Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Crop and Pasture Science Crop and Pasture Science Society
Plant sciences, sustainable farming systems and food quality
REVIEW

Factors of yield determination in faba bean (Vicia faba)

Najeeb H. Alharbi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-3258 A B and Kedar N. Adhikari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4662-2211 B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Atomic Energy Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

B IA Watson Grains Research Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia.

C Corresponding author. Email: kedar.adhikari@sydney.edu.au

Crop and Pasture Science 71(4) 305-321 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19103
Submitted: 18 March 2019  Accepted: 28 January 2020   Published: 21 April 2020

Abstract

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important cool-season legume crop that ranks fourth after chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) in terms of total production. The global production of faba bean was 4.8 Mt in 2017, with China, Ethiopia and Australia being the largest producers (1.8, 0.93 and 0.37 Mt, respectively). However, its area of production is not increasing relative to other crops, mainly because of high yield instability. This can be attributed to several factors related to plant traits (e.g. phenology, morpho-physiology) and biotic and abiotic stresses. Faba bean has a very poor flower : pod ratio, with a maximum 20% of flowers resulting in pods. Environmental stresses such as frost, heat and drought cause significant damage to flowers and young pods; therefore, matching phenology of crops to the environment is important for avoiding or minimising detrimental effects of unfavourable environmental conditions. In order to improve adaptation and yield, we need to understand the main factors affecting plant growth, including biotic stresses, identify the main yield components, and find traits associated with tolerance to frost, heat and drought.

Additional keywords: biomass partitioning, morphology, sowing date.


References

Abdalla MM (1982) Mutation breeding in faba beans. In ‘Faba bean improvement’. (Eds G Hawtin, C Webb) pp. 83–90. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)

Abid G, Mingeot D, Udupa SM, Muhovski Y, Watillon B, Sassi K, M’hamdi M, Souissi F, Mannai K, Barhoumi F (2015) Genetic relationship and diversity analysis of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. Minor) genetic resources using morphological and microsatellite molecular markers. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 33, 1755–1767.
Genetic relationship and diversity analysis of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. Minor) genetic resources using morphological and microsatellite molecular markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Acquaah G (2009) Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses. In ‘Principles of plant genetics and breeding’. pp. 386–403. (Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA)

Adhikari KN, Buirchell BJ, Sweetingham MW (2012) Length of vernalization period affects flowering time in three lupin species. Plant Breeding 131, 631–636.
Length of vernalization period affects flowering time in three lupin species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ahmed F, Hall A, Madore M (1993) Interactive effects of high temperature and elevated carbon dioxide concentration on cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Plant, Cell & Environment 16, 835–842.
Interactive effects of high temperature and elevated carbon dioxide concentration on cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ahuja L, Saseendran S, Reddy V, Yu Q (2008) Synthesis, actions, and further research to improve response of crop system models to water stress. In ‘Response of crops to limited water: understanding and modeling water stress effects on plant growth processes’. (Ed. L Ahuja) pp. 411–421. (ASA, CSSA, SSSA: Madison, WI, USA)

Ainsworth EA (2008) Rice production in a changing climate: a meta‐analysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration. Global Change Biology 14, 1642–1650.
Rice production in a changing climate: a meta‐analysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ajam Norouzi H, Vazin F (2011) Prediction of flowering occurrence in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39, 198–207.
Prediction of flowering occurrence in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Al Barri THM (2012) Phenotypic characterization of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) landraces grown in Palestine. Masters Thesis, An-Najah National University, Palestine.

Ali SA, Idris AY (2015) Effect of seed size and sowing depth on germination and some growth parameters of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Agricultural and Biological Sciences Journal 1, 1–5.

Allen L, Bisbal E, Campbell W, Boote K (1990) Carbon dioxide effects on soybean developmental stages and expansive growth. In ‘Proceedings Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida’. pp. 124–131. (Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA)

Allen L, Bisbal E, Boote K, Jones P (1991) Soybean dry matter allocation under subambient and superambient levels of carbon dioxide. Agronomy Journal 83, 875–883.
Soybean dry matter allocation under subambient and superambient levels of carbon dioxide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Alonso JM (2017) Environmental requirements. In ‘Almonds: botany, production and uses’. (Ed. TM Gradziel) pp. 254–273. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)

Altuner EM (2018) Potential of high hydrostatic pressure to improve the production of plants used as food. In ‘Advances in biotechnology for food industry’. (Eds AM Holban, AM Grumezescu) pp. 213–241. (Academic Press: Cambridge, MS, USA)

Altuntaş E, Yıldız M (2007) Effect of moisture content on some physical and mechanical properties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grains. Journal of Food Engineering 78, 174–183.
Effect of moisture content on some physical and mechanical properties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Amin A, Abouziena H, Abdelhamid M, Rashad E-SM, Gharib AF (2014) Improving growth and productivity of faba bean plants by foliar application of thiourea and aspartic acid. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science 3, 724–736.
Improving growth and productivity of faba bean plants by foliar application of thiourea and aspartic acid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Andrés F, Coupland G (2012) The genetic basis of flowering responses to seasonal cues. Nature Reviews. Genetics 13, 627–639.
The genetic basis of flowering responses to seasonal cues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22898651PubMed |

Arbaoui M, Link W (2008) Effect of hardening on frost tolerance and fatty acid composition of leaves and stems of a set of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes. Euphytica 162, 211–219.
Effect of hardening on frost tolerance and fatty acid composition of leaves and stems of a set of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Arbaoui M, Balko C, Link W (2008a) Study of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) winter-hardiness and development of screening methods. Field Crops Research 106, 60–67.
Study of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) winter-hardiness and development of screening methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Arbaoui M, Link W, Satovic Z, Torres A-M (2008b) Quantitative trait loci of frost tolerance and physiologically related trait in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Euphytica 164, 93–104.
Quantitative trait loci of frost tolerance and physiologically related trait in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Armond PA, Björkman O, Staehelin LA (1980) Dissociation of supramolecular complexes in chloroplast membranes: a manifestation of heat damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 601, 433–442.
Dissociation of supramolecular complexes in chloroplast membranes: a manifestation of heat damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ashworth EN, Pearce RS (2002) Extracellular freezing in leaves of freezing-sensitive species. Planta 214, 798–805.
Extracellular freezing in leaves of freezing-sensitive species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11882950PubMed |

Avila CM, Sillero JC, Rubiales D, Moreno MT, Torres AM (2003) Identification of RAPD markers linked to the Uvf-1 gene conferring hypersensitive resistance against rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) in Vicia faba L. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 107, 353–358.
Identification of RAPD markers linked to the Uvf-1 gene conferring hypersensitive resistance against rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) in Vicia faba L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12698251PubMed |

Avila CM, Satovic Z, Sillero JC, Rubiales D, Moreno MT, Torres AM (2004) Isolate and organ-specific QTLs for ascochyta blight resistance in faba bean (Vicia faba L). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108, 1071–1078.
Isolate and organ-specific QTLs for ascochyta blight resistance in faba bean (Vicia faba L).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15067393PubMed |

Ávila CM, Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Cruz-Izquierdo S, Atienza SG, Cubero JI, Torres AM (2017) Identification of plant architecture and yield-related QTL in Vicia faba L. Molecular Breeding 37, 88
Identification of plant architecture and yield-related QTL in Vicia faba L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bäck J, Nikinmaa E, Kulmala L, Simojoki A, Kalliokoski T, Hari P, Häkkinen R, Linkosalo T, Hänninen H, Juurola E (2013) Processes in living structures. In ‘Physical and physiological forest ecology’. (Eds P Hari, K Heliövaara, L Kulmala) pp. 43–223. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)

Baginsky C, Silva P, Auza J, Acevedo E (2013) Evaluation for fresh consumption of new broad bean genotypes with a determinate growth habit in central Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 73, 225–232.
Evaluation for fresh consumption of new broad bean genotypes with a determinate growth habit in central Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Basra AS, Randhawa LS (2002) ‘Quality improvement in field crops.’ (Food Products Press: New York)

Belachew KY, Nagel KA, Poorter H, Stoddard FL (2019) Association of shoot and root responses to water deficit in young faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 1063
Association of shoot and root responses to water deficit in young faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31552067PubMed |

Bhadwal S, Choch S, Martin-Ortega J (2011) Agriculture. In ‘Costing adaptation: preparing for climate change in India’. (Eds A Markandya, A Mishra) pp. 127–170. (The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI): New Delhi)

Bhattacharya A, Vijaylaxmi (2010) Physiological responses of grain legumes to stress environments. In ‘Climate change and management of cool season grain legume crops’. (Eds SS Yadav, DL McNeil, R Redden, SA Patil) pp. 35–86. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)

Bishop J, Jones HE, Lukac M, Potts SG (2016a) Insect pollination reduces yield loss following heat stress in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 220, 89–96.
Insect pollination reduces yield loss following heat stress in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bishop J, Potts SG, Jones HE (2016b) Susceptibility of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to heat stress during floral development and anthesis. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 202, 508–517.
Susceptibility of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to heat stress during floral development and anthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Biswas M, Hossain M, Fakir M (2005) Effect of defoliation at vegetative stage on dry mass production and yield in cowpea. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 3, 13–20.

Bloom AJ, Chapin FS, Mooney HA (1985) Resource limitation in plants-an economic analogy. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16, 363–392.
Resource limitation in plants-an economic analogy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bond D, Poulsen M (1983) Pollination. In ‘The faba bean (Vicia faba L.), a basis for improvement’. (Ed. PD Hebblethwaite) pp. 77–101. (Butterworths: London)

Bonelli LE, Monzon JP, Cerrudo A, Rizzalli RH, Andrade FH (2016) Maize grain yield components and source–sink relationship as affected by the delay in sowing date. Field Crops Research 198, 215–225.
Maize grain yield components and source–sink relationship as affected by the delay in sowing date.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bouslama M, Harrabi M (1987) Accumulation and partitioning of carbohydrates in two cultivars of Navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as influenced by grafting. Revue de l’Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie (Tunisia).

Brown LR (2003) ‘Plan B: rescuing a planet under stress and a civilization in trouble.’ (Norton: New York)

Casella M (2010) Frost/cold injury and wind damage to young vegetable plants and strawberries. Plant and Pest Advisory 7, 16. Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.

Catt SC, Paull JG (2017) Effects of ambient temperature and photoperiod on flowering time in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Crop & Pasture Science 68, 893–901.
Effects of ambient temperature and photoperiod on flowering time in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Catt SC, Braich S, Kaur S, Paull JG (2017) QTL detection for flowering time in faba bean and the responses to ambient temperature and photoperiod. Euphytica 213, 125
QTL detection for flowering time in faba bean and the responses to ambient temperature and photoperiod.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chandrasekar VK, Sairam R, Srivastava G (2000) Physiological and biochemical responses of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat to drought stress. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 185, 219–227.
Physiological and biochemical responses of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat to drought stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Choi YS, Gim HJ, Ho CH, Jeong SJ, Park SK, Hayes MJ (2017) Climatic influence on corn sowing date in the Midwestern United States. International Journal of Climatology 37, 1595–1602.
Climatic influence on corn sowing date in the Midwestern United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chouard P (1960) Vernalization and its relations to dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 11, 191–238.
Vernalization and its relations to dormancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clarke H, Siddique K (2004) Response of chickpea genotypes to low temperature stress during reproductive development. Field Crops Research 90, 323–334.
Response of chickpea genotypes to low temperature stress during reproductive development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clifford P, Pentland B, Baylis A (1990) Reproductive abscission patterns in faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Troy). FABIS Newsletter 27, 5–9.

Clifford SC, Stronach IM, Black CR, Singleton‐Jones PR, Azam‐Ali SN, Crout NM (2000) Effects of elevated CO2, drought and temperature on the water relations and gas exchange of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) stands grown in controlled environment glasshouses. Physiologia Plantarum 110, 78–88.
Effects of elevated CO2, drought and temperature on the water relations and gas exchange of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) stands grown in controlled environment glasshouses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Confalone A, Lizaso JI, Ruiz-Nogueira B, López-Cedrón F-X, Sau F (2010) Growth, PAR use efficiency, and yield components of field-grown Vicia faba L. under different temperature and photoperiod regimes. Field Crops Research 115, 140–148.
Growth, PAR use efficiency, and yield components of field-grown Vicia faba L. under different temperature and photoperiod regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Critchfield H (1966) ‘General climatology.’ pp. 21–30. (Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA)

Crompton HJ, Hill-Cottingham DG, Hudd GA, Lloyd-Jones CP (1984) Effect of plant density on the uptake and distribution of 14C in the field bean, Vicia faba. Physiologia Plantarum 60, 543–546.
Effect of plant density on the uptake and distribution of 14C in the field bean, Vicia faba.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cruz-Izquierdo S, Avila CM, Satovic Z, Palomino C, Gutiérrez N, Ellwood SR, Phan HT, Cubero JI, Torres AM (2012) Comparative genomics to bridge Vicia faba with model and closely-related legume species: stability of QTLs for flowering and yield-related traits. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 125, 1767–1782.
Comparative genomics to bridge Vicia faba with model and closely-related legume species: stability of QTLs for flowering and yield-related traits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22864387PubMed |

Cunningham SA, Le Feuvre D (2013) Significant yield benefits from honeybee pollination of faba bean (Vicia faba) assessed at field scale. Field Crops Research 149, 269–275.
Significant yield benefits from honeybee pollination of faba bean (Vicia faba) assessed at field scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Curtis IS (2004) ‘Transgenic crops of the world: essential protocols.’ (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

DaCosta M, Huang B (2009) Physiological adaptations of perennial grasses to drought stress. In ‘Perspectives in biophysical plant ecophysiology: a tribute to Park S. Nobel’. (Eds EDL Barrera, WK Smith) pp. 169–190. (National Autonomous University of Mexico:, Mexico City)

Dalezios NR (2017) ‘Environmental hazards: methodologies for risk assessment and management.’ (IWA Publishing: London)

De Costa W, Dennett M, Ratnaweera U, Nyalemegbe K (1997a) Effects of different water regimes on field-grown determinate and indeterminate faba bean (Vicia faba L.). I. Canopy growth and biomass production. Field Crops Research 49, 83–93.
Effects of different water regimes on field-grown determinate and indeterminate faba bean (Vicia faba L.). I. Canopy growth and biomass production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

De Costa W, Dennett M, Ratnaweera U, Nyalemegbe K (1997b) Effects of different water regimes on field-grown determinate and indeterminate faba bean (Vicia faba L.). II. Yield, yield components and harvest index. Field Crops Research 52, 169–178.
Effects of different water regimes on field-grown determinate and indeterminate faba bean (Vicia faba L.). II. Yield, yield components and harvest index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Derogar N, Mojaddam M, Saki N (2014) The effect of plant population on growth parameters and seed yield of faba bean. International Journal of Biosciences 4, 149–157.

Dey SK, Chakrabarti B, Prasanna R, Singh S, Purakayastha T, Datta A, Pathak H (2017) Productivity of mungbean (Vigna radiata) with elevated carbon dioxide at various phosphorus levels and cyanobacteria inoculation. Legume Research. International Journal 40, 497–505.

Dhillon T, Pearce SP, Stockinger EJ, Distelfeld A, Li C, Knox AK, Vashegyi I, Vágújfalvi A, Galiba G, Dubcovsky J (2010) Regulation of freezing tolerance and flowering in temperate cereals: the VRN-1 connection. Plant Physiology 153, 1846–1858.
Regulation of freezing tolerance and flowering in temperate cereals: the VRN-1 connection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20571115PubMed |

Dijkstra P, Nonhebel S, Grashoff C, Goudriaan J, van de Geijn SC (1996) Response of growth and CO2 uptake of spring wheat and faba bean to CO2 concentration under semifield conditions: comparing results of field experiments and simulations. In ‘Carbon dioxide and terrestrial ecosystems’. (Eds GW Koch, HA Mooney) pp. 251–264. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA)

Dogras CC, Dilley DR, Herner RC (1977) Phospholipid biosynthesis and fatty acid content in relation to chilling injury during germination of seeds. Plant Physiology 60, 897–902.
Phospholipid biosynthesis and fatty acid content in relation to chilling injury during germination of seeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16660209PubMed |

Dörffling K, Schulenburg S, Lesselich G, Dörffling H (1990) Abscisic acid and proline levels in cold hardened winter wheat leaves in relation to variety‐specific differences in freezing resistance. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 165, 230–239.
Abscisic acid and proline levels in cold hardened winter wheat leaves in relation to variety‐specific differences in freezing resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Duc G (1997) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Field Crops Research 53, 99–109.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

El-Fouly MM 1982. Flower and pod drop. In ‘Faba bean improvement’. (Eds G Hawtin, C Webb) pp. 177–184. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

El-Hendawy S, Shaban W, Sakagami J-I (2010) Does treating faba bean seeds with chemical inducers simultaneously increase chocolate spot disease resistance and yield under field conditions? Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 34, 475–485.

El-Sayed , Sahar A, El-Shennawy RZ, Ismail AI (2011) Fungicidal management of chocolate spot of faba bean and assessment of yield losses due to the disease. Annals of Agricultural Science 56, 27–35.
Fungicidal management of chocolate spot of faba bean and assessment of yield losses due to the disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ellis R, Summerfield R, Roberts E (1988) Effects of temperature, photoperiod and seed vernalization on flowering in faba bean Vicia faba. Annals of Botany 61, 17–27.
Effects of temperature, photoperiod and seed vernalization on flowering in faba bean Vicia faba.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Engelen-Eigles G, Erwin JE (1997) A model plant for vernalization studies. Scientia Horticulturae 70, 197–202.
A model plant for vernalization studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Evans L (1959) Environmental control of flowering in Vicia faba L. Annals of Botany 23, 521–546.
Environmental control of flowering in Vicia faba L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fakir M (1997) A study on morphophysiological selection criteria related to yield in pigeonpea. PhD Thesis, Department of Plant Science, University of West Indies, Trinidad.

FAOSTAT (2018) Crops. Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (accessed 30 January 2018)

FAOSTAT (2019) Crops. Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (accessed 15 September 2019)

Fasheun A, Dennett M (1982) Interception of radiation and growth efficiency in field beans (Vicia faba L.). Agricultural Meteorology 26, 221–229.
Interception of radiation and growth efficiency in field beans (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Filippetti A, Ricciardi L (1993) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). In ‘Genetic improvement of vegetable crops’. (Eds G Kalloo, BO Bergh) pp. 355–385. (Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK)

Flores F, Nadal S, Solis I, Winkler J, Sass O, Stoddard FL, Link W, Raffiot B, Muel F, Rubiales D (2012) Faba bean adaptation to autumn sowing under European climates. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 32, 727–734.
Faba bean adaptation to autumn sowing under European climates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fowler S, Cook D, Thomashow MF (2007) The CBF cold-response pathway. In ‘Plant abiotic stress’. (Eds MA Jenks, PM Hasegawa) pp. 71–99. (Blackwell Publishing: Hoboken, NJ, USA)

Free J (1993) ‘Insect pollination of crops.’ pp. 172–180. (Academic Press: London)

Fuller MP, Fuller AM, Kaniouras S, Christophers J, Fredericks T (2007) The freezing characteristics of wheat at ear emergence. European Journal of Agronomy 26, 435–441.
The freezing characteristics of wheat at ear emergence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Galiba G, Kocsy G, Kerepesi I, Vágujfalvi A, Cattivelli L, Sutka J (2002) Involvement of glutathione and carbohydrate biosynthesis moreover cor14b gene expression in wheat cold acclimation. In ‘Plant cold hardiness’. pp. 139–159. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Gan Y, Jayakumar P, Zentner R, McDonald C (2006) Selection for seed size and its impact on grain yield and quality in kabuli chickpea. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, 345–352.
Selection for seed size and its impact on grain yield and quality in kabuli chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gasim SM, Abdelmula AA (2018) Impact of bee pollination on yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grown under semi-arid conditions. Agricultural Sciences 9, 729–740.
Impact of bee pollination on yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grown under semi-arid conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gates P, Smith M, Boulter D (1983) Reproductive physiology and yield stability in Vicia faba L. In ‘Temperate legumes: physiology, genetics and nodulation’. Pitman series in applied biology. (Eds DR Davies, DG Jones.) pp. 43–54. (Pitman Advanced Publishing Program)

Ghavidel RA, Asadi GA, Naseri MT, Yazdi P, Ghorbani R, Khorramdel S (2016) Evaluation of radiation use efficiency of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars as affected by plant density under Mashhad climatic conditions. Journal of BioScience and Biotechnology 5, 145–150.

Gholami A, Sharafi S, Sharafi A, Ghasemi S (2009) Germination of different seed size of pinto bean cultivars as affected by salinity and drought stress. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 7, 555–558.

Gliessman SR (2014) ‘Agroecology: the ecology of sustainable food systems.’ (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)

Gnanasambandam A, Paull J, Torres A, Kaur S, Leonforte T, Li H, Zong X, Yang T, Materne M (2012) Impact of molecular technologies on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) breeding strategies. Agronomy (Basel) 2, 132–166.
Impact of molecular technologies on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) breeding strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

GRDC (2014) Optimising performance and managing risk in faba beans. Update Papers, 26 August 2014. Grains Research and Development Corporation. Available at: https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/grdc-update-papers/2014/08/optimising-performance-and-managing-risk-in-faba-beans (accessed 18 July 2018)

Grenz J, Manschadi A, Uygur F, Sauerborn J (2005) Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. Field Crops Research 93, 300–313.
Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grzesiak S, Koscielniak J, Filek W, Augustyniak G (1989) Effects of soil drought in the generative phase of development of field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) on leaf water status, photosynthesis rate and biomass growth. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 162, 241–247.
Effects of soil drought in the generative phase of development of field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) on leaf water status, photosynthesis rate and biomass growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Guinchard M, Robin C, Grieu P, Guckert A (1997) Cold acclimation in white clover subjected to chilling and frost: changes in water and carbohydrates status. European Journal of Agronomy 6, 225–233.
Cold acclimation in white clover subjected to chilling and frost: changes in water and carbohydrates status.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gusta LV, Wisniewski M (2012) Frost tolerance in plants. In ‘Plant stress physiology’. (Ed. S Shabala) pp. 132–147. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)

Guy CL (1990) Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance: role of protein metabolism. Annual Review of Plant Biology 41, 187–223.
Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance: role of protein metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hall AE (1992) Breeding for heat tolerance. In ‘Plant breeding reviews’. (Ed. J Janick) pp. 129–168. (John Wiley: New York)

Hall AE (1993) Physiology and breeding for heat tolerance in cowpea, and comparisons with other crops. In ‘Adaptation of food crops to temperature and water stress. Proceedings of International Symposium’. pp. 271–284. (Asian Vegetables Research and Development Center: Taiwan)

Hamada A (2001) Alteration in growth and some relevant metabolic processes of broad bean plants during extreme temperatures exposure. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 23, 193–200.
Alteration in growth and some relevant metabolic processes of broad bean plants during extreme temperatures exposure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hamdi MR, Alaban MA, Jaber M (2011) Statistical examination of frost characterization: a case of global warming impact in Jordan. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 3, 620–627.
Statistical examination of frost characterization: a case of global warming impact in Jordan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hawthorne W (2007) A summary of pulse management options to minimize frost damage. Pulse Australia Bulletin 2, 1–4.

Heath M, Pilbeam C, McKenzie B, Hebblethwaite P (1994) Plant architecture, competitive ability and crop productivity in food legumes with particular emphasis on pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). In ‘Expanding the production and use of cool season food legumes’. (Eds FI Muehlbauer, W Kaiser) pp. 771–790. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Hekneby M, Antolín MC, Sánchez-Díaz M (2006) Frost resistance and biochemical changes during cold acclimation in different annual legumes. Environmental and Experimental Botany 55, 305–314.
Frost resistance and biochemical changes during cold acclimation in different annual legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hendawey M, Younes A (2013) Biochemical evaluation of some faba bean cultivars under rainfed conditions at El-Sheikh Zuwayid. Annals of Agricultural Science 58, 183–193.
Biochemical evaluation of some faba bean cultivars under rainfed conditions at El-Sheikh Zuwayid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Henderson IR, Dean C (2004) Control of Arabidopsis flowering: the chill before the bloom. Development 131, 3829–3838.
Control of Arabidopsis flowering: the chill before the bloom.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15289433PubMed |

Herzog H (1987) A quantitative method to assess freezing resistance in faba beans. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 158, 195–204.
A quantitative method to assess freezing resistance in faba beans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hirt H, Shinozaki K (2003) ‘Plant responses to abiotic stress.’ (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Hoffmann-Bahnsen R, Herzog H (2001) Frost resistance-screening in Lupinus albus based on chlorophyll fluorescence measurements: a methodical evaluation and adjustment. In ‘Proceedings 4th European Conference on Grain Legumes’. pp. 8–12. (European Association for Grain Legume Research)

Hsiao TC, Jackson RB (1999) Interactive effects of water stress and elevated CO2 on growth, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency. In ‘Carbon dioxide and environmental stress’. pp. 3–31. (Academic Press: Cambridge, MS, USA)

Husain M, Hill G, Gallagher J (1988) The response of field beans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation and sowing date: 1. Yield and yield components. The Journal of Agricultural Science 111, 221–232.
The response of field beans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation and sowing date: 1. Yield and yield components.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hussein M, Embiale A, Husen A, Aref IM, Iqbal M (2017) Salinity-induced modulation of plant growth and photosynthetic parameters in faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany 49, 867–877.

Huyghe C (1998) Genetics and genetic modifications of plant architecture in grain legumes: a review. Agronomie 18, 383–411.
Genetics and genetic modifications of plant architecture in grain legumes: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Iannucci A, Terribile M, Martiniello P (2008) Effects of temperature and photoperiod on flowering time of forage legumes in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research 106, 156–162.
Effects of temperature and photoperiod on flowering time of forage legumes in a Mediterranean environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ijaz U (2018) Molecular mapping and microscopic analysis of faba bean: Uromyces viciae-fabae host-pathogen interaction. PhD Thesis, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Inci NE, Toker C (2011) Screening and selection of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) for cold tolerance and comparison to wild relatives. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 58, 1169–1175.
Screening and selection of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) for cold tolerance and comparison to wild relatives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ingram J, Hebblethwaite P (1976) Optimum economic seed rates in spring and autumn sown field beans. Agricultural Progress 51, 27–32.

Ishikawa M, Ide H, Price W, Arata Y, Nakamura T, Kishimoto T (2009) Freezing behaviours in plant tissues: visualization using NMR micro-imaging and biochemical regulatory factors involved. In ‘Plant Cold Hardiness: from the Laboratory to the Field’. (Eds LV Gusta, KK Tanino, ME Wisniewski) pp. 19–28. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)

Islam M, Rahim M, Prodhan A (2010) Flowering pattern, floral abscission and yield attributes in soybean influenced by GABA. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 8, 29–33.
Flowering pattern, floral abscission and yield attributes in soybean influenced by GABA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jagadish S, Muthurajan R, Oane R, Wheeler TR, Heuer S, Bennett J, Craufurd PQ (2010) Physiological and proteomic approaches to address heat tolerance during anthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 61, 143–156.
Physiological and proteomic approaches to address heat tolerance during anthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19858118PubMed |

Jensen ES, Peoples MB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2010) Faba bean in cropping systems. Field Crops Research 115, 203–216.
Faba bean in cropping systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jeuffroy MH, Ney B (1997) Crop physiology and productivity. Field Crops Research 53, 3–16.
Crop physiology and productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kalma JD, Laughlin GP, Caprio JM, Hamer PJ (2012) ‘The bioclimatology of frost: its occurrence, impact and protection.’ (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Karaköy T, Baloch FS, Toklu F, Özkan H (2014) Variation for selected morphological and quality-related traits among 178 faba bean landraces collected from Turkey. Plant Genetic Resources 12, 5–13.
Variation for selected morphological and quality-related traits among 178 faba bean landraces collected from Turkey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Karamanos A, Giménez C (1991) Physiological factors limiting growth and yield of faba beans. In ‘Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries’. pp. 79–90. (CIHEAM-IAMZ: Zaragoza, Spain)

Kasim K, Dennett M (1986) Effects of shading and plant density on leaf growth of Vicia faba. Annals of Applied Biology 109, 627–638.
Effects of shading and plant density on leaf growth of Vicia faba.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kaur S, Kimber RBE, Cogan NOI, Materne M, Forster JW, Paull JG (2014) SNP discovery and high-density genetic mapping in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) permits identification of QTLs for ascochyta blight resistance. Plant Science 217–218, 47–55.
SNP discovery and high-density genetic mapping in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) permits identification of QTLs for ascochyta blight resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24467895PubMed |

Keatinge J, Summerfield R, Kusmenoglu I, Halila M (2000) Autumn sowing of lentil in the Mediterranean highlands: lessons for chickpea. In ‘Linking research and marketing opportunities for pulses in the 21st Century’. (Ed. R Knight) pp. 279–288. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Keerati-Kasikorn P, Bell R, Panya P, Gilmour R, Loneragan J (1993) Comparison of seed yield and quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in low fertility soils and their response to boron and complete fertilizer. In ‘Plant nutrition—from genetic engineering to field practice’. (Ed. NJ Barrow) pp. 409–412. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Khan H, Paull J, Siddique K, Stoddard F (2010) Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective. Field Crops Research 115, 279–286.
Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kigel J, Rosental L, Fait A (2015) Seed physiology and germination of grain legumes. In ‘Grain legumes’. (Ed. AM De Ron) pp. 327–363. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Kluyver TA, Charles M, Jones G, Rees M, Osborne CP (2013) Did greater burial depth increase the seed size of domesticated legumes? Journal of Experimental Botany 64, 4101–4108.
Did greater burial depth increase the seed size of domesticated legumes?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24058143PubMed |

Kobe RK, Iyer M, Walters MB (2010) Optimal partitioning theory revisited: nonstructural carbohydrates dominate root mass responses to nitrogen. Ecology 91, 166–179.
Optimal partitioning theory revisited: nonstructural carbohydrates dominate root mass responses to nitrogen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20380206PubMed |

Kondra Z (1975) Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and date of seeding on faba beans. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55, 211–214.
Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and date of seeding on faba beans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kosová K, Prášil I, Vitamvas P (2008) The relationship between vernalization-and photoperiodically-regulated genes and the development of frost tolerance in wheat and barley. Biologia Plantarum 52, 601–615.
The relationship between vernalization-and photoperiodically-regulated genes and the development of frost tolerance in wheat and barley.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kovi MR, Ergon Å, Rognli OA (2016) Freezing tolerance revisited—effects of variable temperatures on gene regulation in temperate grasses and legumes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 33, 140–146.
Freezing tolerance revisited—effects of variable temperatures on gene regulation in temperate grasses and legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27479037PubMed |

Krauss G-J, Nies DH (2014) ‘Ecological biochemistry: environmental and interspecies interactions.’ (John Wiley & Sons: New York)

Kyllönen T (2018) Effects of pollination on pod distribution in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Masters Thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Landry EJ, Coyne CJ, Hu J (2015) Agronomic performance of spring-sown faba bean in southeastern Washington. Agronomy Journal 107, 574–578.
Agronomic performance of spring-sown faba bean in southeastern Washington.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Latef AAHA, Ahmad P (2015) Legumes and breeding under abiotic stress: An overview. In ‘Legumes under environmental stress: yield, improvement and adaptations’. (Eds MM Azooz, P Ahmad) pp. 1–20. (John Wiley & Sons: New York)

Lavania D, Siddiqui MH, Al-Whaibi MH, Singh AK, Kumar R, Grover A (2015) Genetic approaches for breeding heat stress tolerance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 37, 1737
Genetic approaches for breeding heat stress tolerance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lawn R, James A (2011) Application of physiological understanding in soybean improvement. I. Understanding phenological constraints to adaptation and yield potential. Crop & Pasture Science 62, 1–11.
Application of physiological understanding in soybean improvement. I. Understanding phenological constraints to adaptation and yield potential.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lemoine R, La Camera S, Atanassova R, Dédaldéchamp F, Allario T, Pourtau N, Bonnemain J-L, Laloi M, Coutos-Thévenot P, Maurousset L (2013) Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. Frontiers in Plant Science 4, 1–21.
Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Levitt J (2012) ‘Responses of plants to environmental stresses: chilling, freezing, and high temperature stresses.’ (Elsevier: Amsterdam)

Li X, Yang Y (2014) A novel perspective on seed yield of broad bean (Vicia faba L.): differences resulting from pod characteristics. Scientific Reports 4, 1–6.

Lidon F, Ribeiro G, Santana H, Marques H, Correia K, Gouveia S (2001) Photoinhibition in chilling stressed Leguminosae: comparison of Vicia faba and Pisum sativum. Photosynthetica 39, 17–22.
Photoinhibition in chilling stressed Leguminosae: comparison of Vicia faba and Pisum sativum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Link W, Bond D (2011) Resistance to freezing in winter faba beans. Grain Legumes 56, 19–20.

Link W, Balko C, Stoddard F (2010) Winter hardiness in faba bean: physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research 115, 287–296.
Winter hardiness in faba bean: physiology and breeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liu DL (2007) Incorporating vernalization response functions into an additive phenological model for reanalysis of the flowering data of annual pasture legumes. Field Crops Research 101, 331–342.
Incorporating vernalization response functions into an additive phenological model for reanalysis of the flowering data of annual pasture legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

López-Bellido F, López-Bellido L, López-Bellido R (2005) Competition, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). European Journal of Agronomy 23, 359–378.
Competition, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loss S, Siddique K (1997) Adaptation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to dryland Mediterranean-type environments I. Seed yield and yield components. Field Crops Research 52, 17–28.
Adaptation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to dryland Mediterranean-type environments I. Seed yield and yield components.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loss S, Siddique K, Martin L (1997) Adaptation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to dryland Mediterranean-type environments II. Phenology, canopy development, radiation absorption and biomass partitioning. Field Crops Research 52, 29–41.
Adaptation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to dryland Mediterranean-type environments II. Phenology, canopy development, radiation absorption and biomass partitioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loss SP, Siddique KHM, Jettner R, Martin LD (1998a) Responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to sowing rate in south-western Australia I. Seed yield and economic optimum plant density. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 989–997.
Responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to sowing rate in south-western Australia I. Seed yield and economic optimum plant density.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loss SP, Siddique KHM, Martin LD, Crombie A (1998b) Responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to sowing rate in south-western Australia. II. Canopy development, radiation absorption and dry matter partitioning. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 999–1008.
Responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to sowing rate in south-western Australia. II. Canopy development, radiation absorption and dry matter partitioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loveys BR, Egerton JJ, Ball MC (2006) Higher daytime leaf temperatures contribute to lower freeze tolerance under elevated CO2. Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 1077–1086.
Higher daytime leaf temperatures contribute to lower freeze tolerance under elevated CO2.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lukatkin AS, Brazaityte A, Bobinas C, Duchovskis P (2012) Chilling injury in chilling-sensitive plants: a review. Agriculture 99, 111–124.

Maalouf F (2011) Faba bean improvement at ICARDA: constraints and challenges. In ‘Grain legumes’. (Ed. D Rubiales) pp. 13–14. (CSIC, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture: Córdoba, Spain)

Macfarlane R, Patten K, Royce L, Wyatt B (1995) Applied pollination in temperate areas. In ‘Pollination of cultivated plants in the tropics’. (Ed. DW Roubik) pp. 20–39. (Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome)

Mahfoozi S, Limin AE, Ahakpaz F, Fowler DB (2006) Phenological development and expression of freezing resistance in spring and winter wheat under field conditions in north-west Iran. Field Crops Research 97, 182–187.
Phenological development and expression of freezing resistance in spring and winter wheat under field conditions in north-west Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Manning W (2017) Impact of time of sowing, temperature and irrigation on faba bean (Vicia faba) productivity in northern NSW. Masters Thesis, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Manning BK, Adhikari KN, Trethowan R (2019) Impact of sowing time, genotype, environment and maturity on biomass and yield components in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Crop & Pasture Science 71, 147–154.
Impact of sowing time, genotype, environment and maturity on biomass and yield components in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maqbool A, Shafiq S, Lake L (2010) Radiant frost tolerance in pulse crops—a review. Euphytica 172, 1–12.
Radiant frost tolerance in pulse crops—a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Marcellos H, Constable G (1986) Effects of plant density and sowing date on grain yield of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in northern New South Wales. Animal Production Science 26, 493–496.
Effects of plant density and sowing date on grain yield of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in northern New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Martin K, Sauerborn J (2013) Crops and their environment. In ‘Agroecology’. pp. 103–185. (Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Martin M, Gavazov K, Koerner C, Haettenschwiler S, Rixen C (2010) Reduced early growing season freezing resistance in alpine treeline plants under elevated atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology 16, 1057–1070.
Reduced early growing season freezing resistance in alpine treeline plants under elevated atmospheric CO2.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Martini M, McKenzie B, Moot D, Hill G (2012) Dry matter accumulation of faba bean sown at different sowing dates in Canterbury. Agronomy New Zealand 42, 43–51.

Materne M, Siddique K (2009) Agroecology and Crop Adaptation. In ‘The lentil: botany, production and uses’. (Eds W Erskine, FJ Muehlbauer, A Sarker, B Sharma) pp. 47–63. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)

Matthews P, Marcellos H (2003) Faba bean. AgFact P4-2-7, 2nd edn, NSW Agriculture, Department of Plant Industries, Tamworth, NSW.

Matthews P, Armstrong E, Lisle C, Menz I, Shephard P, Armstrong B (2008)

McDonald G, Paulsen G (1997) High temperature effects on photosynthesis and water relations of grain legumes. Plant and Soil 196, 47–58.
High temperature effects on photosynthesis and water relations of grain legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McDonald G, Adisarwanto T, Knight R (1994) Effect of time of sowing on flowering in faba bean (Vicia faba). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 395–400.
Effect of time of sowing on flowering in faba bean (Vicia faba).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McKenzie J, Paquin R, Duke SH (1988) Cold and heat tolerance. In ‘Alfalfa and alfalfa improvement’. (Eds AA Hanson, DK Barnes, RR Hill, GH Heichel, OJ Hunt, KT Leath, GC Marten, MB Tesar) pp. 259–302. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA)

McRae FJ, Matthews PW, McCaffery D (2008) Faba bean. In ‘2008 winter crop variety sowing guide’. pp. 74–85. (NSW Department of Primary Industries: Orange, NSW)

Mekkei ME (2014) Effect of intra-row spacing and seed size on yield and seed quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 7, 665–670.

Meyer D, Badaruddin M (2001) Frost tolerance of ten seedling legume species at four growth stages. Crop Science 41, 1838–1842.
Frost tolerance of ten seedling legume species at four growth stages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Migdadi H, El-Harty E, Salamh A, Khan M (2016) Yield and proline content of faba bean genotypes under water stress treatments. JAPS Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 26, 1772–1779.

Mohammed AR, Tarpley L (2011) ‘Effects of high night temperature on crop physiology and productivity: Plant growth regulators provide a management option.’ (InTechOpen: London)

Mondal M (2007) A study of source-sink relation in mungbean. PhD Thesis, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Morison JI, Gifford R (1984) Plant growth and water use with limited water supply in high CO2 concentrations. I. Leaf area, water use and transpiration. Functional Plant Biology 11, 361–374.
Plant growth and water use with limited water supply in high CO2 concentrations. I. Leaf area, water use and transpiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mortley D, Loretan PA, Hill J, Seminara J (1997) CO2 enrichment influences yields of ‘Florunner’, ‘Georgia Red’ and ‘New Mexico’ peanut cultivars. Advances in Space Research 20, 1905–1908.
CO2 enrichment influences yields of ‘Florunner’, ‘Georgia Red’ and ‘New Mexico’ peanut cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11542568PubMed |

Murray G, Eser D, Gusta L, Eteve G (1988) Winterhardiness in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea. In ‘World crops: cool season food legumes’. (Ed. RJ Summerfield) pp. 831–843. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)

Musa M (1982) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba beans in Sudan. In ‘Faba bean improvement’. (Eds G Hawtin, C Webb) pp. 139–143. (Springer: Aleppo, Syria)

Musallam IW, Haddad NJ, Tawaha A-RM, Migdadi OS (2004) The importance of bee-pollination in four genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 6, 9–12.

Mwanamwenge J, Loss S, Siddique K, Cocks P (1999) Effect of water stress during floral initiation, flowering and podding on the growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). European Journal of Agronomy 11, 1–11.
Effect of water stress during floral initiation, flowering and podding on the growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nahar B, Ikeda T (2002) Effect of silver‐sheet and Figaron on flower production, abscission of reproductive organs, yield and yield components in soybean (Glycine max L.). Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 188, 193–200.
Effect of silver‐sheet and Figaron on flower production, abscission of reproductive organs, yield and yield components in soybean (Glycine max L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nebiyu A, Diels J, Boeckx P (2016) Phosphorus use efficiency of improved faba bean (Vicia faba) varieties in low‐input agro‐ecosystems. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 179, 347–354.
Phosphorus use efficiency of improved faba bean (Vicia faba) varieties in low‐input agro‐ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Neugschwandtner RW, Ziegler KV, Kriegner S, Kaul H-P (2015) Limited winter survival and compensation mechanisms of yield components constrain winter faba bean production in Central Europe. Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica. Section B, Soil and Plant Science 65, 496–505.
Limited winter survival and compensation mechanisms of yield components constrain winter faba bean production in Central Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nielsen C, Hall A (1985) Responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in the field to high night air temperature during flowering. II. Plant responses. Field Crops Research 10, 181–196.
Responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in the field to high night air temperature during flowering. II. Plant responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nishiyama I (1995) Damage due to extreme temperatures. Science of the Rice Plant 2, 769–812.

O’Sullivan DM, Angra D (2016) Advances in faba bean genetics and genomics. Frontiers in Genetics 7, 1–12.
Advances in faba bean genetics and genomics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pande S, Sharma S, Ramakrishna A (2000) Biotic stresses affecting legumes production in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In ‘Legumes in rice and wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain: constraints and opportunities’. (Eds C Johansen, JM Duxbury, SM Virmani, CLL Gowda, S Pande, PK Joshi) pp. 129–155. (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics: Patancheru, India)

Patrick J, Stoddard F (2010) Physiology of flowering and grain filling in faba bean. Field Crops Research 115, 234–242.
Physiology of flowering and grain filling in faba bean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Paull JG, Rose I, van Leur J, Kimber RBE, Seymour M (2006) Breeding faba beans for the Australian environment. In ‘Congresos y Jornadas. Serie Cultivos Herbáceos: Junta de Andalucía (España)’. (Eds C Avila, J Cubero, M Moreno, M Suso, A Torres) pp. 66–69. (International Workshop on Faba Bean Breeding and Agronomy: Spain)

Paulsen GM (1994) High temperature responses of crop plants. In ‘Physiology and determination of crop yield’. (Eds KJ Boote, JM Bennett, TR Sinclair, GM Paulsen) pp. 365–389. (ASA, CSSA, SSSA: Madison, WI, USA)

Pearce RS (2001) Plant freezing and damage. Annals of Botany 87, 417–424.
Plant freezing and damage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pilbeam C, Hebblethwaite P, Ricketts H, Nyongesa T (1991) Effects of plant population density on determinate and indeterminate forms of winter field beans (Vicia faba) 1. Yield and yield components. The Journal of Agricultural Science 116, 375–383.
Effects of plant population density on determinate and indeterminate forms of winter field beans (Vicia faba) 1. Yield and yield components.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Poorter H, Nagel O (2000) The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review. Functional Plant Biology 27, 595–607.
The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Posmyk MM, Bailly C, Szafrańska K, Janas KM, Corbineau F (2005) Antioxidant enzymes and isoflavonoids in chilled soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology 162, 403–412.
Antioxidant enzymes and isoflavonoids in chilled soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15900882PubMed |

Poulain D, Keller S, Guen Jl (1986) Canopy development and efficiency of foliar light interception in winter faba bean. Vortraege fuer Pflanzenzuechtung 16, 13–19.

Prasad P, Boote KJ, Allen LH, Thomas JM (2002) Effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide on seed‐set and yield of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Global Change Biology 8, 710–721.
Effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide on seed‐set and yield of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Prasad P, Staggenborg S, Ristic Z (2008) Impacts of drought and/or heat stress on physiological, developmental, growth, and yield processes of crop plants. In ‘Response of crops to limited water: understanding and modeling water stress effects on plant growth processes’. (Eds L Ahuja, VR Reddy, SA Saseendran, Q Yu) pp. 301–355. (ASA, CSSA, SSSA: Madison, WI, USA)

Pulse Australia (2016) Faba bean disease management strategy—Southern Region. Pulse Australia. Available at: http://www.pulseaus.com.au/growing-pulses/bmp/faba-and-broad-bean/southern-guide (accessed 20 July 2018).

Putterill J, Laurie R, Macknight R (2004) It’s time to flower: the genetic control of flowering time. BioEssays 26, 363–373.
It’s time to flower: the genetic control of flowering time.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15057934PubMed |

Qados AMA, Moftah AE (2015) Influence of silicon and nano-silicon on germination, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under salt stress conditions. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 5, 509–524.
Influence of silicon and nano-silicon on germination, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under salt stress conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rapacz M, Woźniczka A (2009) A selection tool for freezing tolerance in common wheat using the fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. Plant Breeding 128, 227–234.
A selection tool for freezing tolerance in common wheat using the fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ratinam M, Abd el Moneim A, Saxena M (1994) Variations in sugar content and dry matter distribution in roots and their associations with frost tolerance in certain forage legume species. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 173, 345–353.
Variations in sugar content and dry matter distribution in roots and their associations with frost tolerance in certain forage legume species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rebaa F, Abid G, Aouida M, Abdelkarim S, Aroua I, Muhovski Y, Baudoin J-P, M’hamdi M, Sassi K, Jebara M (2017) Genetic variability in Tunisian populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. major) assessed by morphological and SSR markers. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 23, 397–409.
Genetic variability in Tunisian populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. major) assessed by morphological and SSR markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28461727PubMed |

Redden R, Paull J, Zong X, Sass O, Yang T, Ling L (2014) Faba bean. In ‘Broadening the genetic base of grain legumes’. (Eds M Singh, IS Bisht, M Dutta) pp. 75–93. (Springer: New Delhi)

Reich PB, Hobbie SE, Lee TD (2014) Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO2 eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation. Nature Geoscience 7, 920–924.
Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO2 eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Reinheimer JL, Barr AR, Eglinton JK (2004) QTL mapping of chromosomal regions conferring reproductive frost tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109, 1267–1274.
QTL mapping of chromosomal regions conferring reproductive frost tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15365623PubMed |

Repo T, Ryyppö A (2008) The electrolyte leakage method can be misleading for assessing the frost hardiness of roots. Plant Biosystems 142, 298–301.
The electrolyte leakage method can be misleading for assessing the frost hardiness of roots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ribaut J-M, Hoisington D (1998) Marker-assisted selection: new tools and strategies. Trends in Plant Science 3, 236–239.
Marker-assisted selection: new tools and strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ricaurte J, Clavijo Michelangeli JA, Sinclair TR, Rao IM, Beebe SE (2016) Sowing density effect on common bean leaf area development. Crop Science 56, 2713–2721.
Sowing density effect on common bean leaf area development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ridge P, Pye D (1985) The effects of temperature and frost at flowering on the yield of peas grown in a Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research 12, 339–346.
The effects of temperature and frost at flowering on the yield of peas grown in a Mediterranean environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Robertson M, Brooking I, Ritchie J (1996) Temperature response of vernalization in wheat: modelling the effect on the final number of mainstem leaves. Annals of Botany 78, 371–381.
Temperature response of vernalization in wheat: modelling the effect on the final number of mainstem leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rogers H, Dahlman R (1993) Crop responses to CO2 enrichment. In ‘CO2 and biosphere’. pp. 117–131. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Román B, Torres AM, Rubiales D, Cubero JI, Satovic Z (2002) Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) resistance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Genome 45, 1057–1063.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) resistance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12502250PubMed |

Román B, Satovic Z, Avila CM, Rubiales D, Moreno MT, Torres AM (2003) Locating genes associated with Ascochyta fabae resistance in Vicia faba. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 85–90.
Locating genes associated with Ascochyta fabae resistance in Vicia faba.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rose IA, Leur JAGv (2006) Breeding faba beans (Vicia faba) for adaptation to short season environments in Australia. In ‘Proceedings 13th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference’. Christchurch, New Zealand. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 18–21. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Dunedin, New Zealand)

Rose TJ, Julia CC, Shepherd M, Rose MT, Van Zwieten L (2016) Faba bean is less susceptible to fertiliser N impacts on biological N2 fixation than chickpea in monoculture and intercropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils 52, 271–276.
Faba bean is less susceptible to fertiliser N impacts on biological N2 fixation than chickpea in monoculture and intercropping systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roth F, Link W (2010) Selection on freezing-tolerance of faba bean (Vicia faba L.): improvement of methods and results. In ‘Jahrestagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzenzüchter und Saatgutkaufleute Österreichs’. 24–26 November 2009, Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Austria. pp. 31–37.

Rowntree SC, Suhre JJ, Weidenbenner NH, Wilson EW, Davis VM, Naeve SL, Casteel SN, Diers BW, Esker PD, Conley SP (2014) Physiological and phenological responses of historical soybean cultivar releases to earlier planting. Crop Science 54, 804–816.
Physiological and phenological responses of historical soybean cultivar releases to earlier planting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roy B, Basu AK (2009) ‘Abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants: breeding and biotechnology.’ (New India Publishing Agency: New Delhi)

Ruelland E, Collin S (2012) Chilling stress. In ‘Plant stress physiology’. (Ed. S Shabala) pp. 94–117. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)

Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhula P, Ahmed S (2009) Evaluation of pathogenic isolates in Ethiopia for the control of chocolate spot in faba bean. African Crop Science Journal 17, 187–197.

Sallam A, Martsch R, Moursi YS (2015) Genetic variation in morpho-physiological traits associated with frost tolerance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Euphytica 205, 395–408.
Genetic variation in morpho-physiological traits associated with frost tolerance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sallam A, Arbaoui M, El-Esawi M, Abshire N, Martsch R (2016) Identification and verification of QTL associated with frost tolerance using linkage mapping and GWAS in winter faba bean. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 1–16.
Identification and verification of QTL associated with frost tolerance using linkage mapping and GWAS in winter faba bean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sallam A, Ghanbari M, Martsch R (2017) Genetic analysis of winter hardiness and effect of sowing date on yield traits in winter faba bean. Scientia Horticulturae 224, 296–301.
Genetic analysis of winter hardiness and effect of sowing date on yield traits in winter faba bean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Samarah NH (2016) Understanding how plants respond to drought stress at the molecular and whole plant levels. In ‘Drought stress tolerance in plants’. Vol. 2. (Eds MA Hossain, SH Wani, S Bhattacharjee, DJ Burritt, L-SP Tran) pp. 1–37. (Springer)

Saucke H, Juergens M, Döring TF, Fittje S, Lesemann D, Vetten H (2009) Effect of sowing date and straw mulch on virus incidence and aphid infestation in organically grown faba beans (Vicia faba). Annals of Applied Biology 154, 239–250.
Effect of sowing date and straw mulch on virus incidence and aphid infestation in organically grown faba beans (Vicia faba).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Saxena MC (1982) Physiological aspects of adaption. Faba Bean Improvement. Springer, pp. 145–159.

Saxena M, Saxena N, Mohamed A (1988) High temperature stress. In ‘World crops: Cool season food legumes’. (Ed. RJ Summerfield) pp. 845–856. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Schmitz RJ, Amasino RM (2007) Vernalization: a model for investigating epigenetics and eukaryotic gene regulation in plants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1769, 269–275.
Vernalization: a model for investigating epigenetics and eukaryotic gene regulation in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwartz CJ, Doyle MR, Manzaneda AJ, Rey PJ, Mitchell-Olds T, Amasino RM (2010) Natural variation of flowering time and vernalization responsiveness in Brachypodium distachyon. BioEnergy Research 3, 38–46.
Natural variation of flowering time and vernalization responsiveness in Brachypodium distachyon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwenke G, Peoples M, Turner G, Herridge D (1998) Does nitrogen fixation of commercial, dryland chickpea and faba bean crops in north-west New South Wales maintain or enhance soil nitrogen? Animal Production Science 38, 61–70.
Does nitrogen fixation of commercial, dryland chickpea and faba bean crops in north-west New South Wales maintain or enhance soil nitrogen?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sekara A, Poniedzialek M, Ciura J, Jedrszczyk E (2001) The effect of meteorological factors upon flowering and pod setting of faba bean [Vicia faba L.] at different sowing times. Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 54. Agricultural University, Krakow, Poland.

Shafique A, Rehman S, Khan A, Kazi AG (2014) Improvement of legume crop production under environmental stresses through biotechnological intervention. In ‘Emerging technologies and management of crop stress tolerance’. (Eds P Ahmad, S Rasool) pp. 1–22. (Elsevier: Amsterdam)

Shalaby Y, Mohamed L (1977) Differences in yield of field bean due to planting date, plant density and phosphate fertilization. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy 3, 13–23.

Sharifi P (2014) Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield component in some of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes. Genetika 46, 905–914.
Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield component in some of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shibles R, Secor J, Ford D (1987) Carbon assimilation and metabolism. In ‘Soybeans: improvement, production, and uses’. (Ed. JR Wilcox) pp. 535–588. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA)

Siddique KHM, Loss SP, Regan KL, Jettner RL (1999) Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 375–387.
Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Siddique K, Brinsmead R, Knight R, Knights E, Paull J, Rose I 2000. Adaptation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to Australia. In ‘Linking research and marketing opportunities for pulses in the 21st century’. (Ed. R Knight) pp. 289–303. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Sigee DC (2005) ‘Bacterial plant pathology: cell and molecular aspects.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)

Silim S, Saxena M (1992) Comparative performance of some faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars of contrasting plant types. 1. Yield, yield components and nitrogen fixation. The Journal of Agricultural Science 118, 325–332.
Comparative performance of some faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars of contrasting plant types. 1. Yield, yield components and nitrogen fixation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Singh BB, Matsui T (2002) Cowpea varieties for drought tolerance. In ‘Challenges and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production’. (Eds CA Fatokun, SA Tarawali, BB, Singh, PM Kormawa, M Tamo) pp. 287–300. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA): Ibadan, Nigeria)

Singh G, Ram H, Aggarwal N (2010) Agro-techniques for soybean production. In ‘The soybean: botany, production and uses’. (Ed. G Singh) pp. 142–160. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)

Singh A, Bhatt B, Sundaram P, Gupta A, Singh D (2013a) Planting geometry to optimize growth and productivity faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and soil fertility. Journal of Environmental Biology 34, 117–122.

Singh AK, Bharati R, Manibhushan NC, Pedpati A (2013b) An assessment of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) current status and future prospect. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 6634–6641.

Snyder RL, Melo-Abreu JP (2005) ‘Frost protection: fundamentals, practice and economics.’ (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome)

Soltani M, Babu C, Mofidi A (2014) Meteorological aspects of an abnormal cooling event over Iran in April 2009. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 124, 47–65.
Meteorological aspects of an abnormal cooling event over Iran in April 2009.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Somerville D (2002) Honeybees in faba bean pollination. Agnote DAI-128. New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Orange, NSW.

Soper M (1952) A study of the principal factors affecting the establishment and development of the field bean (Vicia faba). The Journal of Agricultural Science 42, 335–346.
A study of the principal factors affecting the establishment and development of the field bean (Vicia faba).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Souza R, Machado E, Silva J, Lagôa A, Silveira J (2004) Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery. Environmental and Experimental Botany 51, 45–56.
Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stoddard F, Bond D (1987) The pollination requirements of the faba bean. Bee World 68, 144–152.
The pollination requirements of the faba bean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stoddard F, Balko C, Erskine W, Khan H, Link W, Sarker A (2006) Screening techniques and sources of resistance to abiotic stresses in cool-season food legumes. Euphytica 147, 167–186.
Screening techniques and sources of resistance to abiotic stresses in cool-season food legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stoddard F, Mäkelä P, Puhakainen TA (2011) Adaptation of boreal field crop production to climate change. In ‘Climate change – research and technology for adaptation and mitigation’. (Eds J Blanco, H Kheradmand) pp. 403–430. (InTechOpen: London)

Suso MJ, Bebeli PJ, Christmann S, Mateus C, Negri V, Pinheiro de Carvalho MA, Torricelli R, Veloso MM (2016) Enhancing legume ecosystem services through an understanding of plant–pollinator interplay. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 333
Enhancing legume ecosystem services through an understanding of plant–pollinator interplay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27047514PubMed |

Szabolcs Á, Molnár M, Dibó G, Mika LT (2013) Microwave-assisted conversion of carbohydrates to levulinic acid: an essential step in biomass conversion. Green Chemistry 15, 439–445.
Microwave-assisted conversion of carbohydrates to levulinic acid: an essential step in biomass conversion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tadesse T, Fikere M, Legesse T, Parven A (2011) Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and its component in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm. International Journal of Biodeversity and Conservation 3, 376–382.

Temesgen T, Keneni G, Sefera T, Jarso M (2015) Yield stability and relationships among stability parameters in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes. The Crop Journal 3, 258–268.
Yield stability and relationships among stability parameters in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thakur P, Kumar S, Malik JA, Berger JD, Nayyar H (2010) Cold stress effects on reproductive development in grain crops: an overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany 67, 429–443.
Cold stress effects on reproductive development in grain crops: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thalji T, Shalaldeh G (2006) Effect of planting date on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) nodulation and performance under semiarid conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2, 477–482.

Thomashow MF (1998) Role of cold-responsive genes in plant freezing tolerance. Plant Physiology 118, 1–8.
Role of cold-responsive genes in plant freezing tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9733520PubMed |

Tofiq SE, Aziz OK, Salih SH (2016) Correlation and path coefficient analysis of seed yield and yield components in some faba bean genotypes in Sulaimani region. ARO - The Scientific Journal of Koya University 4, 1–6.
Correlation and path coefficient analysis of seed yield and yield components in some faba bean genotypes in Sulaimani region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Togashi HF, Prentice IC, Evans BJ, Forrester DI, Drake P, Feikema P, Brooksbank K, Eamus D, Taylor D (2015) Morphological and moisture availability controls of the leaf area‐to‐sapwood area ratio: analysis of measurements on Australian trees. Ecology and Evolution 5, 1263–1270.
Morphological and moisture availability controls of the leaf area‐to‐sapwood area ratio: analysis of measurements on Australian trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25859331PubMed |

Toker C, Mutlu N (2011) Breeding for abiotic stress. In ‘Biology and breeding of food legumes’. (Eds A Pratap, J Kumar) pp. 241–261. (CABI: Wallingford: UK)

Toker C, Yadav SS (2010) Legumes cultivars for stress environments. In ‘Climate change and management of cool season grain legume crops’. (Eds SS Yadav, R Redden) pp. 351–376. (Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin)

Toker C, Lluch C, Tejera N, Serraj R, Siddique K (2007) Abiotic stresses. In ‘Chickpea breeding and management’. (Eds SS Yadav, RJ Redden, W Chen, B Sharma) pp. 474–496. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)

Toosey R (1988) Arable crops. In ‘Primrose Mcconnell’s the agricultural notebook’. 18th edn. (Eds RJ Halley, RJ Soffe) pp. 90–176. (Elsevier: Amsterdam)

Torres AM, Roman B, Avila CM, Satovic Z, Rubiales D, Sillero JC, Cubero JI, Moreno MT (2006) Faba bean breeding for resistance against biotic stresses: towards application of marker technology. Euphytica 147, 67–80.
Faba bean breeding for resistance against biotic stresses: towards application of marker technology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Turpin J, Robertson M, Hillcoat N, Herridge D (2002) Fababean (Vicia faba) in Australia’s northern grains belt: canopy development, biomass, and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 227–237.
Fababean (Vicia faba) in Australia’s northern grains belt: canopy development, biomass, and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Turpin J, Robertson MJ, Haire C, Bellotti W, Moore A, Rose I (2003) Simulating fababean development, growth, and yield in Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 54, 39–52.
Simulating fababean development, growth, and yield in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Uemura M, Steponkus PL (1994) A contrast of the plasma membrane lipid composition of oat and rye leaves in relation to freezing tolerance. Plant Physiology 104, 479–496.
A contrast of the plasma membrane lipid composition of oat and rye leaves in relation to freezing tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12232097PubMed |

Unkovich M, Baldock J, Forbes M (2010) Variability in harvest index of grain crops and potential significance for carbon accounting: examples from Australian agriculture. In ‘Advances in agronomy’. pp. 173–219. (Elsevier: Amsterdam)

Vara Prasad P, Allen Jr L, Boote K (2005) Crop responses to elevated carbon dioxide and interaction with temperature: grain legumes. Journal of Crop Improvement 13, 113–155.
Crop responses to elevated carbon dioxide and interaction with temperature: grain legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61, 199–223.
Heat tolerance in plants: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wei H, Dhanaraj AL, Arora R, Rowland LJ, Fu Y, Sun L-I (2006) Identification of cold acclimation‐responsive Rhododendron genes for lipid metabolism, membrane transport and lignin biosynthesis: importance of moderately abundant ESTs in genomic studies. Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 558–570.
Identification of cold acclimation‐responsive Rhododendron genes for lipid metabolism, membrane transport and lignin biosynthesis: importance of moderately abundant ESTs in genomic studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wery J, Turc O, Lecoeur J (1993) Mechanisms of resistance to cold, heat and drought in cool-season legumes, with special reference to chickpea and pea. In ‘Breeding for stress tolerance in cool-season food legumes’. (Eds KB Singh, MC Saxena) pp. 271–291. (Wiley: Chichester, UK)

Willson CJ, Jackson RB (2006) Xylem cavitation caused by drought and freezing stress in four co‐occurring Juniperus species. Physiologia Plantarum 127, 374–382.
Xylem cavitation caused by drought and freezing stress in four co‐occurring Juniperus species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilson J (1985) Economic importance of chilling injury. Outlook on Agriculture 14, 197–203.
Economic importance of chilling injury.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Xia M (1990) A preliminary study of effect of soil water deficit on the photosynthetic characteristic of faba bean (Vicia faba). Ada Phytoecologica ET Geobotanica Sinica 14, 281–286.

Xia X (1994) Effects of soil drought during the generative development phase of faba bean (Vicia faba) on photosynthetic characters and biomass production. The Journal of Agricultural Science 122, 67–72.
Effects of soil drought during the generative development phase of faba bean (Vicia faba) on photosynthetic characters and biomass production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Xin Z, Browse J (2000) Cold comfort farm: the acclimation of plants to freezing temperatures. Plant, Cell & Environment 23, 893–902.
Cold comfort farm: the acclimation of plants to freezing temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yamori W, Hikosaka K, Way DA (2014) Temperature response of photosynthesis in C3, C4, and CAM plants: temperature acclimation and temperature adaptation. Photosynthesis Research 119, 101–117.
Temperature response of photosynthesis in C3, C4, and CAM plants: temperature acclimation and temperature adaptation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23801171PubMed |

Yücel C (2004) Correlation and path coefficient analyses of seed yield components in the narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 28, 371–376.

Zabawi AM, Dennett M (2010) Responses of faba bean (Vicia faba) to different levels of plant available water: I. Phenology, growth and biomass partitioning. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 38, 11–19.

Zhou R, Hyldgaard B, Yu X, Rosenqvist E, Ugarte RM, Yu S, Wu Z, Ottosen C-O, Zhao T (2018) Phenotyping of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) under cold and heat stresses using chlorophyll fluorescence. Euphytica 214, 68
Phenotyping of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) under cold and heat stresses using chlorophyll fluorescence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zlatev Z, Lidon FC (2012) An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relations and photosynthesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 24, 57–72.
An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relations and photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zong X, Liu X, Guan J, Wang S, Liu Q, Paull JG, Redden R (2009) Molecular variation among Chinese and global winter faba bean germplasm. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 118, 971–978.
Molecular variation among Chinese and global winter faba bean germplasm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19169661PubMed |