Effects of malachite green on biochemistry and photosystem II photochemistry of Eichhornia crassipes
Jyotshana Sharma A , Garishma Shah A , Reto J. Strasser B and Vineet Soni
A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India.
B Plant Bioenergetics Laboratory, University of Geneva, Jussy, Geneva 1254, Switzerland.
Functional Plant Biology 50(8) 663-675 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP23094
Submitted: 24 April 2023 Accepted: 11 June 2023 Published: 28 June 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) is a common synthetic dye that raises environmental concerns. This study reveals that MG has inhibitory effects on the biochemistry and physiology of Eichhornia crassipes. Effects of different concentrations of MG on ROS-scavenging enzymes, α-amylase, proline, chlorophyll pigments, and various photosynthetic parameters of E. crassipes were investigated. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis coupled with the JIP test showed the inhibitory effects of MG on biochemistry and photosynthetic potential depended on concentration and time. Up to 2 days of MG exposure, α-amylase and proline were upregulated with increasing MG concentration. When exposure time and concentration increased, all the parameters initially increased, then sharply declined. Chlorophyll content decreased with exposure time and concentration. Due to the slowing down of electron transport on the donor side brought on by MG exposure, P680+ builds up. According to an analysis of E. crassipes PSII activity, exposure to MG raises the proportion of inactive PSII reaction centres and active PSII centres. After increasing the exposure period (2, 4, and 6 days) and MG concentration (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L−1), it decreased the absorption efficiency electron transport potential, maximal quantum yield of primary photochemistry, and the quantum yield of electron transport. These modifications led to a decline in the entire photosynthesis performance. The current research suggests that MG has detrimental effects on plants; therefore, the need for stringent regulations to prevent the release of dye-containing effluents into aquatic environments.
Keywords: antioxidant enzyme, chlorophyll fluorescence, Eichhornia crassipes, electron transport, malachite green, photosynthesis, photosystem II, synthetic dye.
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