Long-term rundown of plant-available potassium in Western Australia requires a re-evaluation of potassium management for grain production: a review
Qifu Ma
A B * , Richard Bell A B , Craig Scanlan B C D and Andreas Neuhaus E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
B SoilsWest, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
C Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 75 York Road, Northam, WA 6401, Australia.
D UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
E CSBP Limited, Kwinana Beach Road, Kwinana, WA 6966, Australia.
Crop & Pasture Science 73(9) 981-996 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21612
Submitted: 27 July 2021 Accepted: 7 February 2022 Published: 6 May 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Negative potassium (K) balances on farmlands globally are widespread because fertiliser K input is often less than losses (leaching) and removal of K in hay, straw and grain, which leads to a rundown of plant-available K. When soil K reserves are not large and the plant-available K pools are not well buffered, the risk of K rundown in soils is high. In the south-west of Western Australia, soil K rundown, particularly by continuous cropping or in systems where a large portion of crop biomass is removed, is increasing the prevalence of crop K deficiency even on soils where K was not previously a limiting factor for crop yields. While fertiliser K is required for adequate supply of plant-available K, maximising K use efficiency is also important for cropping profitability and sustainability in dryland agriculture. Plant K uptake and use efficiency can be affected by soil types, crop species and sequences, seasonal conditions, and K management. In water-limited environments, crop K nutrition, especially root access to subsoil K, plays a crucial role in promoting root growth, regulating plant water relations and alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses. Optimised use of both soil and fertiliser K is increasingly necessary to sustain crop yields under stressed conditions in the context of K rundown in soils.
Keywords: crop K deficiency, crop stress, dryland cropping, fertiliser K, K use efficiency, potassium deficiency, potassium use efficiency, soil K supply.
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