Refugia within refugia: in situ speciation and conservation of threatened Bertmainius (Araneae : Migidae), a new genus of relictual trapdoor spiders endemic to the mesic zone of south-western Australia
Mark S. Harvey A B C F , Barbara York Main B , Michael G. Rix D A and Steven J. B. Cooper E D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia.
B School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
C Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024–5192, USA. Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94103–3009, USA. Adjunct, School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
D Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
E Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
F Corresponding author. Email: mark.harvey@museum.wa.gov.au
Invertebrate Systematics 29(6) 511-553 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS15024
Submitted: 15 June 2015 Accepted: 7 September 2015 Published: 22 December 2015
Abstract
The trapdoor spider family Migidae has a classical Gondwanan distribution and is found on all southern continents except the Indian region. The Australian fauna consists of three genera including Moggridgea O. P. Cambridge from south-western Australia and Kangaroo Island, South Australia; Moggridgea is otherwise widespread throughout Africa. The sole named species of Moggridgea from Western Australia, M. tingle Main, and its unnamed relatives are the subject of the present paper, which was stimulated by concern for the long-term persistence of populations, and the discovery of deep genetic divergences between populations. A phylogeny of the Western Australian species relative to African and South Australian Moggridgea was generated using molecular COI and ITS rDNA data, and based on both molecular and morphological criteria we conclude that the Western Australian taxa should be removed from Moggridgea and transferred to a new genus, Bertmainius. The seven species are delimited using both morphological and molecular criteria: B. tingle (Main) (the type species), and six new species, B. colonus, B. monachus, B. mysticus, B. opimus, B. pandus and B. tumidus. All seven species are considered to be threatened using IUCN criteria, with the major threatening processes being inappropriate fire regimes and climate change.
Additional keywords: climate change, new species, taxonomy, threatened species.
References
Bond, J. E., and Hedin, M. (2006). A total evidence assessment of the phylogeny of North American euctenizine trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae) using Bayesian inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41, 70–85.| A total evidence assessment of the phylogeny of North American euctenizine trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae) using Bayesian inference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsVWksLk%3D&md5=3874fe32f758467333e5446624c79bd5CAS | 16857391PubMed |
Bond, J. E., and Stockman, A. K. (2008). An integrative method for delimiting cohesion species: finding the population-species interface in a group of Californian trapdoor spiders with extreme genetic divergence and geographic structuring. Systematic Biology 57, 628–646.
| An integrative method for delimiting cohesion species: finding the population-species interface in a group of Californian trapdoor spiders with extreme genetic divergence and geographic structuring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVymsr%2FN&md5=787562e3e6d42c7f876bbeb87badbe14CAS | 18686196PubMed |
Bond, J. E., Hedin, M. C., Ramirez, M. G., and Opell, B. D. (2001). Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus. Molecular Ecology 10, 899–910.
| Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVensbs%3D&md5=47c4081aa6055f770e09454b8a324aafCAS | 11348499PubMed |
Bond, J. E., Hendrixson, B. E., Hamilton, C. A., and Hedin, M. (2012). A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology. PLoS One 7, e38753.
| A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XptlSntr0%3D&md5=3b7aa6cf2cd5b398c4c7badee6b29596CAS | 22723885PubMed |
Brown, R. W. (1956). ‘Composition of Scientific Words.’ Revised edition. (Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC.)
Castalanelli, M. A., Teale, R., Rix, M. G., Kennington, J. W., and Harvey, M. S. (2014). Barcoding of mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) in the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia reveals a highly diverse biota. Invertebrate Systematics 28, 375–385.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFKntr7J&md5=75d68501dc4e761412afb586d067d003CAS |
Cook, L. G., Edwards, R. D., Crisp, M. D., and Hardy, N. B. (2010). Need morphology always be required for new species descriptions? Invertebrate Systematics 24, 322–326.
| Need morphology always be required for new species descriptions?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cooper, S. J. B., Harvey, M. S., Saint, K. M., and Main, B. Y. (2011). Deep phylogeographic structuring of populations of the trapdoor spider Moggridgea tingle (Migidae) from southwestern Australia: evidence for long-term refugia within refugia. Molecular Ecology 20, 3219–3236.
| Deep phylogeographic structuring of populations of the trapdoor spider Moggridgea tingle (Migidae) from southwestern Australia: evidence for long-term refugia within refugia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coyle, F. A. (1971). Systematics and natural history of the mygalomorph spider genus Antrodiaetus and related genera (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 141, 269–402.
Drummond, A. J., Suchard, M. A., Xie, D., and Rambaut, A. (2012). Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29, 1969–1973.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFagu7fO&md5=1c9adaeb5bffc28a95d76bbdca0ae4f2CAS |
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., and Vrijenhoek, R. C. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3, 294–299.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjt12gtLs%3D&md5=c84f72a2d796a7fee91c4e2e01175599CAS | 7881515PubMed |
Giribet, G., Sharma, P., Benavides, L. R., Boyer, S. L., Clouse, R. M., de Bivort, B. L., Dimitrov, D., Kawauchi, G. Y., Murienne, J. Y., and Schwendinger, P. J. (2012). Evolutionary and biogeographic history of an ancient and global group of arachnids (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) with a new taxonomic arrangement. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 105, 92–130.
| Evolutionary and biogeographic history of an ancient and global group of arachnids (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) with a new taxonomic arrangement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griswold, C. E. (1987). The African members of the trap-door spider family Migidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) 1: the genus Moggridgea O.P. Cambridge, 1875. Annals of the Natal Museum 28, 1–118.
Griswold, C. E., and Ledford, J. (2001). A monograph of the migid trap door spiders of Madagascar and review of the world genera (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Migidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 151, 1–120.
Harrison, S. E., Rix, M. G., Harvey, M. S., and Austin, A. D. (). An African mygalomorph lineage in temperate Australia: the trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea (Araneae: Migidae) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Austral Entomology 00, 000–000.
Harvey, M. S. (2002). Short-range endemism in the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics 16, 555–570.
| Short-range endemism in the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hedin, M., and Bond, J. E. (2006). Molecular phylogenetics of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using nuclear rRNA genes (18S and 28S): conflict and agreement with the current system of classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41, 454–471.
| Molecular phylogenetics of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using nuclear rRNA genes (18S and 28S): conflict and agreement with the current system of classification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVagtbzF&md5=3a151e0cf15ec3c78bab0b94b7b01ac1CAS | 16815045PubMed |
Hedin, M., Carlson, D., and Coyle, F. (2015). Sky island diversification meets the multispecies coalescent – divergence in the spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga, Araneae, Mygalomorphae) on the highest peaks of southern Appalachia. Molecular Ecology 24, 3467–3484.
| Sky island diversification meets the multispecies coalescent – divergence in the spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga, Araneae, Mygalomorphae) on the highest peaks of southern Appalachia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26011071PubMed |
Hendrixson, B. E., DeRussy, B. M., Hamilton, C. A., and Bond, J. E. (2013). An exploration of species boundaries in turret-building tarantulas of the Mojave Desert (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae, Aphonopelma). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66, 327–340.
| An exploration of species boundaries in turret-building tarantulas of the Mojave Desert (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae, Aphonopelma).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23092751PubMed |
Huelsenbeck, J. P., and Ronquist, F. (2001). MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17, 754–755.
| MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvotV2isw%3D%3D&md5=cd4de43d633ceeff10f03392cbc4da97CAS | 11524383PubMed |
International Union for Conservation of Nature (2012). ‘IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1.’ Second edition. (International Union for Conservation of Nature: Gland, Switzerland.)
Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K.-I., and Mityata, T. (2002). MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Research 30, 3059–3066.
| MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslOqu7s%3D&md5=062ddb93ea5f1aa3de915bbe559e94aaCAS | 12136088PubMed |
Leavitt, D. H., Starrett, J., Westphal, M. F., and Hedin, M. (2015). Multilocus sequence data reveal dozens of putative cryptic species in a radiation of endemic Californian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 91, 56–67.
| Multilocus sequence data reveal dozens of putative cryptic species in a radiation of endemic Californian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26025426PubMed |
Main, B. Y. (1991). Occurrence of the trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea in Australia with descriptions of two new species (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Migidae). Journal of Natural History 25, 383–397.
| Occurrence of the trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea in Australia with descriptions of two new species (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Migidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murienne, J., Daniels, S. R., Buckley, T. R., Mayer, G., and Giribet, G. (2014). A living fossil tale of Pangaean biogeography. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 281, 20132648.
Murphy, N., King, R., and Delean, S. (2015). Species, ESUs or populations? Delimiting and describing truly morphologically cryptic diversity in Australian desert springs. Invertebrate Systematics , .
| Species, ESUs or populations? Delimiting and describing truly morphologically cryptic diversity in Australian desert springs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Posada, D., and Crandall, K. A. (1998). Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817–818.
| Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktlCltw%3D%3D&md5=718ab7cf5a23f1b7a2bd92c5ee779bcaCAS | 9918953PubMed |
Raven, R. J. (1984a). A new diplurid genus from eastern Australia and a related Aname species (Diplurinae: Dipluridae: Araneae). Australian Journal of Zoology. Supplementary Series 96, 1–51.
| A new diplurid genus from eastern Australia and a related Aname species (Diplurinae: Dipluridae: Araneae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raven, R. J. (1984b). A revision of the Aname maculata species group (Dipluridae, Araneae) with notes on biogeography. The Journal of Arachnology 12, 177–193.
Raven, R. J. (1984c). Systematics and biogeography of the mygalomorph spider family Migidae (Araneae) in Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 32, 379–390.
| Systematics and biogeography of the mygalomorph spider family Migidae (Araneae) in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raven, R. J. (1991). A revision of the mygalomorph spider family Dipluridae in New Caledonia (Araneae). Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris (A) 149, 87–117.
Raven, R. J. (1994). Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 35, 291–706.
Raven, R. J., and Churchill, T. B. (1989). A new species of Migas (Araneae, Migidae), with notes on Heteromigas in Tasmania. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 8, 5–8.
Rix, M. G., and Harvey, M. S. (2012a). Australian assassins, part II: A review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia. ZooKeys 191, 1–62.
| Australian assassins, part II: A review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22639534PubMed |
Rix, M. G., and Harvey, M. S. (2012b). Phylogeny and historical biogeography of ancient assassin spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae) in the Australian mesic zone: evidence for Miocene speciation within Tertiary refugia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62, 375–396.
| Phylogeny and historical biogeography of ancient assassin spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae) in the Australian mesic zone: evidence for Miocene speciation within Tertiary refugia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22040763PubMed |
Rix, M. G., Edwards, D. L., Byrne, M., Harvey, M. S., Joseph, L., and Roberts, J. D. (2015). Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 90, 762–793.
| Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ronquist, F., and Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574.
| MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlKms7k%3D&md5=6c22440a111ffd7c39b671a54462b45bCAS | 12912839PubMed |
Swofford, D. L. (2002). ‘PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods).’ (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.)
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., and Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30, 2725–2729.
| MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVKhurzP&md5=a47bf66f019c07034bb59ce53749111aCAS | 24132122PubMed |
Wilson, J. S., Gunnell, C. F., Wahl, D. B., and Pitts, J. P. (2013). Testing the species limits of the tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) endemic to California’s Southern Coast Ranges, USA. Insect Conservation and Diversity 6, 365–371.
| Testing the species limits of the tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) endemic to California’s Southern Coast Ranges, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, J., Kapli, P., Pavlidis, P., and Stamatakis, A. (2013). A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics 29, 2869–2876.
| A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslWnsbzL&md5=237594892ba48b5fbb2ebd0770baaccbCAS | 23990417PubMed |
