Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Exploration Geophysics Exploration Geophysics Society
Journal of the Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Helicopter EM (ZTEM–VTEM) survey results over the Nuqrah copper–lead–zinc–gold SEDEX massive sulphide deposit in the Western Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Jean M. Legault 1 3 Carlos Izarra 1 Alexander Prikhodko 1 Shengkai Zhao 1 Emad M. Saadawi 2
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

1 Geotech Ltd, 245 Industrial Parkway North, Aurora, Ontario, Canada L0R2H3.

2 MA’ADEN, 24th Floor, King Road Tower, PO Box 13784, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 21414.

3 Corresponding author. Email: jean@geotech.ca

Exploration Geophysics 46(1) 36-48 https://doi.org/10.1071/EG14028
Submitted: 14 March 2014  Accepted: 21 August 2014   Published: 27 October 2014

Abstract

Magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) results from two helicopter EM surveys, a time-domain (VTEM) and AFMAG (ZTEM), are compared over the Nuqrah sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) massive sulphide deposits in the Western Arabian Shield of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The magnetic and EM data from both surveys map the major controlling structures that host the Nuqrah North and South deposits. Neither Nuqrah deposits stand out as distinctive aeromagnetic anomalies, but both EM surveys define the massive sulphide mineralised vent and bedded portions of the SEDEX orebodies. ZTEM is interpreted to be more capable in defining the larger, lower conductance and less mineralised distal portions of the SEDEX system. The modelled ZTEM also defines a down-dip extension of the Nuqrah South zone below a depth of 750 m.

Key words: AFMAG, airborne, electromagnetic, magnetic, SEDEX, VTEM, ZTEM.


References

de Lugao, P. P., and Wannamaker, P. E., 1996, Calculating the two-dimensional magnetotelluric Jacobian in finite elements using reciprocity: Geophysical Journal International, 127, 806–810
Calculating the two-dimensional magnetotelluric Jacobian in finite elements using reciprocity:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Delfour, J., 1977, Geology of the Nuqrah quadrangle, 25 E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources, Geoscience map, GM-28, scale 1 : 250,000, with text, 32 pp, 2 figs.

Ford, K., Keating, P., and Thomas, M. D., 2007, Mineral deposits of Canada – overview of geophysical signatures associated with Canadian ore deposits, in Mineral resources of Canada: a synthesis of major deposit-types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods: Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and the Mineral Deposits Division (MDD) of the Geological Association of Canada, 939–969.

Gilmore, K., 2010, New technology and new discoveries in the prolific Flin Flon Greenstone Belt: Hudbay’s perspective: presented at PDAC Prospectors and Developers Convention, Geophysics Session, Toronto, Canada.

Holtham, E., and Oldenburg, D. W., 2008, Three-dimensional forward modelling and inversion of Z-TEM data: 78th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 564–568.

Izarra, C., Legault, J. M., and Latrous, A., 2011, ZTEM airborne tipper AFMAG results over the Copaquire Porphyry, northern Chile: 81st Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1257–1261.

Kaminski, V., and Oldenburg, D., 2012, The geophysical study of Drybones kimberlite using 3D time domain EM inversion and 3D ZTEM inversion algorithms: 22nd ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Kaminski, V., Legault, J. M., and Kumar, H., 2010, The Drybones kimberlite: a cast study of VTEM and ZTEM airborne EM results: 21st ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–5.

Kowalczyk, P. L., and van Kooten, P. B. M., 2012, ZTEM data inversion and interpretation using the UBC-GIF MTinv3D code: a case history at the Silver Queen project, British Columbia: 22nd ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Labson, V. F., Becker, A., Morrison, H. F., and Conti, U., 1985, Geophysical exploration with audio-frequency natural magnetic fields: Geophysics, 50, 656–664
Geophysical exploration with audio-frequency natural magnetic fields:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Legault, J. M., 2012, Ten years of passive airborne AFMAG EM development for mineral exploration: 82nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1–5.

Legault, J. M., Kumar, H., Milicevic, B., and Hulbert, L., 2009a, ZTEM airborne tipper AFMAG test survey over a magmatic copper-nickel target at Axis Lake in northern Saskatchewan: 79th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1272–1276.

Legault, J. M., Kumar, H., Milicevic, B., and Wannamaker, P. E., 2009b, ZTEM tipper AFMAG and 2D inversion results over an unconformity uranium target in northern Saskatchewan: 79th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1277–1281.

Legault, J. M., Fisk, K., and Fontura, C., 2010, Case study of ZTEM airborne tipper AFMAG results over a magmatic nickel deposit at Forrestania, West Australia: 4th Symposium of SBGf Brazilian Geophysical Society, Expanded Abstracts, 1–8.

Legault, J. M., Orta, M., and Zhao, S., 2011, ZTEM and VTEM airborne EM survey results over PGM-Cu-Ni targets at East Bull Lake anorthositic complex, Massey, Ontario: 81st Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 629–634.

Legault, J. M., Prikhodko, A., Dodds, D. J., Macnae, J. C., and Oldenborger, G. A., 2012a, Results of recent VTEM helicopter system development testing over the Spiritwood Valley Aquifer, Manitoba: Symposium on Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), Expanded Abstracts, 1–17.

Legault, J. M., Wilson, G., Gribenko, A., Zhdanov, M. S., Zhao, S., and Fisk, K., 2012b, An overview of the ZTEM and AirMt systems – a case study from the Nebo-Babel Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, West Musgrave, Western Australia, in R. J. L. Lane, ed., Natural Fields EM Forum 2012: abstracts from the Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Natural Fields EM Forum 2012: Geoscience Australia, Geoscience Australia Record 2012/04, 101–121.

Legault, J. M., Wilson, G., Gribenko, A., Zhdanov, M. S., Zhao, S., and Fisk, K., 2012c, An overview of the ZTEM and AirMt airborne electromagnetic systems – a case study from the Nebo-Babel Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, West Musgrave, Western Australia: Preview, 158, 26–32

Legault, J. M., Zhao, S., and Fitch, R., 2012d, ZTEM airborne AFMAG survey results over low sulphidation epithermal gold-silver vein systems at Gold Springs, south eastern Nevada: 22nd ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Legault, J. M., Izarra, C., Zhao, S., and Saadawi, E. M., 2013a, Helicopter AFMAG (ZTEM) survey results over the Ad Duwayhi intrusion related gold deposit (IRGD) in the Western Arabian Shield, KSA: 23rd ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Legault, J. M., Prikhodko, A., Izarra, C., Zhao, S., and Saadawi, E. M., 2013b, Helicopter EM (ZTEM-VTEM) survey results over the Nuqrah Cu-Pb-Zn-Au SEDEX massive sulphide deposit in the Western Arabian Shield: 23rd ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Lo, B., and Zang, M., 2008, Numerical modeling of Z-TEM (airborne AFMAG) responses to guide exploration strategies: 78th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 27, 1098–1101.

Lo, B., Legault, J. M., Kuzmin, P., and Combrinck, M., 2009a, Z-TEM (airborne AFMAG) tests over unconformity uranium deposits: 20th ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Lo, B., Legault, J. M., Kuzmin, P., and Fisk, K., 2009b, Advances in airborne EM: introducing ZTEM: 11th Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition, South African Geophysical Association, Expanded Abstracts, 101–104.

Ma’aden, 2011, Ma’aden Saudi Arabian Mining Company: Annual Report, 123 pp.

Meju, M. A., 1998, Short note: a simple method of transient electromagnetic data analysis: Geophysics, 63, 405–410
Short note: a simple method of transient electromagnetic data analysis:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nehlig, P., Salpeteur, I., Asfirane, F., Bouchot, V., Eberlé, J. M., Genna, A., Kluyverm, H. M., Lasserre, J. L., Nicol, N., Recoche, G., Shanti, M., Thiéblemont, D., and Tourliere, B., 1999, The mineral potential of the Arabian Shield: a reassessment: presented at the IUGS/UNESCO meeting on ‘Base and Precious Metals Deposits in the Arabian Shield’, 71 pp.

Orta, M., Legault, J. M., Zhao, S., Izarra, C., Eadie, T., and Galeschuk, C., 2012, ZTEM and VTEM airborne EM survey results over the Mayville Cu-Ni-PGM intrusive systems, southeastern Manitoba: 82nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1–5.

Orta, M., Legault, J. M., Prikhodko, A., Plastow, G., Zhao, S., and Ulansky, C., 2013, Passive and active helicopter EM survey comparisons over 501 Project Cu-Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit at McFauld’s Lake, northern Ontario: 83rd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1633–1638.

Paré, P., and Legault, J. M., 2010, Ground IP-resistivity and airborne SPECTREM and helicopter ZTEM survey results over Pebble copper-moly-gold porphyry deposit, Alaska: 80th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 29, 1734–1738.

Paré, P., Gribenko, A. V., Cox, L. H., Cuma, M., Wilson, G. A., Zhdanov, M. S., Legault, J. M., Smit, J., and Polomé, L., 2012, 3D inversion of SPECTREM and ZTEM airborne electromagnetic data from the Pebble Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit, Alaska: Exploration Geophysics, 43, 104–115

Prikhodko, A., Morrison, E., Bagrianski, A., Kuzmin, P., Tishin, P., and Legault, J. M., 2010, Evolution of VTEM – technical solutions for effective penetration: 21st ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–5.

Prikhodko, A., Legault, J. M., Kwan, K., Eadie, T., Oldenborger, G. A., Sapia, V., Viezzoli, A., Gloaguen, E., Smith, B. D., and Best, M. E., 2013, Recent AEM case study examples using a full waveform time-domain system for near-surface applications: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Expanded Abstracts, 10 pp.

Roberts, R. J., Greenwood, W. R., Worl, R. G., Dodge, F. C. W., and Killsgaard, T. H., 1975. Mineral deposits in western Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey, open-file report 75–654, 64 pp.

Routhier, P., and Delfour, J., 1975, Gitology of massive sulfide deposits associated with acid volcanism and its application to the search for such deposits in the Precambrian of Saudi Arabia: French Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, open-file report 75–10, 201 pp.

Sattel, D., Thomas, S., and Becken, M., 2010a, An analysis of ZTEM data over the Mt Milligan porphyry copper deposit, British Columbia: 80th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 29, 1729–1733.

Sattel, D., Witherly, K., and Becken, M., 2010b, A brief analysis of ZTEM data from the Forrestania test site, WA: 21st ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Smith, R. S., and Annan, A. P., 2000, Using an induction coil sensor to indirectly measure the B-field response in the bandwidth of the transient electromagnetic method: Geophysics, 65, 1489–1494
Using an induction coil sensor to indirectly measure the B-field response in the bandwidth of the transient electromagnetic method:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tarantola, A., 1987, Inverse problem theory: Elsevier.

Wannamaker, P. E., Stodt, J. A., and Rijo, L., 1987, A stable finite element solution for two dimensional magnetotelluric modeling: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 88, 277–296
A stable finite element solution for two dimensional magnetotelluric modeling:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ward, S. H., 1959, AFMAG - airborne and ground: Geophysics, 24, 761–787
AFMAG - airborne and ground:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Witherly, K., 2009, The search for uranium deposits using airborne EM in the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada: experience of the last five years: Beijing 2009 International Geophysical Conference and Exposition, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1–4.

Witherly, K., 2011, ZTEM: a new paradigm in airborne EM: presented at PDAC Prospectors and Developers Convention, CAMESE Exhibitor Innovation Forum, Toronto, Canada.

Witherly, K., and Irvine, R., 2006, The VTEM airborne electromagnetic system – benchmarking continuous improvement via repeat surveys over time: 76th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1273–1277.

Witherly, K., and Sattel, D., 2012, The application of ZTEM to porphyry copper-gold exploration: 22nd ASEG Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 1–4.

Witherly, K., Irvine, R., and Morrison, E. B., 2004, The Geotech VTEM time domain helicopter EM system: 74th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1217–1221.