Effects of grain or hay supplementation on the chewing behaviour and stability of rumen fermentation of dairy cows grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture in spring
Y. J. Williams A C , W. J. Wales B E , P. T. Doyle B , A. R. Egan A D and C. R. Stockdale BA Institute of Land and Food Resources, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
B Primary Industries Research Victoria (PIRVic), Department of Primary Industries, Kyabram Centre, 120 Cooma Road, Kyabram, Vic. 3620, Australia.
C Current address: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Centre for Environmental and Life Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
D Current address: 145 Sterling St, Bunbury, WA 6230, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: bill.wales@dpi.vic.gov.au
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45(12) 1519-1528 https://doi.org/10.1071/EA04084
Submitted: 2 May 2004 Accepted: 31 March 2005 Published: 19 January 2006
Abstract
Cows grazing highly digestible pasture in early spring can have very low rumen fluid pH that can negatively impact on the efficiency of microbial digestion. In this experiment, cows in early lactation grazed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-based pasture alone at low or high allowances, or at a low allowance supplemented with either a cereal grain pellet, a chopped hay cube or a cube containing cereal grain and chopped hay to determine the effects of the addition of neutral detergent fibre as hay on chewing behaviour and stability of rumen fermentation. The hypotheses tested were that: (i) supplementing high digestibility ryegrass pasture with pelleted cereal grain would increase the proportion of the day that the pH of rumen fluid was below 6.0 and would decrease the rate of degradation of neutral detergent fibre in pasture and hay; and (ii) the inclusion of chopped hay with the cereal grain supplement in cubes would reduce the proportion of the day that the rumen fluid pH was below 6.0 and restore the rate of degradation of neutral detergent fibre in pasture and hay to that in unsupplemented cows.
Rumen fluid pH was highest (P<0.05) in cows fed a chopped hay cube and lowest (P<0.05) in cows fed a cube containing cereal grain and chopped hay, with no significant (P>0.05) difference between those fed pasture only or cereal grain pellets. The introduction of grain, with or without hay, did not substantially alter the pattern or magnitude of changes in rumen fluid pH, but did reduce (P<0.05) the rate of degradation of neutral detergent fibre in pasture (5.3 v. 7.6%/h) and hay (2.7 v. 5.0%/h) in the rumen. Rumen degradation rates of pasture dry matter and neutral detergent fibre were not improved by adding chopped hay. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were highest (P<0.05) on the high pasture allowance treatment and lowest (P<0.05) on the low pasture allowance and the chopped hay cube treatments. Supplementation with grain reduced (P<0.05) the proportion of acetate and increased (P<0.05) the proportion of propionate in total volatile fatty acids. There were no significant (P>0.05) effects of dietary treatment on time spent grazing or on rate of biting while grazing. Cows in treatments receiving grain supplements (532 min) and those in the high pasture allowance treatment (566 min) spent more (P<0.05) time ruminating than those in the low pasture allowance (415 min) and chopped hay cube (465 min) treatments. The relative contributions of low pH and of starch to the reduction in rates of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre degradation in the rumen cannot be determined from this experiment, however, it is likely that both factors contribute to a relative increase in the metabolic activity of non-cellulolytic microorganisms.
Additional keywords: ammonia, grazing behaviour, pH, supplementary feeding, volatile fatty acids.
Acknowledgments
The technical support provided by Marg Jenkin, Janna Heard, Daryl Wilson, Catherine Keady, Jenny Wilson and Belinda Heard is gratefully acknowledged, along with the assistance of the farm staff. Jim Maden and Leigh Callinan provided statistical advice. The Victorian Department of Primary Industries and Dairy Australia provided financial assistance for this research.
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