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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 6(4)

The major source and impact of phenyltin contamination on freshwater aquaculture clam Corbicula fluminea and wild golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata

Ching-Chang Lee A B , Yu-Fei Jhuang A , Li-Lian Liu C , Chia-Yi Hsieh B , Colin S. Chen D and Chien-Jung Tien D E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan ROC.

B Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic substances, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan ROC.

C Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-san University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan ROC.

D Institute of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shen-Chung Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan ROC.

E Corresponding author. Email address: cjtien@nknucc.nknu.edu.tw

Environmental Chemistry 6(4) 341-349 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN09017
Submitted: 9 May 2009  Accepted: 12 June 2009   Published: 25 August 2009

Environmental context. Phenyltin contamination is worldwide, and can be detrimental for aquatic ecosystems. Such contamination is largely due to the wide use of triphenyltin-based antifouling paints in the marine environment, but also to its use as fungicides and molluscicides in agriculture. This study provided the data to allow assessment of the accumulation potential of phenyltin compounds in molluscs, and established the correlation of phenyltin concentrations between biota and environmental matrices.

Abstract. This study determined the concentrations of triphenyltin (TPT) and its degradation products, diphenyltin (DPT) and monophenyltin (MPT), in the aquaculture clam Corbicula fluminea and the wild golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata. Sediments from irrigation ditches and clam aquaculture ponds, and soils from paddy fields were also analysed for these compounds in order to elucidate the sources and impact of phenyltin contamination. Considerably high levels of TPT were found in clams (<5.7–68.7 ng g–1 WW, wet weight), snails (ND (not determined)–1558.0 ng g–1 WW), and soils (ND–336.8 ng g–1 DW, dry weight), but not in sediments. The accumulation of phenyltin compounds in clams and snails was attributed to the spraying of triphenyltin-based pesticides in paddy fields. The higher levels of phenyltins accumulated in snails did not result in higher imposex levels, but caused a longer penis sheath length. The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) indicated that clams (2.3–6.9) had a higher bioaccumulative ability of TPT from sediments than snails (1.0–1.4). Relatively low levels of the hazard quotients of TPT (i.e. <1) suggested consumption of the aquaculture clam might not have a potential human health risk.

Additional keywords: BSAF, hazard quotient, Imposex TPT.


Acknowledgements

The authors thank the farmers of the clam aquaculture ponds and our colleagues at the Environmental Toxics Analysis Laboratory, Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic substances of National Cheng Kung University, for sampling and analytical help.


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