Phylogeny and generic concepts of the parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea)
Giuseppe F. Turrisi A D , John T. Jennings B and Lars Vilhelmsen CA University of Catania, Department of Animal Biology ‘Marcello La Greca’, via Androne 81, I-95124, Catania, Italy.
B Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
D Corresponding author. Email: turrisifabrizio@yahoo.it
Invertebrate Systematics 23(1) 27-59 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS08031
Submitted: 19 August 2008 Accepted: 28 January 2009 Published: 31 March 2009
Abstract
The results of the first phylogenetic investigation of members of the Aulacidae of the world are presented. The main objective was to test the monophyly of the currently recognised genera. In total, 79 morphological characters were scored for a substantial sample of the extant aulacid fauna, including 72 species, as well as 12 outgroup taxa belonging to Evaniidae, Gasteruptiidae, Megalyridae, Trigonalidae, Braconidae and Stephanidae. All zoogeographic regions were represented. The dataset was analysed under different conditions (ordered, unordered, equal and implied weighting). The results under different weighting conditions are not fully congruent and many relationships remain unresolved. However, the analyses demonstrate that the current generic classification of the Aulacidae is not a natural one. There is support for a very large, monophyletic clade which includes all Pristaulacus Kieffer spp. + Panaulix Benoit spp. This suggests a wider generic concept for Pristaulacus, which is redefined and rediagnosed here. As a consequence, Panaulix becomes a junior synonym of Pristaulacus (syn. nov.), and the two described species of Panaulix are transferred to Pristaulacus: Pristaulacus rex (Benoit, 1984), comb. nov., and Pristaulacus irenae (Madl, 1990), comb. nov. The genus Aulacus Jurine was consistently paraphyletic and is not valid as currently defined. Furthermore, we failed to retrieve a consistent topology among the different clades of Aulacus. A satisfactory reclassification of Aulacus, however, requires a much more comprehensive taxon sample and/or additional character data.
Acknowledgements
The Willi Hennig Society is kindly acknowledged for access to TNT software. We are grateful to Prof. Dr Klaus Schönitzer (Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany) and to Prof. Dr Matthias Starck (Zoological Institute of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany) for allowing us to produce the SEM micrographs. We are also grateful to the curators of the numerous museums and colleagues who provided material for this study (see list in the section ‘Materials and methods’). Two anonymous referees provided useful comments on an earlier version of this paper. This research has been partly supported by the University of Catania, Fondo Ricerca d’Ateneo (ex 60%) to G. F. T. and an Australian Biological Resources Study grant to J. T. J.
Barriga J.-E. T.
(1990) Parásitos y depredadores de larvas de Cerambycidae y Buprestidae (Coleoptera) de Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomologia 18, 57–59.
[Verified March 2009].
Jennings J. T.,
Austin A. D., Stevens N. B.
(2004a) The aulacid wasp fauna of Western Australia with descriptions of six new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 22, 115–128.
Jennings J. T.,
Austin A. D., Stevens N. B.
(2004b) Species of the wasp genus Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) endemic to South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 128, 13–21.
Jennings J. T.,
Austin A. D., Stevens N. B.
(2004c) First record of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) from New Caledonia with descriptions of three new species of Aulacus Jurine. Australian Journal of Entomology 43, 346–352.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jennings J. T.,
Austin A. D., Stevens N. B.
(2004d)
Hyptiogastrites electrinus Cockerell, 1917, from Myanmar (Burmese) amber: redescription and its placement within the Evanioidea. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2, 127–132.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kieffer J.-J.
(1900) Etudes sur les Evaniides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 68, 813–820.
Kieffer J.-J.
(1911) Étude sur les Évaniides exotiques (Hym.) du British Museum de Londres. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 80, 151–230.
Königsmann E.
(1978) Das phylogenetische System der Hymenoptera. Teil 3: ‘Terebrantes’ (Unterordung Apocrita). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. N.F. Band 25, 1–55.
Konishi K.
(1990) A revision of the Aulacidae of Japan (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea). Japanese Journal of Entomology 58, 637–655.
Madl M.
(1990) Eine neue Panaulix-Art Benoit aus Kenya (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Aulacidae). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 80, 85–88.
Muesebeck C. F. W., Walkley L. M.
(1956) Type species of the genera and subgenera of parasitic wasps comprising the superfamily Proctotrupoidea (order Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 105, 319–419.
Nel A.,
Waller A., De Ploëg G.
(2004) An aulacid wasp in the Lowermost Eocene amber from the Paris Basin (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Geologica Acta 2, 67–74.
Oehlke J.
(1983) Revision der europäischen Aulacidae (Hymenoptera-Evanioidea). Beitraege zur Entomologie 33, 439–447.
Oehlke J.
(1984) Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Hymenoptera-Evanioidea, Stephanoidea, Trigonalyoidea (Insecta). Faunistische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 11, 161–190.
Pagliano G.
(1986) Aulacidae, Stephanidae ed Evaniidae d’Italia con descrizione di un nuovo Stephanidae del Marocco. Atti del Museo civico di Storia Naturale di Grosseto 9–10, 5–20.
Philippi R. A.
(1873) Chilenische Insekten. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 34, 296–316.
Quicke D. L. J., Fitton M. G.
(1995) Ovipositor steering mechanisms in parasitic wasps of the families Gasteruptiidae and Aulacidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 261, 99–103.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quicke D. L. J.,
Fitton M. G.,
Tunstead J. R.,
Ingram S. N., Gaitens P. V.
(1994) Ovipositor structure and relationships within the Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Ichneumonoidea. Journal of Natural History 28, 635–682.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rasnitsyn A. P.
(1972) Praeaulacidae (Hymenoptera) from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal
, 62–77. [In Russian, English translation.] 1, 72–87.
Rasnitsyn A. P.
(1980) Contribution to the knowledge of the system of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) in connexion with a new find in Neocomof Manlay. Trudy Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol’skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya, Moscow [In Russian.] 13, 65–67.
Rasnitsyn A. P.
(1988) An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects (order Vespida). Oriental Insects 22, 115–145.
Rasnitsyn A. P., Martìnez-Delclòs X.
(2000) Wasps (Insecta: Vespida= Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous of Spain. Acta Geologica Hispanica 35, 65–95.
Ronquist F.
(1999) Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera (Insecta): The state of the art. Zoologica Scripta 28, 3–11.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ronquist F.,
Rasnitsyn A. P.,
Roy A.,
Eriksson K., Lindgren M.
(1999) Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: a cladistic reanalysis of Rasnitsyn’s (1988) data. Zoologica Scripta 28, 13–50.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schletterer A.
(1890) Die Hymenopteren-Gruppe der Evaniiden. III. Abteilung. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 4, 373–546.
Semenow A.
(1903) De novo Evaniidarum genere (Hymenoptera). Revue Russe d’Entomologie 3(4), 173.
Sharkey M. J.
(2007) Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera. Zootaxa 1668, 521–548.
Sharkey M. J., Roy A.
(2002) Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: a reanalysis of the Ronquist et al. (1999) reanalysis, with an emphasis on wing venation and apocritan relationships. Zoologica Scripta 31, 57–66.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shuckard W. E.
(1841) Art. XXII. On the Aulacidae, a family of Hymenoptera pupivora; and that Trigonalys is one of its components: with the description of a British species of this genus, and incidental remarks upon their collateral affinities. Entomologist 1, 115–125.
Smith D. R.
(1996) Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) in the Mid-Atlantic States, with a key to species of Eastern North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98(2), 274–291.
Smith D. R.
(2001) World catalog of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera). Contributions on Entomology International 4, 261–319.
Smith D. R.
(2005a) Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) of Northern South America, emphasizing Colombia. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 131, 217–253.
Smith D. R.
(2005b) Review of the Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) of Chile and adjacent Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107, 820–834.
Smith D. R.
(2008) Aulacidae of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America (Hymenoptera). Beitraege zur Entomologie 58, 267–355.
Sun S.-P., Sheng M.-L.
(2007a)
Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) from China with a new species parasitizing Xiphydria popovi (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109, 121–124.
Sun S.-P., Sheng M.-L.
(2007b) Genus Pristaulacus (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) in Henan province, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 32, 216–220.
Szépligeti V.
(1903) Neue Evaniiden aus der Sammlung des Ungarischen National-Museums. Annales Musei Nationali Hungarici 1, 364–395.
Townes H. K.
(1950) The Nearctic species of Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 100, 85–145.
Turrisi G. F.
(1999) Xyelidae, Aulacidae, Heloridae e Masaridae, quattro famiglie nuove per la fauna siciliana (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 131, 41–46.
Turrisi G. F.
(2000) Gli Aulacidae di Sicilia, con descrizione di Pristaulacus lindae n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 132, 259–268.
Turrisi G. F.
(2005) Description of Aulacus schoenitzeri spec. nov. (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Aulacidae) from China. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 37, 797–803.
Turrisi G. F.
(2006) Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 37, 27–38.
Turrisi G. F.
(2007) Revision of the Palaearctic species of Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Zootaxa 1433, 1–76.
van Achterberg C.
(1993) Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae. Zoologische Verhandelingen 283, 1–189.
Vilhelmsen L.
(1997a) The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 35, 49–70.
Vilhelmsen L.
(1997b) Head capsule concavities accomodating the antennal bases in Hymenoptera pupating in wood: possible emergence-facilitating adaptations. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 26, 129–138.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vilhelmsen L.
(2001) Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, 393–442.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vilhelmsen L.
(2003) Flexible ovipositor sheaths in parasitoid Hymenoptera (Insecta). Arthropod Structure and Development 32, 277–287.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Vilhelmsen L.,
Isidoro N.,
Romani R.,
Basibuyuk H. H., Quicke D. L. J.
(2001) Host location and oviposition in a basal group of parasitic wasps: the subgenual organ, ovipositor apparatus and associated structures in the Orussidae (Hymenoptera, Insecta). Zoomorphology 121, 63–84.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vilhelmsen L.,
Turrisi G. F., Beutel R.
(2008) Distal leg morphology, subgenual organs and host detection in Stephanidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Journal of Natural History 42, 1649–1663.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Visitpanich J.
(1994) The parasitoid wasps of the coffee stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Northern Thailand. Japanese Journal of Entomology 62, 597–606.
Whitfield J. B.
(1998) Phylogeny and evolution of host-parasitoid interactions in Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 129–151.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Whitfield J. B.,
Johnson N. F., Hamerski M. R.
(1989) Identity and phylogenetic significance of the metapostnotum in non-aculeate Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82, 663–673.
Zhang J., Rasnitsyn A. P.
(2004) Minute members of Baissinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae) from upper Mesozoic of China and limits of the genus Manlaya Rasnitsyn, 1980. Cretaceous Research 25, 797–805.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Zhang H., Rasnitsyn A. P.
(2007) Nevaniinae subfam. n., a new fossil taxon (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Praeaulacidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Insect Systematics and Evolution 38, 149–166.
|
CAS |
Zhang H., Rasnitsyn A. P.
(2008) Middle Jurassic Praeaulacidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) of Inner Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6, 463–487.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang H., Zhang J.-F.
(2000) Discovery of Praeaulacidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in China and its significance. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 17, 416–421.
|
|
|
