Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Environmental Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Society
Environmental problems - Chemical approaches
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effects of ocean acidification and short-term light/temperature stress on biogenic dimethylated sulfur compounds cycling in the Changjiang River Estuary

Shan Jian A C D , Jing Zhang A B D , Hong-Hai Zhang A B and Gui-Peng Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-4568 A B E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.

B Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.

C College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.

D These authors contributed equally to this work.

E Corresponding author. Email: gpyang@mail.ouc.edu.cn

Environmental Chemistry 16(3) 197-211 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN18186
Submitted: 4 September 2018  Accepted: 21 March 2019   Published: 16 April 2019

Environmental context. Continuous anthropogenic CO2 emissions have led to an increase in seawater acidity, potentially affecting the growth of phytoplankton and their production of the climate-moderating biogenic gas, dimethyl sulfide. Our simulation experiments showed that ocean acidification, coupled with light and temperature changes, had a significant influence on dimethyl sulfide concentrations. This research provides fundamental data for predicting the biogeochemical cycle of dimethyl sulfide under various global change scenarios.

Abstract. Ocean acidification (OA) affects marine primary productivity and community structure. Therefore, OA may influence the biogeochemical cycles of volatile biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and photochemical oxidation product dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A 23-day shipboard incubation experiment investigated the short-term response of the production and cycling of biogenic sulfur compounds to OA in the Changjiang River Estuary to understand the effects of OA on biogenic sulfur compounds. Phytoplankton abundance and community composition showed a marked difference at three different pH levels at the late stage of the experiment. Significant reductions in chlorophyll a (Chl-a), DMS, particulate DMSP (DMSPp) and dissolved DMSO (DMSOd) concentrations were identified under high CO2 levels. Moreover, minimal changes were observed in the productions of dissolved DMSP (DMSPd) and particulate DMSO (DMSOp) among the treatments. The ratios of DMS, total DMSP (DMSPt) and total DMSO (DMSOt) to Chl-a were not affected by a change in pH. Furthermore, the concentrations of DMS and DMSOd were closely related to the mean bacterial abundance at the three pH levels. Additional short-term (8 h) incubation experiments on the light and temperature effects showed that the influence of pH on the production of dimethylated sulfur compounds also depended on solar radiation and temperature. Under natural and UVB light, DMS photodegradation rates increased by 1.6 to 4.2 times at low pH levels. Thus, OA may lead to decreasing DMS concentrations in surface seawater. Light and temperature conditions also play important roles in the production and cycling of biogenic sulfur compounds.

Additional keywords: bacteria, phytoplankton, solar radiation, warming.


References

Allgaier M, Riebesell U, Vogt M, Thyrhaug R, Grossart HP (2008). Coupling of heterotrophic bacteria to phytoplankton bloom development at different pCO2 levels: a mesocosm study. Biogeosciences 5, 1007–1022.
Coupling of heterotrophic bacteria to phytoplankton bloom development at different pCO2 levels: a mesocosm studyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Archer SD, Smith GC, Nightingale PD, Widdicombe CE, Tarran GA, Rees AP, Burkill PH (2002). Dynamics of particulate dimethylsulphoniopropionate during a Lagrangian experiment in the northern North Sea. Deep-Sea Research. Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, 2979–2999.
Dynamics of particulate dimethylsulphoniopropionate during a Lagrangian experiment in the northern North SeaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Archer SD, Kimmance SA, Stephens JA, Hopkins FE, Bellerby RGJ, Schulz KG, Piontek J, Engel A (2013). Contrasting responses of DMS and DMSP to ocean acidification in Arctic waters. Biogeosciences 10, 1893–1908.
Contrasting responses of DMS and DMSP to ocean acidification in Arctic watersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Arnold HE, Kerrison P, Steinke M (2013). Interacting effects of ocean acidification and warming on growth and DMS-production in the haptophyte coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Global Change Biology 19, 1007–1016.
Interacting effects of ocean acidification and warming on growth and DMS-production in the haptophyte coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyiCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23504879PubMed |

Asher EC, Dacey JWH, Stukel M, Long MC, Tortell PD (2017). Processes driving seasonal variability in DMS, DMSP, and DMSO concentrations and turnover in coastal Antarctic waters. Limnology and Oceanography 62, 104–124.
Processes driving seasonal variability in DMS, DMSP, and DMSO concentrations and turnover in coastal Antarctic watersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Avgoustidi V, Nightingale PD, Joint I, Steinke M, Turner SM, Hopkins FE, Liss PS (2012). Decreased marine dimethyl sulfide production under elevated CO2 levels in mesocosm and in vitro studies. Environmental Chemistry 9, 399–404.
Decreased marine dimethyl sulfide production under elevated CO2 levels in mesocosm and in vitro studiesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Barnes I, Hjorth J, Mihalopoulos N (2006). Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide and their oxidation in the atmosphere. Chemical Reviews 106, 940–975.
Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide and their oxidation in the atmosphereCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16522014PubMed |

Bouillon RC, Miller WL (2005). Photodegradation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in natural waters: Laboratory assessment of the nitrate-photolysis-induced DMS oxidation. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 9471–9477.
Photodegradation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in natural waters: Laboratory assessment of the nitrate-photolysis-induced DMS oxidationCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boyd PW, Lennartz ST, Glover DM, Doney SC (2015). Biological ramifications of climate-change-mediated oceanic multi-stressors. Nature Climate Change 5, 71–79.
Biological ramifications of climate-change-mediated oceanic multi-stressorsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brimblecombe P, Shooter D (1986). Photo-oxidation of dimethylsulphide in aqueous solution. Marine Chemistry 19, 343–353.
Photo-oxidation of dimethylsulphide in aqueous solutionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brugger A, Slezak D, Obernosterer I, Herndl GJ (1998). Photolysis of dimethylsulfide in the northern Adriatic Sea: Dependence on substrate concentration, irradiance and DOC concentration. Marine Chemistry 59, 321–331.
Photolysis of dimethylsulfide in the northern Adriatic Sea: Dependence on substrate concentration, irradiance and DOC concentrationCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cai WJ, Wang Y (1998). The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia. Limnology and Oceanography 43, 657–668.
The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, GeorgiaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cai WJ, Dai M, Wang Y, Zhai W, Huang T, Chen S, Zhang F, Chen Z, Wang Z (2004). The biogeochemistry of inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Pearl River estuary and the adjacent Northern South China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 24, 1301–1319.
The biogeochemistry of inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Pearl River estuary and the adjacent Northern South China SeaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2005). Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 110, C09S04

Capotondi A, Alexander MA, Bond NA, Curchitser EN, Scott JD (2012). Enhanced upper ocean stratification with climate change in the CMIP3 models. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 117, 77–93.

Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326, 655–661.
Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climateCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crawfurd KJ, Brussaard CPD, Riebesell U (2016). Shifts in the microbial community in the Baltic Sea with increasing CO2. Biogeosciences 169, 1–51.

Curson ARJ, Rogers R, Todd JD, Brearley CA, Johnston AWB (2008). Molecular genetic analysis of a dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase that liberates the climate-changing gas dimethylsulfide in several marine α-proteobacteria and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Environmental Microbiology 10, 757–767.
Molecular genetic analysis of a dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase that liberates the climate-changing gas dimethylsulfide in several marine α-proteobacteria and Rhodobacter sphaeroidesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dacey JW, Wakeham SG (1986). Oceanic dimethylsulfide: production during zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton. Science 233, 1314–1316.
Oceanic dimethylsulfide: production during zooplankton grazing on phytoplanktonCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17843360PubMed |

Deal CJ, Kieber DJ, Toole DA, Stamnesd K, Jiange S, Uzukaa N (2005). Dimethylsulfide photolysis rates and apparent quantum yields in Bering Sea seawater. Continental Shelf Research 25, 1825–1835.
Dimethylsulfide photolysis rates and apparent quantum yields in Bering Sea seawaterCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Deppeler S, Petrou K, Schulz KG, Westwood K, Pearce I, McKinlay J, Davidson A (2018). Ocean acidification of a coastal Antarctic marine microbial community reveals a critical threshold for CO2 tolerance in phytoplankton productivity. Biogeosciences 15, 209–231.
Ocean acidification of a coastal Antarctic marine microbial community reveals a critical threshold for CO2 tolerance in phytoplankton productivityCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Deschaseaux ESM, Kiene RP, Jones GB, Deseo MA, Swan HB, Oswald L, Eyre BD (2014). Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in biological samples: A comparison of the TiCl3 and NaBH4 reduction methods using headspace analysis. Marine Chemistry 164, 9–15.
Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in biological samples: A comparison of the TiCl3 and NaBH4 reduction methods using headspace analysisCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dickson AG, Millero FJ (1987). A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep-Sea Research. Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 34, 1733–1743.
A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater mediaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doney SC (2006). Oceanography: Plankton in a warmer world. Nature 444, 695–696.
Oceanography: Plankton in a warmer worldCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17151650PubMed |

Feely RA, Alin SR, Newton J, Sabine CL, Warner M, Devol A, Krembs C, Maloy C (2010). The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 88, 442–449.
The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuaryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fu FX, Warner ME, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hutchins DA (2007). Effects of increased temperature and CO2 on photosynthesis, growth, and elemental ratios in marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (Cyanobacteria). Journal of Phycology 43, 485–496.
Effects of increased temperature and CO2 on photosynthesis, growth, and elemental ratios in marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (Cyanobacteria)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gabric AJ, Cropp R, Hirst T, Marchant H (2003). The sensitivity of dimethyl sulfide production to simulated climate change in the Eastern Antarctic Southern Ocean. Tellus 55, 966–981.
The sensitivity of dimethyl sulfide production to simulated climate change in the Eastern Antarctic Southern OceanCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gao K, Helbling EW, Häder DP, Hutchins DA (2012a). Responses of marine primary producers to interactions between ocean acidification, solar radiation, and warming. Marine Ecology Progress Series 470, 167–189.
Responses of marine primary producers to interactions between ocean acidification, solar radiation, and warmingCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gao K, Xu J, Gao G, Li Y, Hutchins DA, Huang B, Wang L, Zheng Y, Jin P, Cai X, Häder DP, Li W, Xu K, Liu N, Riebesell U (2012b). Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically reduce marine primary productivity. Nature Climate Change 2, 519–523.
Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically reduce marine primary productivityCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gao N, Yang GP, Zhang HH, Liu L (2017). Temporal and spatial variations of three dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area during summer and winter. Environmental Chemistry 14, 160–177.
Temporal and spatial variations of three dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area during summer and winterCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grossart HP, Allgaier M, Passow U, Riebesell U (2006). Testing the effect of CO2 concentration on the dynamics of marine heterotrophic bacterioplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 51, 1–11.
Testing the effect of CO2 concentration on the dynamics of marine heterotrophic bacterioplanktonCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gunderson AR, Armstrong EJ, Stillman JH (2016). Multiple stressors in a changing world: the need for an improved perspective on physiological responses to the dynamic marine environment. Annual Review of Marine Science 8, 357–378.
Multiple stressors in a changing world: the need for an improved perspective on physiological responses to the dynamic marine environmentCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26359817PubMed |

Hatton AD (2002). Influence of photochemistry on the marine biogeochemical cycle of dimethylsulphide in the northern North Sea. Deep-Sea Research. Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, 3039–3052.
Influence of photochemistry on the marine biogeochemical cycle of dimethylsulphide in the northern North SeaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hatton AD, Darroch L, Malin G (2004). The role of dimethylsulphoxide in the marine biogeochemical cycle of dimethylsulphide. Oceanography and Marine Biology – An Annual Review 42, 29–55.
The role of dimethylsulphoxide in the marine biogeochemical cycle of dimethylsulphideCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hatton AD, Shenoy DM, Hart MC, Mogg A, Green DH (2012). Metabolism of DMSP, DMS and DMSO by the cultivable bacterial community associated with the DMSP-producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea. Biogeochemistry 110, 131–146.
Metabolism of DMSP, DMS and DMSO by the cultivable bacterial community associated with the DMSP-producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoideaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hays GC, Richardson AJ, Robinson C (2005). Climate change and marine plankton. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, 337–344.
Climate change and marine planktonCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hopkins FE, Turner SM, Nightinale PD, Steinke M, Liss PS (2010). Ocean acidification and marine biogenic trace gas emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 760–765.
Ocean acidification and marine biogenic trace gas emissionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20080748PubMed |

Hussherr R, Levasseur M, Lizotte M, Tremblay J, Mol J, Thomas H, Gosselin M, Starr M, Miller LA, Jarniková T, Schuback N, Mucci A (2017). Impact of ocean acidification on arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions. Biogeosciences 14, 2407–2427.
Impact of ocean acidification on arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Summary for policymakers. In ‘Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’. pp. 1–30. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Keller MD, Bellows WK, Guillard RRL (1989). Dimethyl sulfide production in marine phytoplankton. In ‘Biogenic sulfur in the environment’. (Eds ES Saltzman, WJ Cooper) ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 393, pp. 167–182. (American Chemical Society: Washington, DC).

Kerrison P, Suggett DJ, Hepburn LJ, Steinke M (2012). Effect of elevated pCO2 on the production of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulphide (DMS) in two species of Ulva (Chlorophyceae). Biogeochemistry 110, 5–16.
Effect of elevated pCO2 on the production of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulphide (DMS) in two species of Ulva (Chlorophyceae)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kieber DJ, Jiao J, Kiene RP, Bates TS (1996). Impact of dimethylsulfide photochemistry on methyl sulfur cycling in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 101, 3715–3722.
Impact of dimethylsulfide photochemistry on methyl sulfur cycling in the equatorial Pacific OceanCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kiene RP, Bates TS (1990). Biological removal of dimethyl sulphide from sea water. Nature 345, 702–705.
Biological removal of dimethyl sulphide from sea waterCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kiene RP, Gerard G (1994). Determination of trace levels of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in seawater and rainwater. Marine Chemistry 47, 1–12.
Determination of trace levels of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in seawater and rainwaterCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kim JM, Lee K, Yang EJ, Shin K, Noh JH, Park KT, Hyun B, Jeong HJ, Kim JH, Kim KY, Kim M, Kim HC, Jang PG, Jang MC (2010). Enhanced production of oceanic dimethylsulfide resulting from CO2-induced grazing activity in a high CO2 world. Environmental Science & Technology 44, 8140–8143.
Enhanced production of oceanic dimethylsulfide resulting from CO2-induced grazing activity in a high CO2 worldCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kramer DM, Cruz JA, Kanazawa A (2003). Balancing the central roles of the thylakoid proton gradient. Trends in Plant Science 8, 27–32.
Balancing the central roles of the thylakoid proton gradientCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12523997PubMed |

Liu J, Weinbauer MG, Maier C, Dai M, Gattuso JP (2010). Effect of ocean acidification on microbial diversity and on microbe-driven biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 61, 291–305.
Effect of ocean acidification on microbial diversity and on microbe-driven biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioningCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Malin G, Wilson WH, Bratbak G, Liss PS, Mann NH (1998). Elevated production of dimethylsulfide resulting from viral infection of cultures of Phaeocystis pouchetii. Limnology and Oceanography 43, 1389–1393.
Elevated production of dimethylsulfide resulting from viral infection of cultures of Phaeocystis pouchetiiCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mélancon J, Levasseur M, Lizotte M, Scarratt M, Tremblay JE, Tortell P, Yang GP, Shi GY, Gao HW, Semeniuk D, Robert M, Arychuk M, Johnson K, Sutherland N, Davelaar M, Nemcek N, Peña A, Richardson W (2016). Impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton assemblage, growth, and DMS production following Fe-dust additions in the NE Pacific high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll waters. Biogeosciences 13, 1677–1692.
Impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton assemblage, growth, and DMS production following Fe-dust additions in the NE Pacific high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll watersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Milligan AJ, Mioni CE, Morel FM (2009). Response of cell surface pH to pCO2 and iron limitation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Marine Chemistry 114, 31–36.
Response of cell surface pH to pCO2 and iron limitation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogiiCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nguyen BC, Belviso S, Mihalopoulos N, Gostan J, Nival P (1988). Dimethyl sulfide production during natural phytoplanktonic blooms. Marine Chemistry 24, 133–141.
Dimethyl sulfide production during natural phytoplanktonic bloomsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Orr JC, Fabry VJ, Aumont O, Bopp L, Doney SC, Feely RA, Gnanadesikan A, Gruber N, Ishida A, Joos F, Key RM, Lindsay K, Maier-Reimer E, Matear R, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Najjar RG, Plattner GK, Rodgers KB, Sabine CL, Sarmiento JL, Schlitzer R, Slater RD, Totterdell IJ, Weirig MF, Yamanaka Y, Yool A (2005). Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681–686.
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organismsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16193043PubMed |

Park KT, Lee K, Shin K, Yang EJ, Hyun B, Kim JM, Noh JH, Kim M, Kong B, Choi DH, Choi SJ, Jang PG, Jeong HJ (2014). Direct linkage between dimethyl sulfide production and microzooplankton grazing, resulting from prey composition change under high partial pressure of carbon dioxide conditions. Environmental Science & Technology 48, 4750–4756.
Direct linkage between dimethyl sulfide production and microzooplankton grazing, resulting from prey composition change under high partial pressure of carbon dioxide conditionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Parsons TR, Maita Y, Lalli CM (1984). ‘A manual of biological and chemical methods for seawater analysis.’ (Pergamon Press: Oxford)

Piontek J, Lunau M, Handel N, Borchard C, Wurst M, Engel A (2010). Acidification increases microbial polysaccharide degradation in the ocean. Biogeosciences 7, 1615–1624.
Acidification increases microbial polysaccharide degradation in the oceanCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Piontek J, Borchard C, Sperling M, Schulz KG, Riebesell U, Engel A (2013). Response of bacterioplankton activity in an Arctic fjord system to elevated pCO2: results from a mesocosm perturbation study. Biogeosciences 10, 297–314.
Response of bacterioplankton activity in an Arctic fjord system to elevated pCO2: results from a mesocosm perturbation studyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Porter KG, Feig YS (1980). The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora. Limnology and Oceanography 25, 943–948.
The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microfloraCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Quinn PK, Bates TS (2011). The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions. Nature 480, 51–56.
The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22129724PubMed |

Rap A, Scott CE, Spracklen DV, Bellouin N, Forster PM, Carslaw KS, Mann G (2013). Natural aerosol direct and indirect radiative effects. Geophysical Research Letters 40, 3297–3301.
Natural aerosol direct and indirect radiative effectsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Reum JCP, Alin SR, Harvey CJ, Bednaršek N, Evans W, Feely RA, Hales B, Lucey N, Mathis JT, McElhany P, Newton J, Sabine CL (2016). Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments in upwelling systems in the context of carbonate chemistry co-variation with temperature and oxygen. ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, 582–595.
Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments in upwelling systems in the context of carbonate chemistry co-variation with temperature and oxygenCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Riebesell U, Gattuso JP (2015). Lessons learned from ocean acidification research. Nature Climate Change 5, 12–14.
Lessons learned from ocean acidification researchCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rost B, Riebesell U, Burkhardt S, Sültemeyer D (2003). Carbon acquisition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 48, 55–67.
Carbon acquisition of bloom-forming marine phytoplanktonCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwinger J, Tjiputra J, Goris N, Six KD, Kirkevåg A, Seland Ø, Heinze C, Ilyina T (2017). Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model. Biogeosciences 14, 3633–3648.
Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system modelCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shaw GE (1983). Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulfur cycle. Climatic Change 5, 297–303.
Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulfur cycleCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Simó R, Archer SD, Gilpin L, Stelfox-Widdicombe CE (2002). Coupled dynamics of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide cycling and the microbial food web in surface waters of the North Atlantic. Limnology and Oceanography 47, 53–61.
Coupled dynamics of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide cycling and the microbial food web in surface waters of the North AtlanticCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Six KD, Kloster S, Ilyina T, Archer SD, Zhang K, Maier-Reimer E (2013). Global warming amplified by reduced sulphur fluxes as a result of ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change 3, 975–978.
Global warming amplified by reduced sulphur fluxes as a result of ocean acidificationCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Slezak D, Kiene RP, Toole DA, Simó R, Kieber DJ (2007). Effects of solar radiation on the fate of dissolved DMSP and conversion to DMS in seawater. Aquatic Sciences 69, 377–393.
Effects of solar radiation on the fate of dissolved DMSP and conversion to DMS in seawaterCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smith DC, Steward GF, Long RA, Azam F (1995). Bacterial mediation of carbon fluxes during a diatom bloom in a mesocosm. Deep-Sea Research. Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography 42, 75–97.
Bacterial mediation of carbon fluxes during a diatom bloom in a mesocosmCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Spiese CE, Kieber DJ, Nomura CT, Kiene RP (2009). Reduction of dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide by marine phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 54, 560–570.
Reduction of dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide by marine phytoplanktonCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Spilling K, Kai GS, Paul AJ, Boxhammer T, Achterberg EP, Hornick T, Lischka S, Stuhr A, Bermúdez R, Czerny J, Crawfurd K, Brussaard CPD, Grossart HP, Riebesell U (2016). Effects of ocean acidification on pelagic carbon fluxes in a mesocosm experiment. Biogeosciences 13, 6081–6093.
Effects of ocean acidification on pelagic carbon fluxes in a mesocosm experimentCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stefels J (2000). Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants. Journal of Sea Research 43, 183–197.
Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plantsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stefels J, Steinke M, Turner S, Malin G, Belviso S (2007). Environmental constraints on the production and removal of the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) and implications for ecosystem modeling. Biogeochemistry 83, 245–275.
Environmental constraints on the production and removal of the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) and implications for ecosystem modelingCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Todgham AE, Stillman JH (2013). Physiological responses to shifts in multiple environmental stressors: relevance in a changing world. Integrative and Comparative Biology 53, 539–544.
Physiological responses to shifts in multiple environmental stressors: relevance in a changing worldCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23892371PubMed |

Toole DA, Siegel DA (2004). Light-driven cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Sargasso Sea: Closing the loop. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L09308
Light-driven cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Sargasso Sea: Closing the loopCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Toole DA, Siegel DA, Doney SC (2008). A light-driven, onedimensional dimethylsulfide biogeochemical cycling model for the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences 113, 385–393.

Vogt M, Steinke M, Turner S, Paulino A, Meyerhöfer M, Riebesell U, Liss P (2008). Dynamics of dimethylsulphoniopropionate and dimethylsulphide under different CO2 concentrations during a mesocosm experiment. Biogeosciences 5, 407–419.
Dynamics of dimethylsulphoniopropionate and dimethylsulphide under different CO2 concentrations during a mesocosm experimentCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Webb AL, Malin G, Hopkins FE, Ho KL, Riebesell U, Schulz KG, Larsen A, Liss PS (2016). Ocean acidification has different effects on the production of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate measured in cultures of Emiliania huxleyi and a mesocosm study: a comparison of laboratory monocultures and community interactions. Environmental Chemistry 35, 405–420.

Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Zeigler M, Blake DR, Rowland FS, Sive BC, Paulino A, Thyrhaug R, Larsen A, Schulz K, Meyerhöfer M, Riebesell U (2007). Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2ClI: Potential climate impacts. Geophysical Research Letters 34, 223–224.
Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2ClI: Potential climate impactsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wolfe GV, Steinke M (1996). Grazing-activated production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by two clones of Emiliania huxleyi. Limnology and Oceanography 41, 1151–1160.
Grazing-activated production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by two clones of Emiliania huxleyiCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wolfe GV, Levasseur M, Cantin G, Michaud S (2000). DMSP and DMS dynamics and microzooplankton grazing in the Labrador Sea: application of the dilution technique. Deep-Sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 47, 2243–2264.
DMSP and DMS dynamics and microzooplankton grazing in the Labrador Sea: application of the dilution techniqueCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wu Y, Gao K, Riebesell U (2010). CO2-induced seawater acidification affects physiological performance of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Biogeosciences 7, 2915–2923.
CO2-induced seawater acidification affects physiological performance of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutumCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yoch DC, Ansede JH, Rabinowitz KS (1997). Evidence for intracellular and extracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyases and DMSP uptake sites in two species of marine bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 3182–3188.

Zhang HH, Yang GP, Zhu T (2008). Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer of the Yellow Sea, China, in spring. Continental Shelf Research 28, 2417–2427.
Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer of the Yellow Sea, China, in springCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zindler-Schlundt C, Lutterbeck H, Endres S, Bange HW (2016). Environmental control of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) cycling under ocean acidification. Environmental Chemistry 13, 330–339.
Environmental control of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) cycling under ocean acidificationCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |