Assessing a generic synapomorphy of Pseudodebis Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae : Satyrinae) and a recent speciation with a shift in elevation between two new species in the western Andes
Shinichi Nakahara
A B C F , Pável Matos-Maraví D , Johanna Schwartz E and Keith R. Willmott A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
B Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
C Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
D Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
E Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
F Corresponding author. Email: snakahara@ufl.edu
Invertebrate Systematics 35(2) 158-180 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS20024
Submitted: 7 April 2020 Accepted: 19 August 2020 Published: 8 February 2021
Abstract
The field of systematics and our understanding of phylogenetic relationships have been invigorated by the use of molecular data, but analyses based on DNA sequence data are not always corroborated by diagnostic morphological characters. In particular, several taxonomic changes in butterflies (Papilionoidea) have been made solely on the basis of molecular data without identifying morphological synapomorphies that might have aided in diagnosing taxa from butterfly collections or specimens with no accessible DNA. We here focus on the butterfly genus Pseudodebis Forster, 1964 in the so-called ‘Taygetis clade’, which is one of the major clades in the diverse Neotropical nymphalid subtribe Euptychiina. We inferred the evolution of a male genitalic character using the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the ‘Taygetis clade’ to date. This approach allowed us to identify a synapomorphy for Pseudodebis Forster, 1964, which can be used to morphologically diagnose this genus and to distinguish it from other genera in the ‘Taygetis clade’. In addition, we describe two new species of Pseudodebis, P. nakamurai Nakahara & Willmott, sp. nov. and P. pieti Nakahara & Willmott, sp. nov., recovered as sister species based on molecular data, with an estimated time of divergence of 0.3 Ma (Bayesian confidence interval 0.03–1.61 Ma). Despite the low genetic divergence between these two Pseudodebis species, they can be readily distinguished by wing morphology. Pseudodebis nakamurai, sp. nov. and P. pieti, sp. nov. occur in partial sympatry across an elevational gradient along the western Andes, and the inferred recent speciation event might be related to a shift in elevation and possibly a change in larval hostplant preference.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:38B4AF76-79E9-4D4D-BF16-FCD8F53A7277
Keywords: ancestral state reconstruction, Neotropics, SIMMAP, synapomorphy, tropical Andes.
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