Combined inhalation exposure to retail insecticides for preschoolers and children based on household usage patterns
Joo-hyon Kim
A B , Moon-young Hwang A and Myunghee Kwon A
A Division of Chemical Research, The National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
B Corresponding author. Email: jhkim0318@korea.kr
Environmental Chemistry 17(5) 364-376 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN19200
Submitted: 5 July 2019 Accepted: 17 October 2019 Published: 3 February 2020
Environmental context. Safeguarding the quality of residential indoor air depends on exposure assessment of potential contaminants. Using online survey responses from households in Korea, and focusing on those households containing preschoolers, we created a database of exposure, characterising household insecticide usage patterns. Evaluating the combined inhalation exposure to insecticides available in retail markets will support efforts to improve residential indoor air quality and the health and safety of all inhabitants.
Abstract. To accurately assess the health risks associated with the use of retail insecticides, we developed a database for the combined inhalation exposure to insecticides available in retail markets of preschoolers and children based on household usage patterns. This database presents the usage characteristics for each product, which includes its use frequency, per application duration, per application quantity and concurrent use with other insecticidal products as useful exposure factors. The 1932 household insecticides identified in the online product survey contained 184 different active ingredients, which included deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, phthalthrin, hydramethylnon, permethrin, chloropyrifos and cyhalothrin. A total of 5015 survey respondents, which included 385 respondents with 416 infants, 688 respondents with 809 toddlers and 821 respondents with 1040 children were surveyed. Among the insecticides included in the subset, 224 products contained deltamethrin and 205 products contained d-phenothrin as the predominant active ingredient. Among the families with infants, multiple insecticidal products were used in combination to eliminate or control mosquitos, cockroaches and house flies (88/385 respondents or 22.9 %). For families with infants, toddlers and children, the total mean exposure amounts for all household insecticides were 4622.5, 5537.3 and 3515.0 g month−1 in the summer. The results of the present study substantially contribute to the state of knowledge regarding the combined inhalation exposure to retail insecticides of preschoolers and children.
Additional keywords: combined exposure, household insecticide, insecticidal ingredients.
References
Bradman A, Whyatt RM (2005). Characterizing exposures to nonpersistent pesticides during pregnancy and early childhood in the National Children’s Study: a review of monitoring and measurement methodologies. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 1092–1099.| Characterizing exposures to nonpersistent pesticides during pregnancy and early childhood in the National Children’s Study: a review of monitoring and measurement methodologiesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16079084PubMed |
Bradman A, Whitaker D, Quiros L, Castorina R, Henn BC, Nishioka M, Morgan J, Barr DB, Harnly M, Brisbin JA, Sheldon LS, McKone TE, Eskenazi B (2007). Pesticides and their metabolites in the homes and urine of farmworker children living in the Salinas Valley, CA. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 17, 331–349.
| Pesticides and their metabolites in the homes and urine of farmworker children living in the Salinas Valley, CACrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chensheng L, Dianne EK, Jennifer FA, Richard AF (2001). Biological monitoring survey of organophosphorus pesticide exposure among preschoolers in the Seattle Metropolitan area. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 299–303.
Clayton CA, Pellizzari ED, Whitmore RW, Quackenboss JJ, Adgate J, Sefton K (2003). Distributions, associations, and partial aggregate exposure of pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minnesota Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES). Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 13, 100–111.
| Distributions, associations, and partial aggregate exposure of pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minnesota Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cohen Hubal EA, Sheldon LS, Burke JM, McCurdy TR, Berry MR, Rigas ML, Zartarian VG, Freeman NCG (2000). Children’s exposure assessment: a review of factors influencing children’s exposure, and the data available to characterize and assess that exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 475–486.
| Children’s exposure assessment: a review of factors influencing children’s exposure, and the data available to characterize and assess that exposureCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10856019PubMed |
Delmaar J, Bremmer H (2010). The ConsExpo spray model – modelling and experimental validation of the inhalation exposure of consumers to aerosols from spray cans and trigger sprays. RIVM report 320104005.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) (2013). Exposure assessment. In ‘Guidance for human health risk assessment for biocidal active substances and biocidal products (version 1.0)’. Chapter 3, pp. 213–317. (European Chemicals Agency: Helsinki)
Faustman EM, Silbernagel SM, Richard AF, Burbacher TM, Ponce RA (2000). Mechanisms underlying children’s susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 13–21.
Garcia-Hidalgo E, von Goetz N, Siegrist M, Hungerbühler K (2017). Use-patterns of personal care and household cleaning products in Switzerland. Food and Chemical Toxicology 99, 24–39.
| Use-patterns of personal care and household cleaning products in SwitzerlandCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27818321PubMed |
Grossman J (1995). What’s hiding under the sink: dangers of household pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 550–554.
| What’s hiding under the sink: dangers of household pesticidesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 7556005PubMed |
Lee JH, Kim YH, Kwon JH (2012). Fetal misuse of humidifier disinfectants in Korea: importance of screening risk assessment and implications for management of chemicals in consumer products. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 2498–2500.
| Fetal misuse of humidifier disinfectants in Korea: importance of screening risk assessment and implications for management of chemicals in consumer productsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lewis RG (2001). Pesticides. In ‘Indoor air quality handbook’. (Eds JD Spengler, JM Samet, JF McCarthy) pp. 35.1–35.21 (McGraw Hill: New York, NY)
Morgan MK, Sheldon LS, Croghan CW, Jones PA, Robertson GL, Chuang JC, Wilson NK, Lyu CW (2005). Exposure of preschoolers to chlorpyrifos and its degradation product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in their everyday environments. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 15, 297–309.
| Exposure of preschoolers to chlorpyrifos and its degradation product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in their everyday environmentsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15367928PubMed |
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). (2006). Disinfectant products fact sheet to assess the risks for the consumer. RIVM report 320005003.
Park DU, Leem JH, Lee KM, Lim HK, Choi YY, Ahn J-J, Lim SY, Park JI, Choi KH, Lee NR, Jung HJ, Ha JS, Paek DY (2014). Exposure characteristics of familial cases of lung injury associated with the use of humidifier disinfectants. Environmental Health 13, 70
Seo JK, Yoon HJ, Kim TS, Kim J-H, Jo AL, Lee BW, Lim HW, Kim PJ, Choi KH (2016). ‘Korean exposure factors handbook for children.’ (National Institute of Environmental Research Press: Seoul)
Sexton K (2012). Aggregate risk assessment: an overview of methodological approaches for evaluating combined health effects from exposure to multiple environmental stressors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, 370–390.
| Aggregate risk assessment: an overview of methodological approaches for evaluating combined health effects from exposure to multiple environmental stressorsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22470298PubMed |
Sherriff A, Farrow A, Golding J, the ALSPAC Study Team Henderson J (2005). Frequent use of chemical household products is associated with persistent wheezing in pre-school age children. Thorax 60, 45–49.
| Frequent use of chemical household products is associated with persistent wheezing in pre-school age childrenCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15618582PubMed |
Sundell J (2004). On the history of indoor air quality and health. Indoor Air 14, 51–58.
| On the history of indoor air quality and healthCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15330772PubMed |
Trunnelle KJ, Bennett DH, Tulve NS, Clifton MS, Davis MD, Calafat AM, Moran R, Tancredi DJ, Hertz-Picciotto I (2014). Urinary pyrethroid and chlorpyrifos metabolite concentrations in Northern California families and their relationship to indoor residential insecticide levels, part of the Study of Use of Products and Exposure Related Behavior (SUPERB). Environmental Science & Technology 48, 1931–1939.
| Urinary pyrethroid and chlorpyrifos metabolite concentrations in Northern California families and their relationship to indoor residential insecticide levels, part of the Study of Use of Products and Exposure Related Behavior (SUPERB)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2003). Framework for cumulative risk assessment. Available at https://www.epa.gov/risk/framework-cumulative-risk-assessment [verified 22 January 2020]
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2007). Concepts, methods and data sources for aggregate health risk assessment of multiple chemicals, exposures and effects: a resource document. EPA 600-R-06–013F.
Von Goetz N, Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Hungerbuhler K (2010). Bisphenol A: How the most relevant exposure sources contribute to total consumer exposure. Risk Analysis 30, 473–487.
| Bisphenol A: How the most relevant exposure sources contribute to total consumer exposureCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20136739PubMed |
Whitmore R, Immerman FW, Camann DE, Bond AE, Lewis RG, Schaum JL (1994). Non-occupational exposures to pesticides for residents of two U.S. cities. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26, 47–59.
| Non-occupational exposures to pesticides for residents of two U.S. citiesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whyatt RM, Garfinkel R, Hoepner LA, Holmes D, Borjas M, Wiliams MK, Reyes A, Rauh V, Perera FP, Camann DE (2007). Within- and between-home variability in indoor-air insecticide levels during pregnancy among an inner-city Cohort from New York city. Environmental Health Perspectives 115, 383–389.
| Within- and between-home variability in indoor-air insecticide levels during pregnancy among an inner-city Cohort from New York cityCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17431487PubMed |
World Health Organization (WHO) (1999). Safe and effective use of household insecticide products. Guide for the production of educational and training materials. World Health Organization Communicable Disease Prevention and Control WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES).
