Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Invertebrate Systematics Invertebrate Systematics Society
Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > IS > IS05001
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 19(6)

Phylogenetic relationships within Nereididae (Annelida : Phyllodocida)

Cinthya S. G. Santos A , Fredrik Pleijel B , Paulo Lana A and Greg W. Rouse C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 50002, Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, 83255-000, Paraná, Brasil.

B Department of Marine Ecology, Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, Göteborg University, SE-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden, and Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 7138, ‘Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution’, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.

C South Australian Museum Nth Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000 and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.

D Corresponding author. Email: rouse.greg@saugov.sa.gov.au

Invertebrate Systematics 19(6) 557-576 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS05001
Submitted: 19 January 2005  Accepted: 25 September 2005   Published: 16 January 2006

Abstract

Nereididae Johnston, 1865, part of the large clade Phyllodocida, is one of the best-known annelid groups. Presently, there are some 500 nominal species grouped into 42 genera, although there is little consensus among different authors as to how they should be classified. The relationships of nereidids were assessed in a morphology-based parsimony analysis of 41 terminal taxa, with members of Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae used as outgroups. Type species for the majority of currently recognised nereidid genera were used as terminal taxa, and character information was based on examination of type and non-type specimens, together with literature descriptions. High degrees of homoplasy were found for several features that are traditionally applied to delineate subgroups of Nereididae, including the presence of paragnaths and the distribution of different kinds of chaetae. Six major groups were recovered: Namanereidinae, including Namalycastis and Namanereis, characterised by spherical shape of palpostyles and ventrally displaced notoaciculae; one clade corresponding in part to previous authors concepts of Nereidinae, including Nereis, Eunereis, Hediste and Platynereis (the relationships of several well known nereidids, such as Neanthes and Perinereis, commonly referred to Nereidinae, could not be unambiguously resolved); one unnamed and not previously recognised clade (A), including Australonereis, Laeonereis, Dendronereides and Olganereis, characterised by the presence of papillae on the maxillary ring; a second unnamed clade (B), including Leptonereis, Sinonereis, Tylonereis and Tylorrhynchus, characterised by enlarged notopodial ligulae; a well supported Gymnonereidinae, restricted to Ceratocephale, Gymnonereis, Tambalagamia and Micronereides; and a third unnamed clade (C), including Ceratonereis, Solomononereis, Unanereis, Cheilonereis and Websterinereis, characterised by unilobated neuropodial postchaetal lobes. Among these groups we found good support for the Namanereidinae, the Gymnonereidinae and for the whole of Nereididae. The subfamilies Dendronereidinae and Notophycinae (based on Micronereis, senior synonym of Notophycus) are regarded here as monotypic.


Acknowledgments

Danny Eibye-Jacobsen, Robin Wilson and Chris Glasby are gratefully acknowledged for comments on previous versions of the manuscript. CS wishes to thank CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, no. BEX0487/99-6) and CNPQ (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, no. 142013/1997-8) for financial support. FP was supported by Formas, dnr 2004-0085, and GWR by the Australian Research Council and South Australian Museum.


References


Augener H. (1922) Ueber litorale Polychaeten von Westindien. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1922, 38–53. open url image1

Bakken T., Wilson R. S. (2005) Phylogeny of nereidids (Polychaeta, Nereididae) with paragnaths. Zoologica Scripta 34, 507–547.
| Crossref |
open url image1

Banse K. (1977a) Gymnonereidinae new subfamily: the Nereididae (Polychaeta) with bifid parapodial neurocirri. Journal of Natural History 11, 609–628. open url image1

Banse K. (1977b). A new subfamily, Notophycinae (Polychaeta: Nereididae) for Micronereis Claparède and Quadricirra, new genus. In ‘Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr Olga Hartman’. (Eds D. J. Reish and K. Fauchald.) pp. 115–140. (Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.)

Benham W. B. (1916). ‘Report on the Polychaeta Obtained by the F.I.S. ‘Endeavour’ on the Coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Part 2.’ (H.C. Dannevig: Sydney, Australia.)

Benham W. B. (1950) Polychaeta and Oligochaeta of the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Cape Expedition Series 10, 1–35. open url image1

Berkeley E., Berkeley C. (1953) Micronereis nanaimoensis sp. n., with some notes on its life history. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 10, 85–95. open url image1

Blake J. A. (1975) The larval development of Polychaeta from the northern California coast. III. Eighteen species of Errantia. Ophelia 14, 23–84. open url image1

Blanchard E. (1849). Fauna Chilena. Anulares. In ‘Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Segun documentos adquiridos en esta republica durante doce anos de residencia en alla’. (Ed. C. Gay.) pp. 5–52. (Paris, France.)

Cazaux C. (1969) Étude morphologique du developpement larvaire d’annelides polychètes (Basin d’Arcachon). II. Phyllodocidae, Syllidae, Nereidae. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale 110, 145–202. open url image1

Chamberlin R. V. (1919) The Annelida Polychaeta. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 48, 1–514. open url image1

Chambers S. J., and Garwood P. R. (1992). ‘Polychaetes from Scottish Waters. Part 3. Family Nereidae.’ (National Museums of Scotland: Edinburgh, UK.)

Chiaje S. delle (1825). Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. (Stamperia delle Societa Tipografica: Napoli, Italy.)

Claparède É. (1863). ‘Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Küste von Normandie angestellt.’ (W. Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany.)

Corrêa D. D. (1948) A polychaete from the Amazon region. Unversidade de São Paolo Boletins de Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Zoologia 13, 245–252. open url image1

Dahlgren T. G. (1996) Two new species of Dysponetus (Polychaeta: Chrysopetalidae) from Italy and Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 109, 575–585. open url image1

Dahlgren T. G., Pleijel F. (1995) On the generic allocation of Chrysopetalum caecum (Polychaeta, Chrysopetalidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 92, 159–173. open url image1

Dahlgren T. G., Lundberg J., Pleijel F., Sundberg P. (2000) Morphological and molecular evidence of the phylogeny of Nereidiform polychaetes (Annelida). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 38, 249–253.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Dales R. P. (1962) The polychaete stomodeum and the interrelationships of the families of Polychaeta. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 139, 389–428. open url image1

Day J. H. (1962) Polychaeta from several localities in the western Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 139, 627–656. open url image1

Day J. H. (1963) The polychaete fauna of South Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Zoology 10, 381–445. open url image1

Day J. H. (1967). ‘A Monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 1. Errantia.’ (Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History): London, UK.)

Durchon M. (1956) Mode de reproduction et développement de Nereis (Ceratonereis) costae Grube (Annélide polychète) à Alger. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale 93, 57–69. open url image1

Ehlers E. (1908) Die bodensässigen Anneliden aus dem Sammlungen der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ‘Valdivia’ 1898–1899 16, 1–168. open url image1

Eriksson T. (1999). ‘AutoDecay Version 4.0.2.’ (Computer program distributed by the author.) (Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Stockholm, Sweden.) Available online at: www.bergianska.se/index_forskning_soft.html (verified November 2005).

Farris S. J., Albert V. A., Källersjö M., Lipscomb D., Kluge A. G. (1996) Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics 12, 99–124.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Fauchald K. (1977) The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Series 28, 1–188. open url image1

Fauchald K., Belman B. W. (1972) A notophycid polychaete from California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 71, 107–108. open url image1

Fauvel P. (1911) Annélides polychètes du Golfe Persique recueillies par M. N. Bogoyawlensky. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale 6, 353–439. open url image1

Fauvel P. (1936) Polychètes. Résultats du Voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897–99 1, 1–46. open url image1

Feuerborn H. J. (1932) Eine Rhizocephale un zwei Polychaeten aus dem Suesswasser von Java und Sumatra. Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische Limnologie. Stuttgart 5, 618–660. open url image1

Fitzhugh K. (1987) Phylogenetic relationships within the Nereididae (Polychaeta): implications at the subfamily level. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 7, 174–183. open url image1

Gambi M. C. (1994) Polychaetes of commercial and applied interest in Italy: an overview. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. Paris 162, 593–601. open url image1

Gibbs P. E. (1971) The polychaete fauna of the Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 21, 101–211. open url image1

Gilpin-Brown J. B. (1959) The reproduction and larval development of Nereis fucata (Savigny). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 38, 65–80. open url image1

Glasby C. J. (1986) Population structure and reproductive biology of Ceratonereis limnetica (Polychaeta: Nereididae) at Lower Portland, Hawkesbury River, Australia. Marine Biology 90, 589–595.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Glasby C. J. (1991) Phylogenetic relationships in the Nereididae (Annelida: Polychaeta), chiefly in the subfamily Gymnonereidinae, and the monophyly of the Namanereidinae. Bulletin of Marine Science 48, 559–573. open url image1

Glasby C. J. (1993) Family revision and cladistic analysis of the Nereidoidea (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida). Invertebrate Taxonomy 7, 1551–1573.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Glasby C. J. (1999) The Namanereidinae (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Part 1, taxonomy and phylogeny. Records of the Australian Museum 25 , 1–129. open url image1

Grube A.-E. (1869) Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858 and 1859. Novara-Expedition 2, 1–48. open url image1

Grube A. E. (1872) Mittheilungen über St. Malo und Roscoff und die dortige Meeres- besonders die Annelidenfauna. Abhandlungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Cultur 1870, 75–146. open url image1

Harrington N. R. (1897) On nereids commensal with hermit crabs. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 16, 214–221. open url image1

Hartman O. (1945) The marine annelids of North Carolina. Duke University Marine Station Bulletin 2, 1–54. open url image1

Hartman O. (1954) Australian Nereidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 77, 1–41. open url image1

Hartman O. (1959) Capitellidae and Nereidae (marine annelids) from the gulf side of Florida with a review of freshwater Nereidae. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 9, 153–168. open url image1

Hartman O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications. Occasional Paper 28, 1–378. open url image1

Hartman O. (1974) Polychaetous annelids of the Indian Ocean including an account of species collected by members of the International Indian Ocean Expeditions, 1963–1964, and a catalogue and bibliography of the species from India. Part I. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 16, 191–252. open url image1

Hartmann-Schröder G. (1977a) Profundilycastis profundus (Hartman, 1965) (Nereidae, Polychaeta): Wiederbeschreibung des Holotypus. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 74, 45–48. open url image1

Hartmann-Schröder G. (1977b). The genera Ceratocephale Malmgren, Olganereis n. gen., and Profundilycastis n. gen. (Nereidae, Polychaeta) with a key to the nereid genera without chitinous paragnaths. In ‘Essays on Polychaetous Annelids in Memory of Dr. Olga Hartman’. (Eds D. J. Reish and K. Fauchald.) pp. 141–155. (University of Southern California, Allan Hancock Press: Los Angeles, CA, USA.)

Hartmann-Schröder G. (1979) Die Polychaeten der ‘Atlantischen Kuppenfahrt’ von F.S. ‘Meteor’ (Fahrt 9c, 1967). 1. Proben aus Schleppgeräten. Meteor Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D 31, 63–90. open url image1

Hartmann-Schröder G. (1985) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Küsten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 11. Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südküste Australiens (zwischen Port Lincoln im Westen und Port Augusta im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut 82, 61–99. open url image1

Hartmann-Schröder G. (1996) Annelida, Borstenwürmer, Polychaeta. 2., neubearbeitete Auflage. Tierwelt Deutschlands 58, 1–648. open url image1

He M., Wu Q. (1989) A new genus and a new species of Nereidae. Acta Oceanologica Sinica In Chinese 8, 441–443. open url image1

Hessle C. (1925) Einiges über die Hesioniden und die Stellung der Gattung Ancistrosyllis. Arkiv för Zoologi 17a, 1–36. open url image1

Hoagland R. A. (1920) Polychaetous annelids collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer “Albatross” during the Philippine Expedition of 1907–1909. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 100, 603–635. open url image1

Horst R. (1918) On a species of Lycastis and three aberrant forms of Nereidae from the Dutch East Indies. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 4, 246–250. open url image1

Horst R. (1919) Three new Nereis-species from the Dutch East Indies. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 5, 59–64. open url image1

Hutchings P. A., Reid A. (1990) The Nereididae (Polychaeta) from Australia—Gymnonereidinae sensu Fizhugh, 1987: Australonereis, Ceratocephale, Dendronereides, Gymnonereis, Nicon, Olganereis and Websterinereis. Records of the Australian Museum 42, 69–100. open url image1

Hutchings P., Reid A., Wilson R. (1991) Perinereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae) from Australia, with redescription of six additional species. Records of the Australian Museum 43, 241–274. open url image1

Hutchings P. A., Turvey S. P. (1982) The Nereididae of South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 106, 93–144. open url image1

Hylleberg J., Nateewathana A. (1988) Polychaetes of Thailand. Nereididae (Part 2): Ceratocephale and Gymnonereis, with description of two new species and notes on the subfamily Gymnonereidinae. Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin 49, 1–20. open url image1

Imajima M. (1972) Review of the annelid worms of the family Nereidae of Japan, with descriptions of five new species or subspecies. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. Series A (Zoology) 15, 37–153. open url image1

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999). ‘International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.’ 4th edn. (The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature: London, UK.)

Johnson H. P. (1903). ‘Fresh-water Nereids from the Pacific Coast and Hawaii, with Remarks on Fresh-water Polychaeta in General. Mark Anniversary Volume.’ pp 205–222. (Henry Holt & Co.: New York, USA.)

Johnston G. (1840) Miscellanea Zoologica. British Annelids. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4, 368–375. open url image1

Johnston G. (1865). ‘A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collection of the British Museum.’ (British Museum: London, UK.)

Khlebovitch V. V. (1996). ‘Fauna of Russia and Neighbouring Countries. Polychaetous Annelids Volume III. Polychaetes of the Family Nereididae of the Russian Seas and the Adjacent Waters.’ (NAUKA Publishing House: St Petersburg, Russia.)

Khlebovitch V. V., Wu B.-L. (1962) Polychaetes of the Yellow Sea 3: Family Nereidae (Polychaeta, Errantia). Studia Marina Sinica 1, 33–53. open url image1

Kinberg J. G. H. (1866a) Annulata nova. Öfversigt af K. Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar. Stockholm 22, 167–179. open url image1

Kinberg J. G. H. (1866b) Annulata Nova. Öfversigt af K. Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar. Stockholm 22, 239–258. open url image1

Knox G. A., Cameron D. B. (1970) Polychaeta from the Snare Islands, New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 12, 73–85. open url image1

Langerhans P. (1880) Die Wurmfauna Madeiras. II. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 33, 267–316. open url image1

León-González J. A., Solís-Weiss V. (2000) A review of the polychaete family Nereididae from western Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 67, 549–569. open url image1

Levinsen G. M. R. (1879) Om to nye slægter af arctiske chætopode Annelider. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1879–80, 9–18. open url image1

Linnaeus C. (1758). ‘Systema naturae. Per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis.’ (Laurentii Salvii: Stockholm, Sweden.)

Maddison W. P., and Maddison D. R. (1996). ‘MacClade 3.06.’ (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA.)

Malmgren A. J. (1867) Annulata Polychaeta Spetsbergiae, Groenlandiae, Islandiae et Scandinaviae hactenus cognita. Öfversigt af K. Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar. Stockholm 24, 127–235. open url image1

Marenzeller E. (1879) Südjapanische Anneliden. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften 41, 109–152. open url image1

Mazurkiewicz M. (1975) Larval development and habits of Laeonereis culveri (Webster) (Polychaeta: Nereidae). The Biological Bulletin 149, 186–204. open url image1

Müller O. F. (1776). ‘Zoologicae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium.’ (Hallageriis: Copenhagen, Denmark.)

Nageswara Rao C. A. (1981) On two new polychaetes (Nereidae: Annelida) from estuarine waters of India. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India 3, 213–217. open url image1

Okuda S. (1938) Polychaetous annelids from the vicinity of the Mitsui Institute of Marine Biology. Japanese Journal of Zoology 8, 75–105. open url image1

Olive P. J. W. (1994) Polychaeta as a world resource: a review of patterns of exploitation as sea angling baits, and potential for aquaculture based production. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. Paris 162, 603–610. open url image1

Paik E.-I. (1977) Studies of polychaetous annelid worms of the family Nereidae in Korea. Research Bulletin of the Hyosung Women's College 19, 131–227. open url image1

Paxton H. (1983) Revision of the genus Micronereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae: Notophycinae). Records of the Australian Museum 35, 1–18. open url image1

Perkins T. H. (1980) Review of the species previously referred to Ceratonereis mirabilis, and descriptions of new species of Ceratonereis, Nephtys, and Goniada (Polychaeta). Proceedings. Biological Society of Washington 93, 1–49. open url image1

Peters W. C. (1854) Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mosambique in 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Monatsberichten 1854, 610–614. open url image1

Pettibone M. H. (1970) Polychaeta Errantia of the Siboga-Expedition. Part IV: Some additional polychaetes of the Polynoidae, Hesionidae, Nereidae, Goniadidae, Eunicidae and Onuphidae, selected as new species by the late Dr. Hermann Augener with remarks on other related species. Siboga Expeditie 24, 1–72. open url image1

Pettibone M. H. (1971) Revision of some species referred to Leptonereis, Nicon, and Laeonereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 104, 1–53. open url image1

Pillai T. G. (1961) Annelida Polychaeta of Tambalagam Lake, Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences 4, 1–40. open url image1

Pleijel F. (1995) On character coding for phylogeny reconstruction. Cladistics 11, 309–315.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Pleijel F. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of Hesionidae (Polychaeta). Zoologica Scripta 27, 89–163.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Pleijel F. (2001). 20. Nereididae Johnston, 1865. In ‘Polychaetes’. (Eds G. W. Rouse and F. Pleijel.). pp. 96–98. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)

Pleijel F., Dahlgren T. G. (1998) Position and delineation of Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta, Phyllodocida). Cladistics 14, 129–150.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Quatrefages A. d (1866). ‘Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d’eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens.’ (Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: Paris, France.)

Reish D. J. (1954) The life history and ecology of the polychaetous annelid Nereis grubei (Kinberg).  Allan Hancock Foundation Publications. Occasional Paper 14, 1–75. open url image1

Reish D. J. (1957) The life history of the polychaetous annelid Neanthes caudata (delle Chiaje), including a summary of development in the family Nereidae. Pacific Science 11, 216–228. open url image1

Reish D. J. (1961) A new species of Micronereis (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Marshall Islands. Pacific Science 15, 273–277. open url image1

Rouse G. W., Fauchald K. (1997) Cladistics and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta 26, 139–204.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Rouse G. W., and Pleijel F. (2001). ‘Polychaetes.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)

Rullier F. (1954) Recherches sur la morphologie et la reproduction du Nereidien Micronereis variegata Claparède. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale 91, 195–233. open url image1

Rullier F. (1963) Une petite collection d’Annélides Polychètes de l’Ile Maurice. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 87, 471–481. open url image1

Sars M. (1835). ‘Beskrivelser og iagttagelser over nogle maerkelige eller nye i havet ved den bergenske kyst levende dyr af polypernes, acephalernes, radiaternes, annelidernes og molluskernes classer, med en kort oversigt over de hidtil af forfatteren sammesteds fundne arter og deres forekommen.’ (Thorstein Hallegers Forlag hos Chr. Dahl: Bergen, Norway.)

Sars M. (1862) Uddrag af en af detaillerade Afbildningar ledsaget udførlig Beskrivelse over følgende Norske Annelider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania 1862, 87–95. open url image1

Savigny J.-C. (1822) Système des annelides, principalement de celles des côtes de l’Égypte et de la Syrie, offrant les caractères tant distinctifs que naturels des Ordres, Familles et Genres, avec la Description des Espèces. Description de l’Egypte. Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1, 1–128. open url image1

Smith R. I. (1964) On the early development of Nereis diversicolor in different salinities. Journal of Morphology 114, 437–463.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Southern R. (1921) Polychaeta of the Chilka Lake and also of fresh and brackish waters in other parts of India. Memoirs of the Indian Museum 5, 563–659. open url image1

Swofford D. L. (2001). ‘PAUP* 4.0. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4.’ (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA.)

Webster H. E. (1879) Annelida chaetopoda of the Virginian coast. Transactions Albany Institute New York 9, 202–269. open url image1

Wesenberg-Lund E. (1958) Lesser Antillean polychaetes, chiefly from brackish water, with a survey and a bibliography of fresh and brackish-water polychaetes. Studies on the Fauna of Curaco and other Caribbean Islands 8, 1–41. open url image1

Wilson R. S. (1988) Synonymy of the genus Nectoneanthes Imajama, 1972 with Neanthes Kinberg, 1866 (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Proceedings. Biological Society of Washington 101, 4–10. open url image1

Wilson R. S. (2003). Nereididae (Polychaeta). A DELTA database of genera, and Australian species. In ‘Polychaetes. An Interactive Identification Guide’. (Eds R. S. Wilson, P. A. Hutchings and C. J. Glasby.) CD ROM. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Australia.)

Wu B.-L., Sun R. (1979) Revision of the genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, with description of a new genus Sinonereis (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Oceanic Selections 2, 95–112. open url image1

Wu B.-L., Sun R., and Yang D. J. (1985). ‘The Nereidae (Polychaetous Annelids) of the Chinese Coast.’ (China Ocean Press: Beijing, China.)