Multilayered surface for the interactive separation of perchlorate from aqueous media
C. S. Shalumon A , Charuvila T. Aravindakumar B C and Usha K. Aravind A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Advanced Center of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India.
B School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India.
C Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India.
D Corresponding author. Email: ukaravind@gmail.com
Environmental Chemistry 16(8) 587-598 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN19049
Submitted: 3 February 2019 Accepted: 30 May 2019 Published: 26 June 2019
Environmental context. Perchlorate from rocket fuel plants or firework manufacturing units can seriously contaminate drinking water. We developed a separation skin on a microfiltration membrane and on sand that can remove perchlorate from water in the presence of competing ions. This method is suitable for a domestic water purification unit selective for perchlorate removal.
Abstract. This study reports an interactive separation of perchlorate (ClO4−) by polyethyleneimine (PEI) and poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) deposited on a microfiltration membrane and on sand surfaces. The variation of the interaction with respect to deposition and feed variables was assessed. The 9 bilayered ((PEI/PSS) 0.15 M NaCl, pH 6)) membranes showed a ClO4− rejection of ~80 %. An increase in the feed concentration to 25 mg L−1 reduced the rejection to 58 %. With a feed pH from 4 to 10, the rejection varied between almost 100 % and 16 %. The presence of ions reduced the rejection percentage of ClO4− with the interference by the ions in the order of SO42− > HCO3− > NO3− > Cl−. The interference is attributed to the characteristics of the competing ions and the nature of the multilayers. A positive impact of post-treatment (98 %) and capping layers on rejection percentage (80 % to nearly complete) for synthetic and ClO4− contaminated field water samples is clearly established. The presence of competing ions is also accounted for by a capped membrane system. The selectivity of the competing ions increases with capping layers of 1 M NaCl in the order of HCO3− > NO3− > SO42−. In the field water samples up to a SO42− concentration of 3.0 mg L−1, the capping layers with 0.4 M NaCl result in a near complete rejection of ClO4−, whereas further enhancement requires a capping layer of 1 M NaCl. A sand filtration system was developed by incorporating the pre-optimised polyelectrolyte multilayer on sand. Deposition of a single bilayered PEI/PSS multilayer on sand effectively (nearly completely) removes ClO4−.
Additional keywords: capping, polyelectrolyte, post-treatment.
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