Reconciling measurement and modelling studies of the sources and fate of perfluorinated carboxylates
Ian T. Cousins A B , Deguo Kong A and Robin Vestergren A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
B Corresponding author. Email: ian.cousins@itm.su.se
Ian Cousins trained as an environmental chemist at Lancaster University (Ph.D.) and is now an Associate Professor at the Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) at Stockholm University in Sweden. His research program comprises a combination of experimental and modelling approaches to investigate the sources, transport, fate and exposure of organic pollutants, including perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). The two coauthors of this critical review article are Ph.D. students in Ian's research group. |
Deguo Kong is a Ph.D. student at ITM. His main research interest is investigating the sources, environmental dynamics and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Arctic region. The tools used in his research are fugacity-based multimedia models which can be combined with field data to provide insights into the environmental distribution and levels of various POPs, including long-chain perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs). |
Robin Vestergren is a Ph.D. student at ITM. His research focuses on elucidating the pathways of human exposure to long-chain perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) employing a combining measurement and modelling techniques. He is currently developing analytical methods to measure PFAAs at low concentrations in a variety of food matrices. |
Environmental Chemistry 8(4) 339-354 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN10144
Submitted: 31 December 2010 Accepted: 16 February 2011 Published: 19 August 2011
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2011 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Environmental context. Five years ago a well-cited review of the sources and fate of perfluorinated carboxylates was published. The findings of that review are revisited here in light of recently published measurement and modelling studies of the sources and fate of these compounds, and an attempt is made to reconcile the many seemingly disparate findings reported. This review also aims to provide a road map for future research on the sources and fate of perfluorinated carboxylates and related compounds.
Abstract. This study critically evaluates the recently published measurement and modelling studies of the sources and fate of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs). It is concluded that modelling studies provide support to the ‘direct hypothesis’ for PFOA and PFNA (i.e. the global dominance of direct sources (mainly from fluoropolymer manufacturing)). Empirical evidence for the importance of direct sources of PFOA and PFNA is provided by PFNA : PFOA ratios and isomer profiles of PFOA in ocean water. However, homologue patterns of long-chain PFCAs in biota from remote regions suggest that indirect sources (mainly from precursor degradation) are proportionally more important for PFCAs with more than 10 carbons. Temporal data in biotic and abiotic media are reviewed and an increasing trend to 2000 is observed for all PFCAs, with discrepancies in time trends reported after that period. Some studies on temporal patterns report a levelling off or decline in the latter part of the 2000s for PFOA and PFNA, whereas others show a continual increase throughout the study period. Differences in temporal patterns result from the fact that some environments respond faster to emission changes than others and may thus be useful to elucidate the importance of direct and indirect sources to different regions.
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