Vernalisation and photoperiod responses of diverse wheat genotypes
Maxwell T. Bloomfield
A G * , Corinne Celestina A H , James R. Hunt A H , Neil Huth B , Bangyou Zheng C , Hamish Brown D , Zhigan Zhao E , Enli Wang E , Katia Stefanova F , Jessica Hyles E , Tina Rathjen E and Ben Trevaskis E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia.
B CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
C CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
D The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand.
E CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
F Statistics for the Australian Grains Industry West, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
G Present address: Field Applied Research Australia, 2/63 Holder Road, Bannockburn, Vic. 3331, Australia.
H Present address: School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3052, Australia.
Crop & Pasture Science 74(5) 405-422 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22213
Submitted: 20 June 2022 Accepted: 15 December 2022 Published: 8 March 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adaptation is highly dependent on crop lifecycle duration, particularly the time at which flowering occurs in a specific environment. Frost, low solar radiation, heat and drought can significantly reduce yield if a crop flowers too early or late. Wheat genotypes have different lifecycle durations determined by plant responses to temperature (thermal time accumulation and vernalisation) and photoperiod. These responses are largely controlled by five phenology genes (two PPD1 and three VRN1 genes). Advances in crop phenology modelling suggest that flowering time under field conditions could be accurately predicted with parameters derived from photoperiod and vernalisation responses obtained in controlled environments.
Aims: This study quantified photoperiod and vernalisation responses of 69 Australian wheat genotypes selected for diversity at the PPD1 and VRN1 loci.
Methods: Spring and winter genotypes were grown in four controlled environments at a constant temperature of 22°C with photoperiod (17 or 8 h) and vernalisation (0 or 8 weeks) treatments as factors.
Key results: Thermal time from coleoptile emergence to flowering in spring genotypes was typically decreased more by long photoperiod than by vernalisation; the opposite was true for winter genotypes. Spring genotypes that were sensitive to vernalisation contained a sensitive allele at the Vrn-A1 locus.
Conclusions: There is large diversity in phenological responses of wheat genotypes to photoperiod and vernalisation, including among those with matching multi-locus genotype.
Implications: Data from this study will be used to parameterise and test a wheat phenology model in a future study.
Keywords: flowering time, G x E, phenology, photoperiod, thermal time, Triticum aestivum L., vernalisation, wheat.
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