Variability and trend of sea level in southern waters of Java, Indonesia
Amalia Nurlatifah
A * , Martono A , Indah Susanti A and Mamat Suhermat A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Center of Atmospheric Research and Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, West Java, 40173, Indonesia.
* Correspondence to: amalianurlatifah92@gmail.com
Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 71(3) 272-283 https://doi.org/10.1071/ES21004
Submitted: 13 February 2021 Accepted: 3 October 2021 Published: 8 December 2021
© 2021 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of BoM. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
The coastal area of Java has become a centre of new economic growth. The southern coast of Java, which is directly adjacent to the tropical Indian Ocean, is very vulnerable to sea level rise caused by climate change. Information on variability and trends in sea level are therefore very important for adaptation and disaster mitigation efforts. This research was conducted to determine the variability and trend of sea level in the southern sea of Java. Data used were from satellite altimeter from 1993 to 2018 and tide gauges from 2007 to 2015. The rate of sea level rise was analysed using linear regression. The results showed that the sea level variability in the southern waters of Java was influenced by the Asian–Australian monsoon, eddy currents and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During June–November, there was a very significant decrease in sea level, especially in the south of East Java and Central Java, which was caused by upwelling and eddy currents. When there was a positive phase of IOD and an El Niño event, sea level decreased; conversely, when the IOD was in a negative phase, sea level increased. For the period 1993–2018, the sea level in the southern waters of Java increased by about 4.7 mm/year.
Keywords: climate change, dipole mean index, EL Niño southern oscillation, Indonesia, Indian ocean dipole, sea level rise, sea level anomalies, southern Java, southern oscillation index, variability.
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