Influence of row spacing and cultivar selection on annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) control and grain yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Gulshan Mahajan A C , Kerry McKenzie B and Bhagirath S. Chauhan A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A The Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
B PulseAg Consulting (formerly Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries), Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: g.mahajan@uq.edu.au
Crop and Pasture Science 70(2) 140-146 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18436
Submitted: 21 September 2018 Accepted: 13 December 2018 Published: 14 February 2019
Abstract
Annual ryegrass (ARG) (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) is a problematic weed for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Australia. Understanding the critical period of control of ARG in chickpea is important for developing effective integrated management strategies to prevent unacceptable yield loss. Experiments were conducted over 2 years at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Gatton, to evaluate the effect of chickpea row spacing (25 and 75 cm) and cultivar (PBA Seamer and PBA HatTrick) and ARG infestation period (from 0, 3 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP), and weed-free) on ARG suppression and grain yield of chickpea. Year × treatment interactions were not significant for any parameter, and none of the treatment combinations showed any interaction for grain yield. Average grain yield was greater (20%) with 25-cm than 75-cm rows. On average, PBA Seamer had 9% higher yield than PBA HatTrick. Average grain yield was lowest in season-long weedy plots (562 kg ha–1) and highest in weed-free plots (1849 kg ha–1). Grain yield losses were lower when ARG emerged at 3 WAP (1679 kg ha–1). Late-emerged ARG (3 and 6 WAP) had lower biomass (4.7–22.2 g m–2) and number of spikes (5–24 m–2) than ARG that emerged early; at 0 WAP, weed biomass was 282–337 g m–2 and number of spikes 89–120 m–2. Compared with wide row spacing, narrow row spacing suppressed ARG biomass by 16% and 52% and reduced number of spikes of ARG by 26% and 48% at 0 WAP and 3 WAP, respectively. PBA Seamer suppressed ARG growth more effectively than PBA HatTrick, but only in the season-long weedy plots. Our results imply that in ARG-infested fields, grain yield of chickpea can be increased by exploring narrow row spacing and weed-competitive cultivars. These cultural tools could be useful for developing integrated weed management tactics in chickpea in combination with pre-emergent herbicides.
Additional keywords: closer spacing, critical period of weed control, agronomic practices, weed suppression, weed dry matter.
References
ABARES (2018) Australian crop production. ABARE Australian Crop Report, September 2018. No. 187. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra, ACT. Available at: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-commodities/australian-crop-reportAl-Thahabi SA, Yasin JZ, Abu-Irmaileh BE, Haddad NI, Saxena MC (1994) Effect of weed removal on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) in a Mediterranean environment. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 172, 333–341.
| Effect of weed removal on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) in a Mediterranean environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ballare CL, Scopel AL, Sanchez RA (1990) Far-red radiation reflected from adjacent leaves: an early signal of competition in plant canopies. Science 247, 329–332.
| Far-red radiation reflected from adjacent leaves: an early signal of competition in plant canopies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17735851PubMed |
Berger JD, Turner NC, Siddique KHM, Knights EJ, Brinsmead RB, Mock I, Edmonson C, Khan TN (2004) Genotype by environment studies across Australia reveal the importance of phenology for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) improvement. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 1071–1084.
| Genotype by environment studies across Australia reveal the importance of phenology for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) improvement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blackshaw RE, O’Donovan JT, Harker KN, Li X (2002) Beyond herbicides: New approaches to managing weeds. In ‘Proceedings International Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture for Dry Areas’. pp. 305–312. (Dobing Enterprises: Lethbridge, AB, Canada)
Boutsalis P, Gill GS, Preston C (2012) Incidence of herbicide resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) across southeastern Australia. Weed Technology 26, 391–398.
| Incidence of herbicide resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) across southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boutsalis P, Gill GS, Preston C (2014) Control of rigid ryegrass in Australian wheat production with pyroxasulfone. Weed Technology 28, 332–339.
| Control of rigid ryegrass in Australian wheat production with pyroxasulfone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Broster JC, Koetz EA, Wu H (2011) Herbicide resistance levels in annual ryegrass (‘Lolium rigidum’ Gaud.) in southern New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 26, 22–28.
Burnside OC, Colville WL (1964) Soybean and weed yields as affected by irrigation, row spacing, tillage, and amiben. Weeds 12, 109–112.
| Soybean and weed yields as affected by irrigation, row spacing, tillage, and amiben.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Calcagno F, Verona G, Gallo G (1987) Chemical weed control for chickpea in Sicily, Italy. International Chickpea Newsletter 7, 34–35.
Campbell J (2016) Controlling weeds in Pacific Northwest pulse crops. Crops and Soils 49, 24–26.
| Controlling weeds in Pacific Northwest pulse crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chaudhary BM, Patel JJ, Delvadia DR (2005) Effect of weed management practices and seed rates on weeds and yield of chickpea. Indian Journal of Weed Science 37, 271–272.
Chauhan BS, Mahajan G (2014) ‘Recent advances in weed management.’ (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Chauhan Y, Wright G, Rachaputi N, McCosker K (2008) Identifying chickpea homoclimes using the APSIM chickpea model. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 260–269.
| Identifying chickpea homoclimes using the APSIM chickpea model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chauhan BS, Matloob A, Mahajan G, Aslam F, Florentine SK, Jha P (2017) Emerging challenges and opportunities for education and research in weed science. Frontiers of Plant Science 8, 1537
| Emerging challenges and opportunities for education and research in weed science.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cowan P, Weaver SE, Swanton CJ (1998) Interference between pigweed (Amaranthus spp.), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and soybean. Weed Science 46, 533–539.
Fasoula DA, Fasoula VA (1997) Competitive ability and plant breeding. Plant Breeding Reviews 14, 89–138.
Fischer AJ, Ramirez HV, Gibson KD, Pinhjeiro SB (2001) Competitiveness of semi dwarf upland rice cultivars against palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and signal grass (B. decumbens). Agronomy Journal 93, 967–973.
| Competitiveness of semi dwarf upland rice cultivars against palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and signal grass (B. decumbens).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gibson KD, Fischer AJ, Foin TC (2001) Shading and the growth and photosynthetic responses of Ammannia coccinnea. Weed Research 41, 59–67.
| Shading and the growth and photosynthetic responses of Ammannia coccinnea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
GRDC (2016) Chickpeas—GrowNotes Northern, October 2016. Grains Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, ACT. Available at: https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/330213/GRDC-Chickpeas-GrowNotes-Northern.pdf (accessed 2 September 2018)
Hartzler RG, Battles BA, Nordby D (2004) Effect of waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) emergence date on growth and fecundity in soybean. Weed Science 52, 242–245.
| Effect of waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) emergence date on growth and fecundity in soybean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Iriti M, Varoni E (2017) Pulses, healthy, and sustainable food sources for feeding the planet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, 255
| Pulses, healthy, and sustainable food sources for feeding the planet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Knezevic SZ, Weise SF, Swanton CJ (1994) Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) in corn (Zea mays L.). Weed Science 42, 568–573.
Knezevic SZ, Evans SP, Mainz M (2003) Row spacing influences the critical timing for weed removal in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology 17, 666–673.
| Row spacing influences the critical timing for weed removal in soybean (Glycine max).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kumar Y, Gupta OP, Gill OP (1989) Weed control studies in irrigated chickpea in Rajasthan, India. International Chickpea Newsletter 21, 28–30.
Lemerle D, Verbeek B, Cousens RD, Coombes NE (1996) The potential for selecting wheat varieties strongly competitive against weeds. Weed Research 36, 505–513.
| The potential for selecting wheat varieties strongly competitive against weeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lemerle D, Verbeek B, Orchard B (2001) Ranking the ability of wheat varieties to compete with Lolium rigidum. Weed Research 41, 197–209.
| Ranking the ability of wheat varieties to compete with Lolium rigidum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindström J, Kokko H (2002) Cohort effects and population dynamics. Ecology Letters 5, 338–344.
| Cohort effects and population dynamics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Llewellyn RS, Ronning D, Ouzman J, Walker S, Mayfield A, Clarke M (2016) Impact of weeds on Australian grain production: the cost of weeds to Australian grain growers and the adoption of weed management and tillage practices Report for GRDC. CSIRO, Australia.
Mahajan G, Chauhan BS (2013) The role of cultivars in managing weeds in dry-seeded rice production systems. Crop Protection 49, 52–57.
| The role of cultivars in managing weeds in dry-seeded rice production systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mahajan G, Poonia V, Chauhan BS (2014) Integrated weed management using planting pattern, cultivar, and herbicide in dry-seeded rice in Northwest India. Weed Science 62, 350–359.
| Integrated weed management using planting pattern, cultivar, and herbicide in dry-seeded rice in Northwest India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mahajan G, Ramesha MS, Chauhan BS (2015) Genotypic differences for water-use efficiency and weed competitiveness in dry direct-seeded rice. Agronomy Journal 107, 1573–1583.
| Genotypic differences for water-use efficiency and weed competitiveness in dry direct-seeded rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mahoney JE (1984) Chemical weed control in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). Australian Weeds 3, 125–127.
Mandal D, Khuntia A, Ghosh S, Pal D, Ghosh RK (2006) Determination of critical period of crop weed competition in greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) in the Gangetic alluvial soil of India. Journal of Crop and Weed 2, 13–14.
Maun MA, Barrett SCH (1986) The biology of Canadian weeds. 77. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, 739–759.
| The biology of Canadian weeds. 77. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKenzie K (2014) Impact of row spacing and populations on chickpeas. GRDC Grower Research Update, Warra, Queensland. Grains Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, ACT. Available at: https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/08/ (accessed 1 September 2018)
Mohammadi G, Javanshir A, Khooie FR, Mohammadi SA, Salmasi SZ (2005) Critical period of weed interference in chickpea. Weed Research 45, 57–63.
| Critical period of weed interference in chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mohler CL (1996) Ecological bases for the cultural control of annual weeds. Journal of Production Agriculture 9, 468–474.
| Ecological bases for the cultural control of annual weeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ni H, Moody K, Robles RP, Paller EC, Lales JS (2000) Oryza sativa plant traits conferring competitive ability against weeds. Weed Science 48, 200–204.
| Oryza sativa plant traits conferring competitive ability against weeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Owen MJ, Walsh MJ, Llewellyn RS, Powles SB (2007) Widespread occurrence of multiple herbicide resistance in Western Australian annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) populations. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 711–718.
| Widespread occurrence of multiple herbicide resistance in Western Australian annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Puricelli EC, Faccini DE, Orioli GA, Sabbatini MR (2003) Spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) competition in narrow- and wide-row soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology 17, 446–451.
| Spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) competition in narrow- and wide-row soybean (Glycine max).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rasool G, Mahajan G, Yadav R, Hanif Z, Chauhan BS (2017) Row spacing is more important than seeding rate for increasing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) control and grain yield in soybean (Glycine max). Crop & Pasture Science 68, 620–624.
| Row spacing is more important than seeding rate for increasing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) control and grain yield in soybean (Glycine max).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saxena MC, Subramaniyam KK, Yadav DS (1976) Chemical and mechanical control of weeds in gram. Pantnagar Journal of Research 1, 112–116.
Schwinghamer TD, Van Acker RC (2008) Emergence timing and persistence of kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Science 56, 37–41.
| Emergence timing and persistence of kochia (Kochia scoparia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seavers GP, Wright KJ (1997) Influence of crop growth habit and canopy development on weed suppression. In ‘Optimising cereal inputs: its scientific basis’. Aspects of Applied Biology, Vol. 50. (Eds MJ Gooding, PR Shewry) pp. 361–366. (Association of Applied Biologists: Warwick, UK)
Shibles RM, Weber CR (1965) Leaf area, solar radiation interception, and dry matter production by soybeans. Crop Science 5, 575–577.
| Leaf area, solar radiation interception, and dry matter production by soybeans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Steckel LE, Sprague CL (2004) Late-season common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in narrow- and wide-row soybean. Weed Technology 18, 947–952.
| Late-season common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in narrow- and wide-row soybean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tepe I, Erman M, Yergin R, Bükün B (2011) Critical period of weed control in chickpea under non-irrigated conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 35, 525–534.
Walsh MJ, Broster JC, Aves C, Powles SB (2018) Influence of crop competition and harvest weed seed control on rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seed retention height in wheat crop canopies. Weed Science 66, 627–633.
| Influence of crop competition and harvest weed seed control on rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seed retention height in wheat crop canopies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang P, Stieglitz T, Zhou DW, Cahill JF (2010) Are competitive effect and response two sides of the same coin, or fundamentally different? Functional Ecology 24, 196–207.
| Are competitive effect and response two sides of the same coin, or fundamentally different?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weiner J, Griepentrog HW, Kristensen L (2001) Suppression of weeds by spring wheat Triticum aestivum increases with crop density and spatial uniformity Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 784–790.
| Suppression of weeds by spring wheat Triticum aestivum increases with crop density and spatial uniformityCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wells RJ, Burton JW, Kilen TC (1993) Soybean growth and light interception: response to differing leaf and stem morphology. Crop Science 33, 520–524.
| Soybean growth and light interception: response to differing leaf and stem morphology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yadav SK, Singh SP, Bhan VM (1983) Weed control in chickpea. Tropical Pest Management 29, 297–298.
| Weed control in chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Young FL (1988) Effect of Russian thistle (Salsola iberica) interference on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Science 36, 594–598.
Yu Q, Cairns A, Powles SB (2004) Paraquat resistance in a population of Lolium rigidum. Functional Plant Biology 31, 247–254.
| Paraquat resistance in a population of Lolium rigidum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
