.L. et al. (2012) Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: a multistate study. J. Infect. Dis. 205, 13–19.
Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: a multistate study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22170954PubMed |

[18]  Frost, F.J. et al. (2007) Influenza and COPD mortality protection as pleiotropic, dose-dependent effects of statins. Chest 131, 1006–1012.
Influenza and COPD mortality protection as pleiotropic, dose-dependent effects of statins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17426203PubMed |

[19]  Musiol, A. et al. (2013) Annexin A6-balanced late endosomal cholesterol controls influenza A replication and propagation. MBio 4, e00608-13.
Annexin A6-balanced late endosomal cholesterol controls influenza A replication and propagation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24194536PubMed |

[20]  Kim, J. and Nam, J.-H. (2020) Insight into the relationship between obesity-induced low-level chronic inflammation and COVID-19 infection. Int. J. Obes. 44, 1541–1542.
Insight into the relationship between obesity-induced low-level chronic inflammation and COVID-19 infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[21]  Banerjee, M. et al. (2020) Obesity and COVID-19: a fatal alliance. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 35, 410–417.
Obesity and COVID-19: a fatal alliance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[22]  Rawat, S.S. et al. (2003) Modulation of entry of enveloped viruses by cholesterol and sphingolipids Mol. Membr. Biol. 20, 243–254.
Modulation of entry of enveloped viruses by cholesterol and sphingolipidsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12893532PubMed |

[23]  Dhakal, S. and Macreadie, I. (2021) Genes of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Microbiol. Aust. 42, 10–12.
Genes of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[24]  Kneller, D.W. et al. (2020) Structural plasticity of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro active site cavity revealed by room temperature X-ray crystallography. Nat. Commun. 11, 3202.
Structural plasticity of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro active site cavity revealed by room temperature X-ray crystallography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32581217PubMed |

[25]  Dhakal, S. et al. (2019) Simvastatin efficiently reduces levels of Alzheimer’s amyloid beta in yeast. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 3531.
Simvastatin efficiently reduces levels of Alzheimer’s amyloid beta in yeast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[26]  Wolozin, B. et al. (2007) Simvastatin is associated with a reduced incidence of dementia and Parkinson’s disease. BMC Med. 5, 20.
Simvastatin is associated with a reduced incidence of dementia and Parkinson’s disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17640385PubMed |

[27]  Subir, R. et al. (2020) Pros and cons for use of statins in people with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 14, 1225–1229.
Pros and cons for use of statins in people with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32683320PubMed |

[28]  Basso, A.D. et al. (2005) The farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) SCH66336 (lonafarnib) inhibits Rheb farnesylation and mTOR signaling: role in FTI enhancement of taxane and tamoxifen anti-tumour activity. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 31101–31108.
The farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) SCH66336 (lonafarnib) inhibits Rheb farnesylation and mTOR signaling: role in FTI enhancement of taxane and tamoxifen anti-tumour activity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16006564PubMed |

[29]  Rivas, D. et al. (2007) Inhibition of protein farnesylation arrests adipogenesis and affects PPAR gamma expression and activation in differentiating mesenchymal stem cells. PPAR Res. 2007, 81654.
Inhibition of protein farnesylation arrests adipogenesis and affects PPAR gamma expression and activation in differentiating mesenchymal stem cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18274630PubMed |

[30]  Liu, Y. et al. (2020) CB-Dock: a web server for cavity detection-guided protein–ligand blind docking. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 41, 138–144.
CB-Dock: a web server for cavity detection-guided protein–ligand blind docking.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31263275PubMed |