Temporal variation of trace elements, rare earth elements and Pb isotope ratios in sediment core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea
Anna Maria Orani A , Emilia Vassileva A E , Sabine Schmidt B , Sylvain Berail C D and Julien P. G. Barre DA International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
B CNRS, OASU, UMR 5805, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), 33615 Pessac, France.
C Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 64053 Pau, France.
D Advanced Isotopic Analysis, Technopole Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Pierre Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
E Corresponding author. Email: e.vasileva-veleva@iaea.org
Environmental Chemistry 17(8) 579-593 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN20078
Submitted: 1 June 2020 Accepted: 15 July 2020 Published: 17 August 2020
Environmental context. Trace elements in coastal environments represent an environmental concern and their monitoring in sediment cores provides insight into their historical sources. A well-dated core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea, provided trace element data, including lead, cadmium, rare earth elements, mercury and methyl mercury. Lead and mercury isotope ratios were useful for the apportionment of pollution sources, indicating that coal burning was a major contributor.
Abstract. We present a comprehensive study on the variation of trace elements (TEs) and rare earth elements (REEs) in a well-dated sediment core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea. Mass fractions of 34 elements (major and trace) together with other relevant parameters, such as organic carbon and grain size, were determined in a 20-cm core that covers the last century. Enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indices were determined to assess the possible influence of anthropogenic inputs on element distribution. The obtained results show that the highest enrichment of TEs occurred in the period 1917–1970 especially for the priority elements as Hg, Cd and Pb. Determination of methylmercury (MeHg) was also performed, as it showed the highest content in surface samples. The MeHg percentages ranged from 0.02 to 1.2 % of the total Hg. REEs, which are nowadays considered as new emerging contaminants, did not reveal high enrichment attributable to anthropogenic influences, but provided useful baseline information for future monitoring of the area. The study of the Pb isotopic composition proved to be a valuable tool in determining the Pb pollution source, and revealed Pb in the layers that showed the highest enrichment came mainly from coal burning. Mercury isotopic signatures in the sediment core were used as a tool to identify the sources of Hg pollution. An isotope mixing model based on mass-dependent (MDF) and mass-independent fractionations (MIF) identified coal burning as the most probable dominant source for Hg anthropogenic contamination in the area.
Additional keywords: Hg isotope ratios, marine pollution, mercury, methylmercury, monitoring study.
References
Abi-Ghanem C, Nakhlé K, Khalaf G, Cossa D (2011). Mercury Distribution and Methylmercury Mobility in the Sediments of Three Sites on the Lebanese Coast, Eastern Mediterranean. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60, 394–405.| Mercury Distribution and Methylmercury Mobility in the Sediments of Three Sites on the Lebanese Coast, Eastern MediterraneanCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20625711PubMed |
Abrahim GMS, Parker RJ (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 136, 227–238.
| Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New ZealandCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Appleby PG (2008). Three decades of dating recent sediments by fallout radionuclides: a review. The Holocene 18, 83–93.
Armstrong-Altrin JS, Verma SP, Madhavaraju J, Il Lee Y, Ramasamy S (2003). Geochemistry of Upper Miocene Kudankulam Limestones, Southern India. International Geology Review 45, 16–26.
| Geochemistry of Upper Miocene Kudankulam Limestones, Southern IndiaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Avramescu ML, Zhu J, Yumvihoze E, Hintelmann H, Fortin D, Lean DRS (2010). Simplified sample preparation procedure for measuring isotope-enriched methylmercury by gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29, 1256–1262.
| Simplified sample preparation procedure for measuring isotope-enriched methylmercury by gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20821567PubMed |
Bagul VR, Shinde DN, Chavan RP, Patil CL, Pawar RK (2015). New perspective on heavy metal pollution of water. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 7, 700–705.
Baptista-Salazar C, Hintelmann H, Biester H (2018). Distribution of mercury species and mercury isotope ratios in soils and river suspended matter of a mercury mining area. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts 20, 621–631.
| Distribution of mercury species and mercury isotope ratios in soils and river suspended matter of a mercury mining areaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beck AJ, Gledhill M, Schlosser C, Stamer B, Böttcher C, Sternheim J, Greinert J, Achterberg EP (2018). Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters. Frontiers in Marine Science 5, 141
| Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine WatersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bełdowski J, Szubska M, Siedlewicz G, Korejwo E, Grabowski M, Bełdowska M, Kwasigroch U, Fabisiak J, Łońska E, Szala M, Pempkowiak J (2019). Sea-dumped ammunition as a possible source of mercury to the Baltic Sea sediments. The Science of the Total Environment 674, 363–373.
| Sea-dumped ammunition as a possible source of mercury to the Baltic Sea sedimentsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31005838PubMed |
Bergquist BA, Blum JD (2007). Mass-Dependent and -Independent Fractionation of Hg Isotopes by Photoreduction in Aquatic Systems. Science 318, 417–420.
| Mass-Dependent and -Independent Fractionation of Hg Isotopes by Photoreduction in Aquatic SystemsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17872409PubMed |
Bhuiyan MAH, Parvez L, Islam MA, Dampare SB, Suzuki S (2010). Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials 173, 384–392.
| Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of BangladeshCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bindler R, Renberg I, Rydberg J, Andrén T (2009). Widespread waterborne pollution in central Swedish lakes and the Baltic Sea from pre-industrial mining and metallurgy. Environmental Pollution 157, 2132–2141.
| Widespread waterborne pollution in central Swedish lakes and the Baltic Sea from pre-industrial mining and metallurgyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19268409PubMed |
Bloom NS, Gill GA, Cappellino S, Dobbs C, McShea L, Driscoll C, Mason R, Rudd J (1999). Speciation and cycling of mercury in Lavaca Bay, Texas, sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 7–13.
| Speciation and cycling of mercury in Lavaca Bay, Texas, sedimentsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blum JD, Bergquist BA (2007). Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercury. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 388, 353–359.
| Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercuryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17375289PubMed |
Blum JD, Sherman LS, Johnson MW (2014). Mercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 42, 249–269.
| Mercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental SciencesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bollhofer A, Rosman KJR (2001). Lead Isotopic Ratios in European Atmospheric Aerosols. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 26, 835–838.
| Lead Isotopic Ratios in European Atmospheric AerosolsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borg H, Jonsson P (1996). Large-scale metal distribution in Baltic Sea sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32, 8–21.
| Large-scale metal distribution in Baltic Sea sedimentsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bottcher C, T Knobloch, N-P Ruhl, J Sternheim, U Wichert and J Wohler (2011). Munitionsbelastung Der Deutschen Meeresgewässer – Bestandsaufnahme Und Empfehlungen, Technical Report, Bund/Länder-Messprogramm Für Die Meeresumwelt von Nord Und Ostsee: Expertenkreis Munition Im Meer.
Bubb JM, Williams TP, Lester JN (1993). The Behaviour of Mercury within a Contaminated Tidal River System. Water Science and Technology 28, 329–338.
| The Behaviour of Mercury within a Contaminated Tidal River SystemCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Buchachenko AL (2001). Magnetic Isotope Effect: Nuclear Spin Control of Chemical Reactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105, 9995–10011.
| Magnetic Isotope Effect: Nuclear Spin Control of Chemical ReactionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carere M, Dulio V, Hanke G, Polesello S (2012). Guidance for sediment and biota monitoring under the Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 36, 15–24.
| Guidance for sediment and biota monitoring under the Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework DirectiveCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carvalho L, Figueira P, Monteiro R, Reis AT, Almeida J, Catry T, Lourenço PM, Catry P, Barbosa C, Catry I, Pereira E, Granadeiro JP, Vale C (2017). Major, minor, trace and rare earth elements in sediments of the Bijagós archipelago, Guinea-Bissau. Marine Pollution Bulletin 129, 829–834.
Chatterjee M, Canário J, Sarkar SK, Branco V, Godhantaraman N, Bhattacharya BD, Bhattacharya A (2012). Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India - A UNESCO World Heritage Site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184, 5239–5254.
| Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India - A UNESCO World Heritage SiteCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21968876PubMed |
Chen CY, Serrell N, Evers DC, Fleishman BJ, Lambert KF, Weiss J, Mason RP, Bank MS (2008). Meeting Report: Methylmercury in marine ecosystems – from sources to seafood consumers. Environmental Health Perspectives 116, 1706–1712.
| Meeting Report: Methylmercury in marine ecosystems – from sources to seafood consumersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19079724PubMed |
Das R, Landing W, Bizimis M, Odom L, Caffrey J (2015). Mass Independent Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes as Source Tracers in Sediments. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 13, 151–157.
| Mass Independent Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes as Source Tracers in SedimentsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Day RD, Roseneau DG, Berail S, Hobson KA, Donard OFX, Vander Pol SS, Pugh RS, Moors AJ, Long SE, Becker PR (2012). Mercury Stable Isotopes in Seabird Eggs Reflect a Gradient from Terrestrial Geogenic to Oceanic Mercury Reservoirs. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 5327–5335.
| Mercury Stable Isotopes in Seabird Eggs Reflect a Gradient from Terrestrial Geogenic to Oceanic Mercury ReservoirsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Díaz-Somoano M, Kylander ME, López-Antón MA, Suárez-Ruiz Díaz-Somoano M, Kylander ME, López-Antón MA, Suárez-Ruiz (2009). Stable lead isotope compositions in selected coals from around the world and implications for present day aerosol source tracing. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 1078–1085.
| Stable lead isotope compositions in selected coals from around the world and implications for present day aerosol source tracingCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drivelos SA, Georgiou CA (2012). Multi-element and multi-isotope-ratio analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods in the European Union. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 40, 38–51.
| Multi-element and multi-isotope-ratio analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods in the European UnionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elbaz-Poulichet F, Seidel J-L, Othoniel C (2002). Occurrence of an anthropogenic gadolinium anomaly in river and coastal waters of Southern France. Water Research 36, 1102–1105.
| Occurrence of an anthropogenic gadolinium anomaly in river and coastal waters of Southern FranceCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11848349PubMed |
Erlenkeuser H, Suess E, Willkomm H (1974). Industrialization affects heavy metal and carbon isotope concentrations in recent Baltic Sea sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 38, 823–842.
| Industrialization affects heavy metal and carbon isotope concentrations in recent Baltic Sea sedimentsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Estrade N, Carignan J, Donard OFX (2011). Tracing and Quantifying Anthropogenic Mercury Sources in Soils of Northern France Using Isotopic Signatures. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 1235–1242.
| Tracing and Quantifying Anthropogenic Mercury Sources in Soils of Northern France Using Isotopic SignaturesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Forstner U, Wittmann G (1981). ‘Metal pollution in the aquatic environment, 2nd edn.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York, NY)
Foucher D, Hintelmann H (2006). High-precision measurement of mercury isotope ratios in sediments using cold-vapor generation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 384, 1470–1478.
| High-precision measurement of mercury isotope ratios in sediments using cold-vapor generation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16550418PubMed |
Foucher D, Ogrinc N, Hintelmann H (2009). Tracing mercury contamination from the idrija mining region (slovenia) to the gulf of trieste using Hg isotope ratio measurements. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 33–39.
| Tracing mercury contamination from the idrija mining region (slovenia) to the gulf of trieste using Hg isotope ratio measurementsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fütterer DK (2006). The solid phase of marine sediments. In ‘Marine geochemistry’. (Eds HD Schulz, M Zabel) pp. 1–25. (Springer: Berlin)
Gäbler HE, Suckow A (2003). Chronology of Anthropogenic Heavy-Metal Fluxes and Pb Isotope Ratios Derived from Radiometrically Dated Lake Sediments in Northern Germany. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 144, 243–262.
| Chronology of Anthropogenic Heavy-Metal Fluxes and Pb Isotope Ratios Derived from Radiometrically Dated Lake Sediments in Northern GermanyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gehrke GE, Blum JD, Slomp CP (2011a). Chapter 3. Mercury Concentration and Isotopic Composition in Modern and Pre-Industrial Baltic Sea Sediments. ‘Mercury Cycling in the Marine Environment: Insights from Hg Stable Isotopes.’ PhD thesis, University of Michigan, pp. 54–83.
Gehrke GE, Blum JD, Marvin-DiPasquale M (2011b). Sources of mercury to San Francisco Bay surface sediment as revealed by mercury stable isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 691–705.
| Sources of mercury to San Francisco Bay surface sediment as revealed by mercury stable isotopesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grigg ARC, Kretzschmar R, Gilli RS, Wiederhold JG (2018). Mercury isotope signatures of digests and sequential extracts from industrially contaminated soils and sediments. The Science of the Total Environment 636, 1344–1354.
| Mercury isotope signatures of digests and sequential extracts from industrially contaminated soils and sedimentsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29913595PubMed |
Guan Q, Cai A, Wang F, Wang L, Wu T, Pan B, Song N, Li F, Lu M (2016). Heavy metals in the riverbed surface sediment of the Yellow River, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 23, 24768–24780.
| Heavy metals in the riverbed surface sediment of the Yellow River, ChinaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27658405PubMed |
Haarich M, Pohl C, Leipe T, Grunwald K, Bachor A, v. Weber M, Petenati T, Schroter-Kermani C, Jansen W, Bladt A (2003). Anorganische Schadstoffe, Meeresumwelt 1999–2002. Ostsee. Bund-Länder-Messprogramm Für Die Meeresumwelt von Nord- Und Ostsee, Kiel, pp. 167–194.
Hansmann W, Köppel V (2000). Lead-istopes as tracers of pollutants in soils. Chemical Geology 171, 123–144.
| Lead-istopes as tracers of pollutants in soilsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hatje V, Bruland KW, Flegal AR (2016). Increases in Anthropogenic Gadolinium Anomalies and Rare Earth Element Concentrations in San Francisco Bay over a 20 Year Record. Environmental Science & Technology 50, 4159–4168.
| Increases in Anthropogenic Gadolinium Anomalies and Rare Earth Element Concentrations in San Francisco Bay over a 20 Year RecordCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
HELCOM (2004). The Fourth Baltic Sea Pollution Load Compilation (PLC-4).
HELCOM (2010). Hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea – An integrated thematic assessment of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea. In ‘Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 120B’. pp. 1–116. (Erweko Oy: Finland)
HELCOM (2011). The Fifth Baltic Sea Pollution Load Compilation (PLC-5).
Hinrichs J, Dellwig O, Brumsack H-J (2002). Lead in sediments and suspended particulate matter of the German Bight: natural versus anthropogenic origin. Applied Geochemistry 17, 621–632.
| Lead in sediments and suspended particulate matter of the German Bight: natural versus anthropogenic originCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holser WT (1997). Evaluation of the application of rare-earth elements to paleoceanography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 132, 309–323.
| Evaluation of the application of rare-earth elements to paleoceanographyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hornung H, Krom MD, Cohen Y (1989). Trace metal distribution in sediments and benthic fauna of Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 29, 43–56.
| Trace metal distribution in sediments and benthic fauna of Haifa Bay, IsraelCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Horowitz AJ (1991). A Primer on Sediment-Trace Element Chemistry. U.S.G.S. Open-File Report, 2nd Edition, 136 (2 fiche).
JCGM (2008). JCGM 100: 2008 Evaluation of Measurement Data — Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM 1995 with Minor Corrections).
Joung DJ, Shiller AM (2016). Temporal and spatial variations of dissolved and colloidal trace elements in Louisiana Shelf waters. Marine Chemistry 181, 25–43.
| Temporal and spatial variations of dissolved and colloidal trace elements in Louisiana Shelf watersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karbassi AR, Nabi-Bidhendi GR, Bayati I (2005). Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metals in Sediment Core Off Bushehr, Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering 2, 255–260.
Kelly AE, Reuer MK, Goodkin NF, Boyle EA (2009). Lead concentrations and isotopes in corals and water near Bermuda, 1780–2000. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 283, 93–100.
| Lead concentrations and isotopes in corals and water near Bermuda, 1780–2000Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kersten M, Förstner U, Krause P, Kriews M, Dannecker W, Garbe-Schönberg C-D, Höck M, Terzenbach U, Graßl H (1992). Pollution sources reconnaissance using stable isotope ratios (206/207Pb). In ‘Impact of heavy metals on the environment’. (Ed. J-P Verner) pp. 311–325. (Elsevier: Amsterdam)
Klaver G, Verheul M, Bakker I, Petelet-Giraud E, Négrel P (2014). Anthropogenic Rare Earth Element in rivers: gadolinium and lanthanum. Partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases in the Rhine River and spatial propagation through the Rhine-Meuse Delta (the Netherlands). Applied Geochemistry 47, 186–197.
| Anthropogenic Rare Earth Element in rivers: gadolinium and lanthanum. Partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases in the Rhine River and spatial propagation through the Rhine-Meuse Delta (the Netherlands)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kljaković-Gašpić Z, Bogner D, Ujević I (2009). Trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni) in sediment of the submarine pit Dragon ear (Soline Bay, Rogoznica, Croatia). Environmental Geology 58, 751
| Trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni) in sediment of the submarine pit Dragon ear (Soline Bay, Rogoznica, Croatia)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Komárek M, Ettler V, Chrastný V, Mihaljevič M (2008). Lead isotopes in environmental sciences: A review. Environment International 34, 562–577.
| Lead isotopes in environmental sciences: A reviewCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18055013PubMed |
Kremling K, Tokos JJS, Brügmann L, Hansen HP (1997). Variability of dissolved and participate trace metals in the Kiel and Mecklenburg Bights of the Baltic Sea, 1990–1992. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34, 112–122.
| Variability of dissolved and participate trace metals in the Kiel and Mecklenburg Bights of the Baltic Sea, 1990–1992Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kritee K, Blum JD, Barkay T (2008). Mercury Stable Isotope Fractionation during Reduction of Hg(II) by Different Microbial Pathways. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 9171–9177.
| Mercury Stable Isotope Fractionation during Reduction of Hg(II) by Different Microbial PathwaysCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kritee K, Barkay T, Blum JD (2009). Mass dependent stable isotope fractionation of mercury during mer mediated microbial degradation of monomethylmercury. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1285–1296.
| Mass dependent stable isotope fractionation of mercury during mer mediated microbial degradation of monomethylmercuryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kulaksiz S, Bau M (2011). Rare earth elements in the Rhine River, Germany: First case of anthropogenic lanthanum as a dissolved microcontaminant in the hydrosphere. Environment International 37, 973–979.
| Rare earth elements in the Rhine River, Germany: First case of anthropogenic lanthanum as a dissolved microcontaminant in the hydrosphereCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21458860PubMed |
Kulaksız S, Bau M (2013). Anthropogenic dissolved and colloid/nanoparticle-bound samarium, lanthanum and gadolinium in the Rhine River and the impending destruction of the natural rare earth element distribution in rivers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 362, 43–50.
| Anthropogenic dissolved and colloid/nanoparticle-bound samarium, lanthanum and gadolinium in the Rhine River and the impending destruction of the natural rare earth element distribution in riversCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuzyk ZZA, Gobeil C, Goñi MA, Macdonald RW (2017). Early diagenesis and trace element accumulation in North American Arctic margin sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 203, 175–200.
Larsen MM, Blusztajn JS, Andersen O, Dahllöf I (2012). Lead isotopes in marine surface sediments reveal historical use of leaded fuel. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 14, 2893–2901.
| Lead isotopes in marine surface sediments reveal historical use of leaded fuelCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23032582PubMed |
Lawrence MG (2010). Detection of anthropogenic gadolinium in the Brisbane River plume in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 1113–1116.
| Detection of anthropogenic gadolinium in the Brisbane River plume in Moreton Bay, Queensland, AustraliaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20409563PubMed |
Le Pape P, Ayrault S, Quantin C (2012). Trace element behavior and partition versus urbanization gradient in an urban river (Orge River, France). Journal of Hydrology 472–473, 99–110.
| Trace element behavior and partition versus urbanization gradient in an urban river (Orge River, France)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lee J, Boyle EA, Suci I, Pfeiffer M, Meltzner AJ, Suwargadi B (2014). Coral-based history of lead and lead isotopes of the surface Indian Ocean since the mid-20th century. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 398, 37–47.
| Coral-based history of lead and lead isotopes of the surface Indian Ocean since the mid-20th centuryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leipe T, Moros M, Kotilainen A, Vallius H, Kabel K, Endler M, Kowalski N (2013). Mercury in Baltic Sea sediments — Natural background and anthropogenic impact. Geochemistry 73, 249–259.
| Mercury in Baltic Sea sediments — Natural background and anthropogenic impactCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lu X, Wang L, Lei K, Huang J, Zhai Y (2009). Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 161, 1058–1062.
| Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW ChinaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18502044PubMed |
McLennan SM (1989). Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks; influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 21, 169–200.
Mikac N, Niessen S, Ouddane B, Wartel M (1999). Speciation of mercury in sediments of the Seine estuary (France). Applied Organometallic Chemistry 13, 715–725.
| Speciation of mercury in sediments of the Seine estuary (France)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Monna F, Lancelot J, Croudace IW, Cundy AB, Lewis JT (1997). Pb Isotopic Composition of Airborne Particulate Material from France and the Southern United Kingdom: Implications for Pb Pollution Sources in Urban Areas Pb Isotopic Composition of Airborne Particulate Material from France and the Southern United Kingdom. Environmental Science & Technology 31, 2277–2286.
Monteiro CE, Cesário R, O’Driscoll NJ, Nogueira M, Válega M, Caetano M, Canário J (2016). Seasonal variation of methylmercury in sediment cores from the Tagus Estuary (Portugal). Marine Pollution Bulletin 104, 162–170.
| Seasonal variation of methylmercury in sediment cores from the Tagus Estuary (Portugal)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26851871PubMed |
Nikulina A, Polovodova I, Schönfeld J (2008). Foraminiferal response to environmental changes in Kiel Fjord, SW Baltic Sea. Earth 3, 37–49.
| Foraminiferal response to environmental changes in Kiel Fjord, SW Baltic SeaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Novák M, Emmanuel S, Vile MA, Erel Y, Véron A, Pačes T, Wieder RK, Vaněček M, Štěpánová M, Břízová E, Hovorka J (2003). Origin of lead in eight central European peat bogs determined from isotope ratios, strengths, and operation times of regional pollution sources. Environmental Science & Technology 37, 437–445.
| Origin of lead in eight central European peat bogs determined from isotope ratios, strengths, and operation times of regional pollution sourcesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ortega GS, Pécheyran C, Bérail S, Donard OFX (2012). A fit-for purpose procedure for lead isotopic ratio determination in crude oil, asphaltene and kerogen samples by MC-ICPMS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 27, 1447–1456.
| A fit-for purpose procedure for lead isotopic ratio determination in crude oil, asphaltene and kerogen samples by MC-ICPMSCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pattan JN, Rao CM, Higgs NC, Colley S, Parthiban G (1995). Distribution of major, trace and rare-earth elements in surface sediments of the Wharton Basin, Indian Ocean. Chemical Geology 121, 201–215.
| Distribution of major, trace and rare-earth elements in surface sediments of the Wharton Basin, Indian OceanCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pempkowiak J (1991). Enrichment factors of heavy metals in the Southern Baltic surface sediments dated with 210Pb and137Cs. Environment International 17, 421–428.
| Enrichment factors of heavy metals in the Southern Baltic surface sediments dated with 210Pb and137CsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Perrot V, Epov VN, Pastukhov MV, Grebenshchikova VI, Zouiten C, Sonke JE, Husted S, Donard OFX, Amouroux D (2010). Tracing Sources and Bioaccumulation of Mercury in Fish of Lake Baikal− Angara River Using Hg Isotopic Composition. Environmental Science & Technology 44, 8030–8037.
| Tracing Sources and Bioaccumulation of Mercury in Fish of Lake Baikal− Angara River Using Hg Isotopic CompositionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Piper DZ (1974). Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: A summary. Chemical Geology 14, 285–304.
| Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: A summaryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quevauviller P (2016). ‘Marine chemical monitoring: policies, techniques and metrological principles.’ (John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ)
Resongles E, Casiot C, Freydier R, Dezileau L, Viers J, Elbaz-Poulichet F (2014). Persisting impact of historical mining activity to metal (Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl, Hg) and metalloid (As, Sb) enrichment in sediments of the Gardon River, Southern France. The Science of the Total Environment 481, 509–521.
| Persisting impact of historical mining activity to metal (Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl, Hg) and metalloid (As, Sb) enrichment in sediments of the Gardon River, Southern FranceCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24631614PubMed |
Richir J, Gobert S (2016). Trace Elements in Marine Environments: Occurrence, Threats and Monitoring with Special Focus on the Coastal Mediterranean. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology 6, 349
| Trace Elements in Marine Environments: Occurrence, Threats and Monitoring with Special Focus on the Coastal MediterraneanCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rodríguez-González P, Epov VN, Bridou R, Tessier E, Guyoneaud R, Monperrus M, Amouroux D (2009). Species-Specific Stable Isotope Fractionation of Mercury during Hg(II) Methylation by an Anaerobic Bacteria (Desulfobulbus propionicus) under Dark Conditions. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 9183–9188.
| Species-Specific Stable Isotope Fractionation of Mercury during Hg(II) Methylation by an Anaerobic Bacteria (Desulfobulbus propionicus) under Dark ConditionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Salminen R (2005). Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part 1: Background Information, Methodology and Maps. Available at http://weppi.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/index.php (verified 26 March 2018).
Schmidt S, Howa H, Diallo A, Martín J, Cremer M, Duros P, Fontanier C, Deflandre B, Metzger E, Mulder T (2014). Recent sediment transport and deposition in the Cap-Ferret Canyon, South-East margin of Bay of Biscay. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 104, 134–144.
| Recent sediment transport and deposition in the Cap-Ferret Canyon, South-East margin of Bay of BiscayCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schneider B (1967). Source Characterization for Atmospheric Trace Metals Over Kiel Bight. Atmospheric Environment 21, 1275–1283.
| Source Characterization for Atmospheric Trace Metals Over Kiel BightCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sherman LS, Blum JD (2013). Mercury stable isotopes in sediments and largemouth bass from Florida lakes, USA. The Science of the Total Environment 448, 163–175.
| Mercury stable isotopes in sediments and largemouth bass from Florida lakes, USACrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23062970PubMed |
Sherman LS, Blum JD, Johnson KP, Keeler GJ, Barres JA, Douglas TA (2010). Mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes in Arctic snow driven by sunlight. Nature Geoscience 3, 173–177.
| Mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes in Arctic snow driven by sunlightCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sjåstad K-E, Simonsen SL, Andersen T (2011). Use of lead isotopic ratios to discriminate glass samples in forensic science. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 26, 325
| Use of lead isotopic ratios to discriminate glass samples in forensic scienceCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith RS, Wiederhold JG, Jew AD, Brown GE, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar R (2015). Stable Hg Isotope Signatures in Creek Sediments Impacted by a Former Hg Mine. Environmental Science & Technology 49, 767–776.
| Stable Hg Isotope Signatures in Creek Sediments Impacted by a Former Hg MineCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sonke JE, Schäfer J, Chmeleff J, Audry S, Blanc G, Dupré B (2010). Sedimentary mercury stable isotope records of atmospheric and riverine pollution from two major European heavy metal refineries. Chemical Geology 279, 90–100.
| Sedimentary mercury stable isotope records of atmospheric and riverine pollution from two major European heavy metal refineriesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stein ED, Cohen Y, Winer AM (1996). Environmental distribution and transformation of mercury compounds. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 26, 1–43.
| Environmental distribution and transformation of mercury compoundsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sun Q, Liu D, Liu T, Di B, Wu F (2012). Temporal and spatial distribution of trace metals in sediments from the northern Yellow Sea coast, China: Implications for regional anthropogenic processes. Environmental Earth Sciences 66, 697–705.
| Temporal and spatial distribution of trace metals in sediments from the northern Yellow Sea coast, China: Implications for regional anthropogenic processesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tostevin R, Shields GA, Tarbuck GM, He T, Clarkson MO, Wood RA (2016). Effective use of cerium anomalies as a redox proxy in carbonate-dominated marine settings. Chemical Geology 438, 146–162.
| Effective use of cerium anomalies as a redox proxy in carbonate-dominated marine settingsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tripti M, Gurumurthy GP, Balakrishna K, Chadaga MD (2013). Dissolved trace element biogeochemistry of a tropical river, Southwestern India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 20, 4067–4077.
| Dissolved trace element biogeochemistry of a tropical river, Southwestern IndiaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23224502PubMed |
Um IK, Choi MS, Bahk JJ, Song YH (2013). Discrimination of sediment provenance using rare earth elements in the Ulleung Basin, East/Japan Sea. Marine Geology 346, 208–219.
| Discrimination of sediment provenance using rare earth elements in the Ulleung Basin, East/Japan SeaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
USEPA (1997). Vol. II: An inventory of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States. Mercury Study Report to Congress. EPA-452/R-97–004.
Vallius H (2007). Background concentrations of trace metals in modern muddy clays of the Eastern Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Special Paper of the Geological Survey of Finland 2007, 63–70.
Vallius H (2014). Heavy metal concentrations in sediment cores from the northern Baltic Sea: Declines over the last two decades. Marine Pollution Bulletin 79, 359–364.
| Heavy metal concentrations in sediment cores from the northern Baltic Sea: Declines over the last two decadesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24365454PubMed |
Varol M (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials 195, 355–364.
| Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniquesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21890271PubMed |
Verplanck PL, Taylor HE, Nordstrom DK, Barber LB (2005). Aqueous stability of gadolinium in surface waters receiving sewage treatment plant effluent Boulder Creek, Colorado. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 6923–6929.
| Aqueous stability of gadolinium in surface waters receiving sewage treatment plant effluent Boulder Creek, ColoradoCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wiederhold JG, Skyllberg U, Drott A, Jiskra M, Jonsson S, Björn E, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar R (2015). Mercury isotope signatures in contaminated sediments as a tracer for local industrial pollution sources. Environmental Science & Technology 49, 177–185.
| Mercury isotope signatures in contaminated sediments as a tracer for local industrial pollution sourcesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wysocka I, Vassileva E (2017). Method validation for high resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination of the emerging contaminants in the open ocean: Rare earth elements as a case study. Spectrochimica Acta. Part B, Atomic Spectroscopy 128, 1–10.
| Method validation for high resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination of the emerging contaminants in the open ocean: Rare earth elements as a case studyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xu Y, Sun Q, Yi L, Yin X, Wang A, Li Y, Chen J (2014). The source of natural and anthropogenic heavy metals in the sediments of the Minjiang River Estuary (SE China): Implications for historical pollution. The Science of the Total Environment 493, 729–736.
| The source of natural and anthropogenic heavy metals in the sediments of the Minjiang River Estuary (SE China): Implications for historical pollutionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24995639PubMed |
Zaborska A (2014). Anthropogenic lead concentrations and sources in Baltic Sea sediments based on lead isotopic composition. Marine Pollution Bulletin 85, 99–113.
| Anthropogenic lead concentrations and sources in Baltic Sea sediments based on lead isotopic compositionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25016419PubMed |
Zahra A, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN, Ahmed Z (2014). Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah—Feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservoir, Pakistan. The Science of the Total Environment 470–471, 925–933.
| Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah—Feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservoir, PakistanCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24239813PubMed |
Zhang W, Feng H, Chang J, Qu J, Xie H, Yu L (2009). Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution 157, 1533–1543.
| Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19217701PubMed |
Zheng W, Hintelmann H (2010). Isotope Fractionation of Mercury during Its Photochemical Reduction by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Compounds. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 114, 4246–4253.
| Isotope Fractionation of Mercury during Its Photochemical Reduction by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic CompoundsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20218588PubMed |