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Bioindicators for monitoring atmospheric perfluorinated compounds: Review of occurrences, transport, fate and analytical protocols

Nnanake-Abasi Offiong , Imeh Okop, Solomon Shaibu, Edidiong Akwaowo, Akwaowo Inyangudoh, Nnamso Ibuotenang, Idongesit Victor, George Robert, Timilehin Adegboyega, Nsikak Benson

Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are persistent organic pollutants with extensive industrial applications, including in firefighting foams, nonstick coatings, and textiles. Their environmental contamination is widespread due to their resistance to degradation and long-range atmospheric transport, leading to their presence in various ecosystems. PFCs pose significant hazards, including bioaccumulation, endocrine disruption, hormonal imbalances, and potential carcinogenic effects. Despite their ubiquity in environmental compartments, atmospheric studies remain limited due to analytical challenges. This review provides the first comprehensive analysis of biomonitoring PFCs in the atmosphere using bioindicators. The databases consulted for the review include Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. By examining existing literature, it identifies key research gaps, highlights analytical limitations, and underscores the need for standardized methods to improve monitoring accuracy.

EN24083  Accepted 18 February 2025

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