Evolution of the male palp morphology of the orb-weaver hunting spider Chorizopes (Araneae : Araneidae) revisited on a new phylogeny of Araneidae, and description of a third species from Madagascar
Robert J. Kallal
A B and Gustavo Hormiga A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
B Corresponding author. Email: kallal.research@gmail.com
Invertebrate Systematics 33(2) 473-487 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18061
Submitted: 31 July 2018 Accepted: 8 November 2018 Published: 10 April 2019
Abstract
The genus Chorizopes (Araneae, Araneidae) includes over two dozen species of webless araneids found mainly in the Indomalayan region. They are characterised by a distinctive bulbous carapace and a specialised foraging behaviour: preying on other orb-weavers. Chorizopes casictones, sp. nov. (Araneae, Araneidae) is described based on specimens collected in northern Madagascar. This species represents the third member of Chorizopes known from the island. We conducted a total-evidence analysis based on morphology, behaviour and nucleotide sequence data, including this taxon for the first time. The palpal morphology of the male of Chorizopes is illustrated in detail. We discuss the palpal homologies and the evolution of araneid palpal sclerites based on the newly inferred family phylogenetic tree.
Additional keywords: arachnid, Bayesian inference, genitalia, parsimony, systematics, taxonomy.
References
Álvarez-Padilla, F., and Hormiga, G. (2007). A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mounting spiders for scanning electron microscopy. The Journal of Arachnology 35, 538–542.| A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mounting spiders for scanning electron microscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Álvarez-Padilla, F., and Hormiga, G. (2011). Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162, 713–879.
| Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Álvarez-Padilla, F., Dimitrov, D., Giribet, G., and Hormiga, G. (2009). Phylogenetic relationships of the spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Cladistics 25, 109–146.
| Phylogenetic relationships of the spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) based on morphological and DNA sequence data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benavides, L. R., and Hormiga, G. (2016). Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical pirate spiders of the genus Gelanor Thorell, 1869 (Araneae, Mimetidae) with the description of five new species. Zootaxa 4064, 1–72.
| Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical pirate spiders of the genus Gelanor Thorell, 1869 (Araneae, Mimetidae) with the description of five new species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27395525PubMed |
Bhandari, R., and Gabje, P. (2001). A study of three new species of spiders of the genera Chorizopes Cambridge, Larinia Simon and Neoscona Simon (Araneae: Araneidae) from Madhya Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 99, 59–63.
Coddington, J. A. (1986). The genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 422, 1–96.
| The genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coddington, J. A. (1990). Ontogeny of homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments and phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 496, 1–52.
| Ontogeny of homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments and phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Comstock, J. H. (1910). The palpi of male spiders. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 3, 161–185.
| The palpi of male spiders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davies, V. T. (1988). An illustrated guide to the genera of orb-weaving spiders in Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25, 273–332.
Eberhard, W. G. (1982). Predatory behavior of an assassin spider, Chorizopes sp. (Araneidae), and the defensive behavior of its prey. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 79, 522–524.
Emerit, M. (1997). A contribution to the knowledge of Malagasy spiders: the presence of Chorizopinae, an Asian subfamily of Araneidae. Revue Arachnologique 12, 43–52.
Farris, J. S. (1970). Methods for computing Wagner trees. Systematic Biology 19, 83–92.
| Methods for computing Wagner trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fernández, R., Kallal, R. J., Dimitrov, D., Ballesteros, J. A., Arnedo, M. A., Giribet, G., and Hormiga, G. (2018). Phylogenomics, diversification dynamics, and comparative transcriptomics across the spider tree of life. Current Biology 28, 1489–1497.
| Phylogenomics, diversification dynamics, and comparative transcriptomics across the spider tree of life.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29706520PubMed |
Framenau, V. W., Scharff, N., and Harvey, M. S. (2010). Systematics of the Australasian orb-weaving spider genus Demadiana with comments on the generic classification of the Arkyinae (Araneae: Araneidae). Invertebrate Systematics 24, 139–171.
| Systematics of the Australasian orb-weaving spider genus Demadiana with comments on the generic classification of the Arkyinae (Araneae: Araneidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gajbe, U. A., and Gajbe, P. (2004). A new species of Chorizopes spider (Araneae: Araneidae) from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 102, 117–119.
Holm, A. (1979). A taxonomic study of European and East African species of the genera Pelecopsis and Trichopterna (Araneae, Linyphiidae), with descriptions of a new genus and two new species of Pelecopsis from Kenya. Zoologica Scripta 8, 255–278.
| A taxonomic study of European and East African species of the genera Pelecopsis and Trichopterna (Araneae, Linyphiidae), with descriptions of a new genus and two new species of Pelecopsis from Kenya.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hormiga, G., Eberhard, W. G., and Coddington, J. A. (1995). Web-construction behavior in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 43, 313–364.
| Web-construction behavior in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Joseph, M. W., and Framenau, V. W. (2012). Systematic review of a new orb-weaving spider genus (Araneae: Araneidae), with special reference to the Australasian–Pacific and South-East Asian fauna. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166, 279–341.
| Systematic review of a new orb-weaving spider genus (Araneae: Araneidae), with special reference to the Australasian–Pacific and South-East Asian fauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kallal, R. J., and Hormiga, G. (2018). Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184, 1055–1141.
Kallal, R. J., Fernández, R. F., Giribet, G., and Hormiga, G. (2018). A phylotranscriptomic backbone of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae) supported by multiple methodological approaches. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 126, 129–140.
| A phylotranscriptomic backbone of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae) supported by multiple methodological approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29635025PubMed |
Kluge, A. G., and Farris, J. S. (1969). Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Systematic Biology 18, 1–32.
| Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuntner, M. (2002). The placement of Perilla (Araneae, Araneidae) with comments on araneid phylogeny. The Journal of Arachnology 30, 281–287.
| The placement of Perilla (Araneae, Araneidae) with comments on araneid phylogeny.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuntner, M., Coddington, J. A., and Hormiga, G. (2008). Phylogeny of extant nephilid orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae): testing morphological and ethological homologies. Cladistics 24, 147–217.
| Phylogeny of extant nephilid orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae): testing morphological and ethological homologies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Levi, H. W. (1964). Redescription of the type species of the spider genera Artonis, Chorizopes and Mecynidis (Araneae, Araneidae and Linyphiidae). Annals of the Natal Museum 16, 209–214.
Levi, H. W. (1995). Orb-weaving spiders Actinosoma, Spilasma, Micrepeira, Pronous, and four new genera (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 154, 153–213.
Mi, X.-Q., and Peng, X.-J. (2011). Description of Porcataraneus gen. nov., with three species from China (Araneae: Araneidae). Oriental Insects 45, 7–19.
| Description of Porcataraneus gen. nov., with three species from China (Araneae: Araneidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mi, X.-Q., and Wang, C. (2018). Chorizopesoides, a new genus of orb-weaver spider from China (Araneae: Araneidae). Oriental Insects 52, 79–87.
| Chorizopesoides, a new genus of orb-weaver spider from China (Araneae: Araneidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mi, X.-Q., Wang, C., and Peng, X.-J. (2016). Two new species of the orb-weaver genus Chorizopes from Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneidae). ZooKeys 626, 45–55.
| Two new species of the orb-weaver genus Chorizopes from Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mukhtar, M. K., and Tahir, H. M. (2013). A new species of the genus Chorizopes (Araneae: Araneidae) from Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45, 433–436.
Nixon, C. (2002). Winclada version 1.00.08. Available at: http://www.cladistics.com [Verified 4 December 2015].
Platnick, N. I., and Shadab, M. U. (1993). A review of the pirate spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae) of Chile. American Museum Novitates 3074, 1–30.
QGIS Development Team (2014). QGIS Geographic Information System (version 2.6.0 – Brighton). Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available at: http://qgis.osgeo.org [Verified 22 July 2015].
Rambaut, A., Suchard, M. A., Xie, D., and Drummond, A. J. (2014). Tracer v1.6. Available at: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer [Verified 15 December 2016].
Ronquist, F., and Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574.
| MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12912839PubMed |
Roy, T.K., Sen, S., Saha, S., and Raychaudhuri, D. (2014). A new Chorizopes O.P.-Cambridge, 1870 (Araneae: Araneidae) from West Bengal, India. Romanian Journal of Biology – Zoology 59, 3–9.
Scharff, N., and Coddington, J. A. (1997). A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120, 355–434.
| A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schmidt, J. B., and Scharff, N. (2008). A taxonomic revision of the orb-weaving spider genus Acusilas Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Araneidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution 39, 1–38.
| A taxonomic revision of the orb-weaving spider genus Acusilas Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Araneidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, H. M. (2006). A revision of the genus Poltys in Australasia (Araneae: Araneidae). Records of the Australian Museum 58, 43–96.
| A revision of the genus Poltys in Australasia (Araneae: Araneidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Townley, M. A., and Harms, D. (2017). Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus). Evolutionary Systematics 1, 47–75.
| Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Townley, M. A., and Tillinghast, E. K. (2009). Developmental changes in spider spinning fields: a comparison between Mimetus and Araneus (Araneae: Mimetidae, Araneidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 98, 343–383.
| Developmental changes in spider spinning fields: a comparison between Mimetus and Araneus (Araneae: Mimetidae, Araneidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
USGS (2006). Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Available at: http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/ [Verified 22 July 2015].
World Spider Catalog (2018). World Spider Catalog, version 19.0. Natural History Museum, Bern. Available at: http://wsc.nmbe.ch [Verified 25 July 2018].
Wunderlich, J. (2004). The fossil spiders (Araneae) of the families Tetragnathidae and Zygiellidae n. stat. in Baltic and Dominican amber, with notes on higher extant and fossil taxa. Beiträge zur Araneologie 3, 899–955.
Yin, C. M., Peng, X. J., Yan, H. M., Bao, Y. H., Xu, X., Tang, G., Zhou, Q. S., and Liu, P. (2012). ‘Fauna Hunan: Araneae in Hunan Province, China.’ (Hunan Science and Technology Press: Changsha, China.)
