Source analysis of perfluorocarboxylates in Tokyo Bay during dry weather and wet weather using sewage markers
Michio Murakami A , Chiaki Morita B , Takuya Morimoto B and Hideshige Takada B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A ‘Wisdom of Water’ (Suntory), Corporate Sponsored Research Program, Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
B Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
C Corresponding author. Email: shige@cc.tuat.ac.jp
Environmental Chemistry 8(4) 355-362 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN10130
Submitted: 1 December 2010 Accepted: 24 January 2011 Published: 19 August 2011
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2011 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Environmental context. As perfluorocarboxylates can be carried by surface runoff to waters and cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms, we evaluated the contributions of wastewater and surface runoff to the concentrations of these compounds in Tokyo Bay during dry and wet weather. Sewage markers revealed that the surface runoff was a significant source of perfluorocarboxylates in the bay during wet weather. This finding leads to a greater understanding of sources and pathways of perfluorocarboxylates in waters.
Abstract. We investigated the occurrence of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in Tokyo Bay during dry and wet weather and evaluated the contributions of wastewater effluent, untreated wastewater, and surface runoff by using two sewage markers, caffeine and crotamiton. ∑8PFCAs ranged from 11 to 185 ng L–1. Perfluorononanoate (PFNA) was the major species, followed by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA). Principal component analysis followed by multiple linear regression revealed that the PFCAs were derived mainly from wastewater effluent during dry weather, and jointly from wastewater effluent (59%) and combined sewer overflow (41%) during wet weather. We used caffeine-to-crotamiton ratios to evaluate the contributions of untreated wastewater and wastewater effluent. Estimated concentrations of wastewater-derived PFCAs were much lower than observed concentrations during wet weather, indicating the contribution of surface runoff to contamination. During a combined sewer overflow, surface runoff had a significant effect on contamination in the bay.
Additional keywords: combined sewer overflow (CSO), diffuse pollution, non-point source, perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs), perfluorochemicals (PFCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), wastewater tracer.
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