Revision of the genus Trogulus Latreille: the Trogulus coriziformis species-group of the western Mediterranean (Opiliones : Trogulidae)
Axel L. Schönhofer A B and Jochen Martens AA Institut of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Department of Systematic Zoology, Müllerweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
B Corresponding author. Email: axel.schoenhofer@uni-mainz.de
Invertebrate Systematics 22(5) 523-554 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS08013
Submitted: 29 March 2008 Accepted: 13 October 2008 Published: 4 December 2008
Abstract
Within the well researched European fauna of harvestmen, the genus Trogulus Latreille exhibits unexpectedly high cryptic diversity. The species’ uniform morphology hinders an exclusively morphological approach to their systematics and taxonomy, and a preliminary molecular study estimated the number of species to be three times higher than currently known. The current study focuses on a clearly defined species-group within Trogulus, combining molecular (~1700 bp 28S rRNA and the cytochrome b gene), distributional, morphometric and morphological data. Relationships are reconstructed using Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood and this information is subsequently used to evaluate morphological characters for systematic usability and to identify biogeographical processes leading to speciation events. The Trogulus coriziformis species-group is defined and diagnosed and includes eight species. Three species are redefined: T. coriziformis C. L. Koch, 1839, for which a neotype is designated, and T. aquaticus Simon, 1879 and T. cristatus Simon, 1879 for which lectotypes are designated. Four species are described as new: T. balearicus, sp. nov. from the Balearic Islands, T. huberi, sp. nov. from southern Portugal, T. prietoi, sp. nov. from Andalusia, Spain, and T. pyrenaicus, sp. nov. from the central Pyrenees. Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1931 is used as collective name and probably refers to a composite of species presently difficult to tell apart. Trogulus salfii De Lerma, 1948 is proposed as a synonym for T. coriziformis. Within Trogulus, the molecular genetic data support monophyly and basal placement of the Trogulus coriziformis species-group. The species to differ in external morphology (size, papillation of palps, apophyses of legs, pattern of body papillation, morphometric data), 28S and cytochrome b autapomorphies and to a lesser degree by male genital morphology. The species-group is confined to the western Mediterranean area and its species are allopatrically distributed. Their present distribution corresponds to geological processes in the Miocene and Pliocene indicating that this group of organisms may be of considerable value for further biogeographic studies.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge loans of and donations from the following colleagues: Carlos Prieto (Universidad del Pais Vasco, Bilbao), Siegfried Huber (Unteruhldingen, Germany), Joerg Spelda (Museum Mensch und Natur, Munich), Pedro Cardoso (University of Azores, Ponta Delgada), Ambros Hänggi (Naturhistorisches Museum Basel), Paolo Pantini (Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali, Bergamo), Georges Wauthy (Belgian Royal Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels), Janet Beccaloni (Natural History Museum, London, Great Britain), Jürgen Gruber (Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria), Jason Dunlop (Naturhistorisches Forschungsinstitut, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany), Nikolaj Scharff (Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen), Marjan Komnenov (Skopje, Republic of Macedonia), Ivo Karaman (Dep. of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad University, Serbia), Peter Schwendinger (Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Genève, Switzerland), Arturo Muñoz-Cuevas (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris), Christa Deeleman-Reinhold (Ossendrecht), Peter Jäger (Naturmuseum und Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany), Roman Ozimec (Zagreb, Croatia). J. Gruber and P. Schwendinger provided helpful information on collection under their care. Marshal Hedin (San Diego State University) sent helpful information on primers for 28S rRNA sequencing. The German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, Bonn) supported A. L. S. with a 2.5 month travel grant. The ‘Landesgraduiertenförderung Rheinland-Pfalz’ provided a two year grant to A. L. S. to work on his PhD dissertation. ‘Wagner-Stiftung’ and ‘Feldbausch-Stiftung’, both at Fachbereich Biologie, Mainz University, provided annual travel grants for field work to J. M. To our knowledge all specimens examined were collected according to current regulations.
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