Iron bio-fortification and heavy metal/(loid)s contamination in cereals: successes, issues, and challenges
Muhammad Irfan Sohail
A * , Muhammad Zia ur Rehman B , Tariq Aziz A , Fatima Akmal C , Muhammad Azhar D , Faisal Nadeem E , Mustansar Aslam F , Ayesha Siddiqui G and Muhammad Awais Khalid H
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A High Tech Lab-II, Sub campus Depalpur Okara, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Okara 56300, Pakistan.
B Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
C Department of Agriculture Extension Govt of Punjab, Agriculture Extension Wing Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan 36050.
D Engro Fertilizers Ltd., 19-A Summit Bank Building, Main Boulevard Garden Town, Lahore, Pakistan.
E Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
F Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan.
G Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
H Pesticide Quality Control Laboratory, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Crop & Pasture Science - https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21771
Submitted: 7 July 2021 Accepted: 29 March 2022 Published online: 20 May 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Biofortification of micronutrients, particularly of the iron (Fe) in cereals, is a viable, attractive, and sustainable strategy to cope with malnutrition as cereals are the major staple diets, particularly in developing countries. Increased concentrations of heavy metal/(loid)s (HMs); i.e. cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) etc. in agricultural soils is an increasing and serious challenge, posing severe health problems through food chain contamination. Accumulation of HMs in plants is challenging and contrasts to the development of biofortification strategies to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Agricultural biofortification strategies aim to increase plant uptake of mineral nutrients from soil and the translocation/storage of micronutrients to edible portions of cereal grains. However, it also means that any strategy to increase the uptake of Fe in plants may result in increased uptake of other toxic HMs. Therefore, the issue of HM contamination in cereals needs further understanding. This review describes the advancements in Fe biofortification strategies and the conflicting issue of HM accumulation in the grain of cereals.
Keywords: agronomic, biotechnology, breeding, cereals, heavy metal toxicities, iron malnutrition, safe foods, sustainable development goal-2, zero hunger.
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