Distribution of organic carbon: possible causes and impacts in the Pangani River Basin ecosystem, Tanzania
Juma R. Selemani A E F , Jing Zhang A , Ying Wu A , Alfred N. N. Muzuka B , Karoli N. Njau B , Guosen Zhang A , Maureen K. Mzuza C , Arafa Maggid D , Miao Zhang A and Lijun Qi A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China.
B Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, PO Box 477, Arusha, Tanzania.
C Faculty of Education, North West University, Potchstroom 2520, South Africa.
D Pangani River Basin Water Board, PO Box 7617, Moshi, Tanzania.
E Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Environmental Section, PO Box 3056, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
F Corresponding author. Email: rajjuma2004@yahoo.co.uk
Environmental Chemistry 15(3) 137-149 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN17185
Submitted: 22 October 2017 Accepted: 26 January 2018 Published: 8 June 2018
Environmental context. Understanding the sources of organic carbon and its spatial and seasonal variation is essential for implementing measures to control water pollution. There is, however, only limited information about organic carbon in east African rivers. This study reports the distribution of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the Pangani River Basin, using isotopes to trace sources of carbon to the basin and its flux to the Indian Ocean.
Abstract. There is limited information on organic carbon in African rivers, especially from the eastern side. Here, we report distribution and impacts of total suspended matter (TSM), and dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC & POC) in the Pangani River Basin (PRB) ecosystem together with their fluxes to the Indian Ocean. δ13C was also used to trace sources of carbon in the basin. Results showed that the basin is supplied with carbon from allochthonous sources dominated by C3 plants, with higher levels of TSM and DOC in the wet season than in the dry season. Several factors, including altitude, temperature, rainfall, lithology and anthropogenic activities, have a significant influence on the seasonal and spatial distribution of organic carbon in the basin. High discharge in the wet season mobilised terrestrial organic carbon to elevate concentrations of DOC, POC and TSM. Mean concentrations of DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), POC and TSM in PRB were in ranges comparable to that in other tropical rivers but their fluxes were lower than in most tropical rivers around the world. Diverting water from the river for irrigation and hydroelectric power production was one of the factors that reduced the flux of carbon. Observed hypoxic conditions in the reservoir indicates that the quality of water for human and aquatic ecosystem health is possibly threatened by a high level of organic carbon; furthermore, the trends of increasing population, deforestation, temperature and rainfall will likely increase the concentration of organic carbon in the future. Better management of waste, afforestation and reforestation are recommended to restore degraded natural forest, so as to reduce uptake of organic carbon from the terrestrial environment.
Additional keywords: water chemistry.
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