Phylogeny of the asexual lineage Murrayidae (Macrobiotoidea, Eutardigrada) with the description of Paramurrayon gen. nov. and Paramurrayon meieri sp. nov.
Roberto Guidetti A B , Ilaria Giovannini
A * , Valeria Del Papa A , Torbjørn Ekrem C , Diane R. Nelson D , Lorena Rebecchi A B and Michele Cesari A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-1125, Modena, Italy.
B National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), I-90133 Palermo, Italy.
C Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
D Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
Invertebrate Systematics 36(12) 1099-1117 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS22031
Submitted: 2 July 2022 Accepted: 24 October 2022 Published: 28 November 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing.
Abstract
The peculiar family Murrayidae, comprising the genera Murrayon, Dactylobiotus and Macroversum, contains relatively rare species living in hydrophilic and freshwater habitats on all continents, and contains two of the six exclusively freshwater tardigrade genera. This family probably represents an example of the evolution and persistence of an asexual lineage that differentiated into several taxa without sexual reproduction. Analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes (18S, 28S, ITS2 and cox1), and the increase of five taxa to the phylogenetic analyses of Murrayidae led us to infer that Murrayon is polyphyletic, being composed of two ‘species groups’ that also find morphological supports: the ‘dianeae group’ characterised by peculiar egg processes (rod-shaped and covered with a cuticular layer), animals with large, evident epicuticular pillars and small claws; and the ‘pullari group’ characterised by conical egg processes, animals with very small epicuticular pillars, and proportionally larger and longer claws. This latter group is a sister group to Dactylobiotus. Murrayon hastatus is the only species within the genus that has an uncertain position with eggs of the ‘dianeae group’ and animals of the ‘pullari group’. We propose the erection of Paramurrayon gen. nov. (for the ‘dianeae group’ of species), the emendation of Murrayon, and new taxonomic keys for both genera. Possible scenarios of the evolution of taxa within Murrayidae are hypothesised based on synapomorphic characters. Paramurrayon meieri sp. nov. from Norway is described with an integrative approach. Photographs of type material of Murrayon stellatus, Murrayon nocentiniae, Murrayon ovoglabellus and Macroversum mirum are shown for the first time, together with descriptions of new characters. Murrayon hibernicus is considered as nomen dubium and Murrayon hyperoncus is transferred to Macrobiotus pending further analyses.
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4689BE4C-0757-40B3-8AA0-5AF28904E83F
Keywords: asexual lineages, Dactylobiotus, integrative taxonomy, Macroversum, molecular phylogeny, parthenogenesis, species delimitation, synapomorphy.
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