Systematics of Nearctic Cybaeus (Araneae : Cybaeidae)
Claudia R. Copley A C D , Robb Bennett B and Steve J. Perlman CA Natural History Section, Royal BC Museum, 675 Belleville, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2, Canada.
B BC Ministry of Forests & Range, 7380 Puckle Road, Victoria, BC V8M 1W4, Canada.
C Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
D Corresponding author. Email: ccopley@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca
Invertebrate Systematics 23(4) 367-401 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09001
Submitted: 14 January 2009 Accepted: 13 August 2009 Published: 30 October 2009
Abstract
Spiders in the genus Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae : Dictynoidea : Cybaeidae) are common forest-floor inhabitants in western North America and Japan. Here we establish an initial phylogenetic framework for North American Cybaeus. Morphological details for eight proposed species groups are given, and these results, combined with molecular analyses of one nuclear and one mitochondrial gene for six of the eight species groups, suggest that North American Cybaeus species are contained in two broad clades, one Holarctic and one Nearctic (primarily Californian). The Holarctic clade contains the tetricus and angustiarum species groups, which contain mostly widely distributed species. The Californian clade includes the adenes, aspenicolens, consocius, devius, septatus and tardatus species groups, all of which have very restricted ranges. The genus Cybaeus and the Palaearctic species C. tetricus (C.L. Koch) (type species of the genus) and C. angustiarum L. Koch are redescribed and illustrated. A key to species groups is provided. Nine new species endemic to the western Nearctic and included in the molecular analyses are described and illustrated: C. paralypropriapus Bennett, sp. nov. and C. waynei Bennett, sp. nov. (tetricus group); C. sanbruno Bennett, sp. nov. (adenes group); C. thermydrinos Bennett, sp. nov. (aspenicolens group); C. penedentatus Bennett, sp. nov. and C. vulpinus Bennett, sp. nov. (consocius group); C. chauliodous Bennett, sp. nov. and C. somesbar Bennett, sp. nov. (septatus group); and C. gidneyi Bennett, sp. nov. (unplaced).
Additional keywords: arachnid, California, morphology, phylogenetics, species descriptions, spider, taxonomy.
Acknowledgements
We thank the following museum curators and individuals for the loan of specimens used for the morphological component of this study: Jacqueline Heurtault (Muséum national d’histoire naturelle), Paul Hillyard (British Museum (Natural History)), Herb Levi (Museum of Comparative Zoology), Norm Platnick (American Museum of Natural History), Wojciech Pulawski (California Academy of Sciences), Vince Roth (Portal AZ) and Darrell Ubick (San Francisco CA). Marshal Hedin (San Diego State University), Jiri Kral (Charles University), Pierre Paquin (Montreal QC) and Frantisek Stahlavski (Charles University) provided the critical fresh Cybaeus specimens without which the molecular work (and this paper) could not have been completed. Darren Copley kindly prepared final versions of taxonomic plates and range maps. We are grateful for the support of the Royal BC Museum and the BC Ministry of Forests and Range. Funding was provided by an NSERC Discovery Grant to Steve Perlman. Steve Perlman also acknowledges support from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Rob Cannings, Jason Bond and anonymous referees provided helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.
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