Register      Login
Australian Energy Producers Journal Australian Energy Producers Journal Society
Journal of Australian Energy Producers
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Don’t forget your keys when trying to unlock the productivity of low-permeability coals

Raymond L. Johnson Jr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0659-3770 A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Novus Fuels, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.




Prof Raymond (Ray) L. Johnson, Jr is General Manager Technical Services, Novus Fuels and Professor of Well Engineering and Production Technology, The Centre for Natural Gas, The University of Queensland. He has a PhD in mining engineering, MSc in petroleum engineering, Graduate Diploma in Information Technology, and BA in Chemistry. Ray is a Life Member of the SPE, past chair of the SPE Queensland Section, Technical Committee roles and Chair of Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibitions, 2013 and 2015 co-Chair of the SPE Unconventional Reservoir Conference and Exhibition Asia Pacific, 2023 co-Chair of the SPE Unconventional Reservoir Symposium Asia Pacific and Technical Award Recipient of SPE Regional Awards for Production Engineering (2011) and Management and Information (2017). He has been actively involved as an author and researcher in the areas of reservoir geomechanics; hydraulic fracture design, execution, and evaluation; and unconventional resources estimation and development. Ray is also a member of AAPG, AusIMM, and a Fellow Engineers Australia

* Correspondence to: ray.johnsosn@novusfuels.com

Australian Energy Producers Journal 64 80-90 https://doi.org/10.1071/EP23158
Submitted: 5 December 2023  Accepted: 8 February 2024  Published: 16 May 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of Australian Energy Producers.

Abstract

Low-permeability coal seam gas (CSG) wells have been the subject of laboratory research and modelling studies over the past decade, particularly focusing on the pressure-dependent permeability (PDP) behaviour of coals. These research efforts have progressed diagnostic methods to identify and quantify PDP and provide practical technologies to counter these effects. Firstly, machine learning methods based on drilling and historical well-test data can provide insight into the range of coal permeability during drilling. Next, the process of history-matching the after-closure pressures from a diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT), using reservoir simulators, can determine best-fit values for fracture compressibility, a key parameter for reservoir models. Finally, these data, along with DFIT reservoir pressure and permeability data, can inform the decision-making process regarding the most applicable completion strategy and aid developmental planning. For areas where vertical or surface-to-inseam (SIS) wells have been unsuccessful, new hydraulic fracturing technologies have been developed to enhance the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) in coals, using horizontal wells with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in excess of 20 stages. Recent laboratory and modelling of micro-proppants has extended prior laboratory and modelling studies and provided insight into proppant transport, embedment, and screen-out behaviour. These well stimulation technologies can be co-applied in new or existing CSG fields and are suitable for areas where overlapping tenements limit conventional, steel-based completion strategies. In conclusion, this paper will bring the key findings of these studies together in a cohesive framework and provide the workflows to implement these technologies for better productivity in low-permeability coals.

Keywords: CBM, coal seam gas, coalbed methane, CSG, DFIT, diagnostic fracture injection test, hydraulic fracturing, indirect hydraulic fracturing, low-permeability, micro-proppants.

Biographies

EP23158_B1.gif

Prof Raymond (Ray) L. Johnson, Jr is General Manager Technical Services, Novus Fuels and Professor of Well Engineering and Production Technology, The Centre for Natural Gas, The University of Queensland. He has a PhD in mining engineering, MSc in petroleum engineering, Graduate Diploma in Information Technology, and BA in Chemistry. Ray is a Life Member of the SPE, past chair of the SPE Queensland Section, Technical Committee roles and Chair of Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibitions, 2013 and 2015 co-Chair of the SPE Unconventional Reservoir Conference and Exhibition Asia Pacific, 2023 co-Chair of the SPE Unconventional Reservoir Symposium Asia Pacific and Technical Award Recipient of SPE Regional Awards for Production Engineering (2011) and Management and Information (2017). He has been actively involved as an author and researcher in the areas of reservoir geomechanics; hydraulic fracture design, execution, and evaluation; and unconventional resources estimation and development. Ray is also a member of AAPG, AusIMM, and a Fellow Engineers Australia

References

Atkinson C, Thiercelin M (1993) The interaction between the wellbore and pressure-induced fractures. International Journal of Fracture 59(1), 23-40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Banerjee S (2020) Understanding well interference and parent-child well relationships with liquid molecular chemical tracer technology. Journal of Petroleum Technology 72(7), 45-47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Barree RD (1983) A practical numerical simulator for three-dimensional fracture propagation in heterogeneous media. SPE 12273-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, San Francisco, California. https://doi.org/10.2118/12273-MS

Barree RD, Mukherjee H (1996) Determination of pressure dependent leakoff and its effect on fracture geometry. SPE-36424-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.2118/36424-MS

Barree RD, Winterfield PH (1998) Effects of shear planes and interfacial slippage on fracture growth and treating pressures. SPE- 48926-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana. https://doi.org/10.2118/48926-MS

Barree RD, Fisher MK, Woodroof RA (2002) A practical guide to hydraulic fracture diagnostic technologies. SPE-77442-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas. https://doi.org/10.2118/77442-MS

Barree RD, Barree VL, Craig D (2009) Holistic fracture diagnostics: Consistent interpretation of prefrac injection tests using multiple analysis methods. SPE Production & Operations 24, 396-406.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Barree RD, Miskimins JL, Gilbert JV (2014) Diagnostic fracture injection tests: Common mistakes, misfires, and misdiagnoses. SPE-169539-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Western North American and Rocky Mountain Joint Meeting, Denver, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.2118/169539-MS

Bedrikovetsky P, Keshavarz A, Khanna A, Kenzie KM, Kotousov A (2012) Stimulation of natural cleats for gas production from coal beds by graded proppant injection. SPE-158761-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Perth, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/158761-MS

Bentley PJD, Megorden MP, Jiang H (2013) Improving hydraulic fracture geometry by directional drilling in coal seam gas formation. SPE-167053-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition-Asia Pacific, Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/167053-MS

Bourne S, Hindriks K, Savitski AA, Ugueto GA, Wojtaszek M (2021) Inference of induced fracture geometries using fiber-optic distributed strain sensing in hydraulic fracture test site 2. URTEC-2021-5472. Paper presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2021-5472

Branajaya R, Archer P, Farley A (2019) Pushing the boundaries – deployment of innovative drilling, completion and production technology to advance a deep coal seam play. The APPEA Journal 59(2), 770-775.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Brannon HD, Tjon-Joe-Pin RM (1996) Characterization of breaker efficiency based upon size distribution of polymeric fragments resulting from degradation of crosslinked fracturing fluids. SPE-36496-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.2118/36496-MS

Busetti S, Flottman T (2018) Modeling hydraulic fracturing in transitional stress regimes, Surat Basin, Australia. Paper Number: ARMA-DFNE-18-0625. Paper presented at the 2nd International Discrete Fracture Network Engineering Conference, Seattle, Washington, USA, June 2018.

Carpenter C (2019) Chemical tracer flowback data help understanding of fluid distribution. Journal of Petroleum Technology 71(9), 75-76.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chen Z, Pan Z, Liu J, Connell LD, Elsworth D (2011) Effect of the effective stress coefficient and sorption-induced strain on the evolution of coal permeability: Experimental observations. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 5(5), 1284-1293.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Computer Modelling Group Ltd. (2020) ‘Gem user guide.’ (CMG Computer Modelling Group Ltd.: Calgary, AB)

Connell LD, Pan Z, Lu M, Heryanto D, Camilleri M (2010) Coal permeability and its behaviour with gas desorption, pressure and stress. SPE-133915-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/133915-MS

Connell LD, Mazumder S, Marinello S, Sander R, Camilleri M, Pan Z, Heryanto D (2013) Characterisation of Bowen Basin coal shrinkage and geomechanical properties and their influence on reservoir permeability. SPE-165822-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2118/165822-MS

Daneshy A (2018) Analysis of horizontal well fracture interactions, and completion steps for reducing the resulting production interference. Paper SPE-191671-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.2118/191671-MS

Dawson GKW, Esterle JS (2010) Controls on coal cleat spacing. International Journal of Coal Geology 82(3), 213-218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Di Vaira N (2023) Investigating the transport of proppant and micro-proppant in fracture networks via direct numerical simulation of particle-laden flows. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld.

Flottman T, Brooke-Barnett S, Naidu SK, Paul PK, Kirk-Burnnand E, Busetti S, Hennings PH, Trubshaw RL (2013) Influence of in situ stresses on fracture stimulation in the Surat Basin, southeast Queensland. SPE-167064-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition-Asia Pacific, Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/167064-MS

Fraser SA, Johnson Jr RL (2018) Impact of laboratory testing variability in fracture conductivity for stimulation effectiveness in permian deep coal source rocks, Cooper Basin, South Australia. Paper SPE-191883-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/191883-MS

Hatmi S, Harthi M, Rashed R (2023) Intelligent chemical tracers provide zonal flow identification in a high water cut well. Paper SPE-216153-MS. Paper presented at the ADIPEC, Abu Dhabi, UAE. https://doi.org/10.2118/216153-MS

Hopkins CW, Frantz JH, Flumerfelt RW, Spivey JP (1998) Pitfalls of injection/falloff testing in coalbed methane reservoirs. Paper SPE-39772-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, Texas. https://doi.org/10.2118/39772-MS

Howard GC, Fast CR (1957) Optimum fluid characteristics for fracture extension, paper api-57-261. In ‘Drilling and Production Practice’. p. 10. (American Petroleum Institute: New York, NY)

Jeffrey RG (2008) Experience mapping fracs at northparkes mine, NSW. [Personal communication to author, Friday 7 Nov 2008]

Jeffrey RG, Settari A (1998) An instrumented hydraulic fracture experiment in coal. SPE-39908-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Rocky Mountain Regional/Low-Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.2118/39908-MS

Jeffrey RG, Byrnes RP, Lynch PJ, Ling DJ (1992) An analysis of hydraulic fracture and mineback data for a treatment in the german creek coal seam. SPE-24362-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting, Casper, Wyoming. https://doi.org/10.2118/24362-MS

Jeffrey RG, Settari A, Smith NP (1995) A comparison of hydraulic fracture field experiments, including mineback geometry data, with numerical fracture model simulations. SPE-30508-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas. https://doi.org/10.2118/30508-MS

Jeffrey RG, Vandamme L, Hinkel J, Homer DM (1987a) Propagation of fractures in coal: Equivalent modulus and parallel fracture effects. Paper No. 8725, Proceedings 1987 Coalbed Methane Symposium, 16–19 November, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. pp. 113–118.

Jeffrey RG, Vandamme L, Roegiers JC (1987b) Mechanical interactions in branched or subparallel hydraulic fractures. SPE-16422-MS. Paper presented at the SPE/DOE Joint Symposium on Low Permeability Reservoirs, Denver, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.2118/16422-MS

Jeffrey RG, Vlahovic W, Doyle RP, Wood JH (1998) Propped fracture geometry of three hydraulic fractures in sydney basin coal seams. SPE 50061-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Perth, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/50061-MS

Johnson Jr RL, Hopkins CW, Zuber MD (2000) Technical challenges in the development of unconventional gas resources in australia. The APPEA Journal 40, 450-468.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Johnson Jr RL, Flottman T, Campagna DJ (2002) Improving results of coalbed methane development strategies by integrating geomechanics and hydraulic fracturing technologies. SPE-77824-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/77824-MS

Johnson Jr RL, Glassborow B, Datey A, Pallikathekathil ZJ, Meyer JJ (2010a) Utilizing current technologies to understand permeability, stress azimuths and magnitudes and their impact on hydraulic fracturing success in a coal seam gas reservoir. SPE-133066-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/133066-MS

Johnson Jr RL, Scott M, Jeffrey RG, Chen ZY, Bennett L, Vandenborn C, Tcherkashnev S (2010b) Evaluating hydraulic fracture effectiveness in a coal seam gas reservoir from surface tiltmeter and microseismic monitoring. SPE-133063-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy. https://doi.org/10.2118/133063-MS

Johnson Jr RL, Cheong S, Farley A (2020a) Characterizing the application of horizontal wells and indirect hydraulic fracturing for improved coal seam gas drainage. The APPEA Journal 61, 89-105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Johnson Jr RL, You Z, Ribeiro A, Mukherjee S, Salomao de Santiago V, Leonardi CR (2020b) Integrating reservoir characterisation, diagnostic fracture injection testing, hydraulic fracturing and post-frac well production data to define pressure dependent permeability behavior in coal. Paper SPE-202330-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, Virtual. https://doi.org/10.2118/202281-MS

Johnson RL, Ramanandraibe HM, Ribeiro A, Ramsay M, Kaa T, Corbett W (2021) Applications of indirect hydraulic fracturing to improve coal seam gas drainage for the Surat and Bowen Basins, Australia. Paper AP-URTEC-2021-208375. Paper presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Virtual. https://doi.org/10.15530/AP-URTEC-2021-208375

Johnson R, Leonardi C, You Z, Rabeiro A, Di Vaira N (2022a) Converting tight contingent CSG resources: Application of graded particle injection in CSG stimulation - National Energy Resources Australia (NERA) project reports. (The University of Queensland, Centre for Natural Gas: Brisbane, Qld)

Johnson Jr RL, Ramanandraibe HM, Di Vaira N, Leonardi C, You Z, Santiago V, Ribeiro A, Badalyan A, Bedrikovetsky P, Zeinijahromi A, Carageorgos T, Sanchez-Barra A, Chalaturnyk RJ, Deisman N (2022b) Implications of recent research into the application of graded particles or micro-proppants for coal seam gas and shale hydraulic fracturing. Paper SPE-210628-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, Adelaide, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/210628-MS

Keshavarz A, Badalyan A, Carageorgos T, Bedrikovetsky P, Johnson Jr RL (2014a) Enhancement of cbm well fracturing through stimulation of cleat permeability by ultra-fine particle injection. The APPEA Journal 54, 155-166.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Keshavarz A, Yang Y, Badalyan A, Johnson Jr RL, Bedrikovetsky P (2014b) Laboratory-based mathematical modelling of graded proppant injection in cbm reservoirs. International Journal of Coal Geology 136, 1-16.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Keshavarz A, Badalyan A, Carageorgos T, Bedrikovetsky P, Johnson R (2015a) Graded proppant injection into coal seam gas and shale gas reservoirs for well stimulation, SPE-174200-MS. Paper presented at the SPE European Formation Damage Conference and Exhibition, Budapest, Hungary. https://doi.org/10.2118/174200-MS

Keshavarz A, Badalyan A, Carageorgos T, Bedrikovetsky P, Johnson Jr RL (2015b) Stimulation of coal seam permeability by micro-sized graded proppant placement using selective fluid properties. Fuel 144, 228-236.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Keshavarz A, Badalyan A, Carageorgos T, Johnson RL, Bedrikovetsky PG (2015c) Effect of suspension fluid chemistry on fracture system stimulation using micro-sized proppant placement. SPE-176953-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/176953-MS

Keshavarz A, Badalyan A, Johnson Jr R, Bedrikovetsky P (2016) Productivity enhancement by stimulation of natural fractures around a hydraulic fracture using micro-sized proppant placement. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 33, 1010-1024.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Khanna A, Keshavarz A, Mobbs K, Davis M, Bedrikovetsky P (2013) Stimulation of the natural fracture system by graded proppant injection. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 111, 71-77.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kirsch EG (1898) Die theorie der elastizität und die bedürfnisse der festigkeitslehre. Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure 42(28), 797-807.
| Google Scholar |

Laubach SE, Marrett RA, Olson JE, Scott AR (1998) Characteristics and origins of coal cleat: A review. International Journal of Coal Geology 35(1), 175-207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Leggett SE, Sakaida S, Zhu D, Hill AD, Kerr E (2023) Interpretation of fracture initiation points by in-well low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing in horizontal wells. SPE Journal 28(5), 2583-2592.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Leonardi CR, Flottmann T, Pandey VJ, Johnson RL (2019) Quantifying the influence of three dimensionality on hydraulic fracturing in coal seam gas wells. Paper URTEC-198203-MS. Paper presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.15530/AP-URTEC-2019-198203

Liu H, Li J, Yuan Z, Liu J, Ren D, Feng J, Lv Y (2020) Modelling of micro-sized graded proppant injection in the natural fractures around a hydraulic fracture with consideration of proppant embedment and deformation. Paper presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE. https://doi.org/10.2118/203451-MS

Luthi SM, Souhaité P (1990) Fracture apertures from electrical borehole scans. Geophysics 55(7), 821-833.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mavor MJ, Cinco-Ley H (1979) Transient pressure behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs. Paper presented at the SPE California Regional Meeting, Ventura, California. https://doi.org/10.2118/7977-MS

Mavor MJ, Vaughn JE (1998) Increasing coal absolute permeability in the san juan basin fruitland formation. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 1(3), 201-206.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mayerhofer MJ, Stutz HL, Davis E, Wolhart S (2006) Optimizing fracture stimulation using treatment-well tiltmeters and integrated fracture modeling. SPE Production & Operations 21(2), 222-229.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nguyen DH, Cramer DD (2013) Diagnostic fracture injection testing tactics in unconventional reservoirs. SPE-163863-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.2118/163863-MS

Olsen TN, Bratton TR, Tanner KV, Donald A, Koepsell R (2007) Application of indirect fracturing for efficient stimulation of coalbed methane. SPE-107985-MS. Paper presented at the Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. https://doi.org/10.2118/107985-MS

Palmer ID (1990) Uplifts and tilts at earth's surface induced by pressure transients from hydraulic fractures. SPE Production Engineering 5(3), 324-332.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Palmer ID, Mansoori J (1998) How permeability depends on stress and pore pressure in coalbeds: A new model. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 1(6), 539-544.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Palmer ID, Moschovidis ZA (1990) Fracture geometries consistent with ttiltmeter data and pressure and tracer communication in the glisp 1-1 stimulation. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology 29(1),.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pan Z, Connell LD (2012) Modelling permeability for coal reservoirs: A review of analytical models and testing data. International Journal of Coal Geology 92(0), 1-44.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Penny GS, Conway MW (1995) ‘Coordinated studies in support of hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane, gri-95/0283.’ (Gas Research Institute: Chicago, IL)

Penny GS, Conway MW, Almond SW, Himes R, Nick KE (1996) ‘Mechanisms and impact of damage resulting from hydraulic fracturing, gri-96/0183.’ (Gas Research Institute: Chicago, IL)

Pokalai K, Kulikowski D, Johnson RLJ, Haghighi M, Cooke D (2016) Development of a new approach for hydraulic fracturing in tight sand with pre-existing natural fractures. The APPEA Journal 12, 225-238.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ramanandraibe HM, Ribeiro AS, Johnson R, You Z (2021) Improved modelling of pressure-dependent permeability behaviour in coal based on a new workflow of petrophysics, hydraulic fracturing and reservoir simulation. The APPEA Journal 61, 106-117.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ramanandraibe HM, Johnson RL, Sedaghat M, Leonardi CR (2023) Co-application of indirect hydraulic fracturing and micro-proppants with existing surface-to-inseam wells to improve pre-drainage of low permeability coals in mining areas. Paper SPE-216613-MS. Paper presented at the ADIPEC, Abu Dhabi, UAE. https://doi.org/10.2118/216613-MS

Ramurthy M, Barree RD, Broacha EF, Longwell JD, Kundert DP, and Tamayo HC (2009) Effects of high process-zone stress in shale stimulation treatments. SPE-123581-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Rocky Mountain Petroleum Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado. https://doi.org/10.2118/123581-MS

Reid T, Zhu D, Hill AD (2023) Experimental investigation using low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing for propagating fractures with shear and normal stresses. Paper SPE-214809-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.2118/214809-MS

Roberts N, Van Buskirk P, Murphy D, Byrd D (2023) Characterization and learnings of far field fracture propagation in the Marcellus Shale using aggregated lf-das datasets. Paper SPE-215913-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Wheeling, West Virginia, USA. https://doi.org/10.2118/215913-MS

Salehi C, Zhong R, Ganpule S, Dewar S, Johnson Jr RL, Chen Z (2020) Estimating coal permeability using machine learning methods. Paper SPE-202271-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, Virtual. https://doi.org/10.2118/202271-MS

Santiago V, Ribeiro A, Johnson Jr RL, Hurter S, You Z (2021) Modelling and economic analyses of graded particle injections in conjunction with hydraulically fracturing of coal seam gas reservoirs. Paper SPE-208404-MS. Paper presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Virtual. https://doi.org/10.15530/AP-URTEC-2021-208404

Santiago V, Ribeiro A, Johnson Jr RL, Hurter S, You Z (2022) Modeling and economic analyses of graded particle injections in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing of coal seam gas reservoirs. SPE Journal 27, 1633-1647.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Scott M, Johnson Jr RL, Datey A, Vandenborn C, Woodroof RA (2010) Evaluating hydraulic fracture geometry from sonic anisotropy and radioactive tracer logs. SPE-133059-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.2118/133059-MS

Singh I, Miskimins JL (2010) A numerical study of the effects of packer-induced stresses and stress shadowing on fracture initiation and stimulation of horizontal wells. SPE-136856-MS. Paper presented at the Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  https://doi.org/10.2118/136856-MS

Sinha B, Datey A, Glassborow B (2011) Hydraulic fracture characterization using cased-hole sonic data. Paper SPWLA-2011-J presented at the SPWLA 52nd Annual Logging Symposium, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Sneddon IN (1946) The distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a crack in an elastic solid. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 187(1009), 229-260.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Stutz HL, Victor DJ, Fisher MK, Griffin LG, Weijers L (2002) Calibrating coal bed methane fracture geometry in the helper utah field using treatment well tiltmeters. SPE-77443-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas. https://doi.org/10.2118/77443-MS

Tayyib D, Al-Qasim A, Kokal S, Huseby O (2019) Overview of tracer applications in oil and gas industry. Paper SPE-198157-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Kuwait Oil & Gas Show and Conference, Mishref, Kuwait. https://doi.org/10.2118/198157-MS

Thiercelin MJ, Plumb RA (1994) A core-based prediction of lithologic stress contrasts in east texas formations. SPE Formation Evaluation 9(4), 251-258.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Vincent MC (2010) Refracs: Why do they work, and why do they fail in 100 published field studies? SPE-134330-MS. Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy.  https://doi.org/10.2118/134330-MS

Wang D, You Z, Johnson RL, Wu L, Bedrikovetsky P, Aminossadati SM, Leonardi CR (2021) Numerical investigation of the effects of proppant embedment on fracture permeability and well production in queensland coal seam gas reservoirs. International Journal of Coal Geology 242, 103689.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Yunpeng W, Tiankui G, Ming C, Zhanqing Q, Zunpeng H, Jinhao C, Dingwei W (2023) Numerical study on simultaneous propagation of multiple fractures: A method to design nonuniform perforation and in-stage diversion. SPE Journal 28(5), 2514-2533.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zoback MD (2007) ‘Reservoir geomechanics.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)