New resistances offer opportunity for effective management of the downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica) threat to canola
A. E. Mohammed A B , M. P. You A and M. J. Barbetti A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
B Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.
C Corresponding author. Email: martin.barbetti@uwa.edu.au
Crop and Pasture Science 68(3) 234-242 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP16363
Submitted: 4 October 2016 Accepted: 2 March 2017 Published: 29 March 2017
Abstract
Downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica) is a problem for canola production worldwide, including in Australia where it has remained a persistent threat since 1998. Testing of 131 Brassicaceae varieties, including 109 Australian canola varieties (Brassica napus and B. juncea) and 22 diverse Brassicaceae (including B. napus, B. carinata, B. juncea, B. nigra, B. rapa, Crambe abyssinica and Raphanus sativus) highlighted excellent resistance to downy mildew. Using a mixture of 10 H. parasitica isolates, R. sativus Colonel and Boss showed highest resistance to H. parasitica, with per cent disease index (%DI) values of 3.7% and 10.2%, respectively. These were followed by (%DI values): B. carinata ATC 94011 (11.1%), B. napus CB™ Tanami (14.1%) and Komet-741 A (14.3%), B. juncea 397.23.2.3.3 (14.8%), B. napus ATR-Banjo (16.9%), Hyola 575 CL (16.9%), Komet-744 A (18.1%), Cresor-770 B (18.5%), Wamus (18.5%), Surpass 400 (19.2%), Hyola 432 (19.4%) and Hyola 76 (19.4%), and C. abyssinica (19.9%). These varieties were also considered highly resistant. Another five B. juncea genotypes and B. nigra P.23845 were considered highly resistant with %DI of 22.2%. Those considered resistant (but not highly resistant) included hybrid B. napus Hyola 444 TT, Hyola 500 RR, Hyola 504 RR, Pioneer 46Y78, Pioneer 45Y77 and Hyola 650 TT, and the non-hybrid variety ATR-Eyre, all with %DI values 23.1–28.2%. By contrast, B. napus Thunder TT, Hyola 450 TT and ATR-Grace were highly susceptible with %DI values of 90.3%, 88.2% and 81.7%, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed six distinct clusters (highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, very susceptible) for the tested Brassicaceae genotypes that, on average, showed similar responses within each cluster against H. parasitica based on their %DI values. From 2000 onwards (with the exception of Surpass 400), 10 B. napus varieties and one B. juncea released were classified as highly resistant; however, there was no overall correlation between year of variety release and level of resistance expressed against H. parasitica. This is the first study to demonstrate the existence of very high levels of pathotype-independent resistance in Australian canola varieties to H. parasitica. The most resistant varieties identified can be used in canola breeding programs and also directly deployed into regions where downy mildew is prevalent, providing the canola industry with an immediate and effective option for management of this important disease.
Additional keywords: disease screening, disease management, host resistance, oilseed rape.
References
Barbetti MJ, Khangura R (2000) Fungal diseases of canola in Western Australia. Bulletin No. 4406. Agriculture Western Australia, South Perth, W. Aust.Barbetti MJ, Banga SS, Salisbury PA (2012) Challenges for crop production and management from pathogen biodiversity and diseases under current and future climate scenarios—case study with oilseed Brassicas. Field Crops Research 127, 225–240.
| Challenges for crop production and management from pathogen biodiversity and diseases under current and future climate scenarios—case study with oilseed Brassicas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbetti MJ, Banga SK, Fu TD, Li YC, Singh D, Liu SY, Ge XT, Banga SS (2014) Comparative genotype reactions to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum within breeding populations of Brassica napus and B. juncea from India and China. Euphytica 197, 47–59.
| Comparative genotype reactions to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum within breeding populations of Brassica napus and B. juncea from India and China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradshaw JE, Gemmell DJ, Williamson CJ (1989) Inheritance of adult plant resistance to powdery mildew in swedes. Annals of Applied Biology 114, 359–366.
| Inheritance of adult plant resistance to powdery mildew in swedes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cenis JL (1992) Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification. Nucleic Acids Research 20, 2380
| Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xks1eqs7k%3D&md5=f23dd3224963aae8a345d93b60a74640CAS |
Coelho PS, Vicente JG, Monteiro AA, Holub EB (2012) Pathotypic diversity of Hyaloperonospora brassicae collected from Brassica oleracea. European Journal of Plant Pathology 134, 763–771.
| Pathotypic diversity of Hyaloperonospora brassicae collected from Brassica oleracea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Delourme R, Barbetti MJ, Snowdon R, Zhao J, Manazanares-Dauleux MJ (2011) Genetics and genomics of disease resistance. In ‘Genetics, genomics and breeding of oilseed brassicas’. (Eds D Edwards, J Batley, I Parkin, C Kole) pp. 276–318. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Dickson MH, Petzoldt R (1993) Plant age and isolate source affect expression of downy mildew resistance in broccoli. HortScience 28, 730–731.
Eshraghi L, Barbetti MJ, Li H, Danehloueipour N, Sivasithamparam K (2007) Resistance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) to a mixture of Pseudocercosporella capsellae isolates from Western Australia. Field Crops Research 101, 37–43.
| Resistance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) to a mixture of Pseudocercosporella capsellae isolates from Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ge XT, Li H, Han S, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ (2008) Evaluation of Australian Brassica napus genotypes for resistance to the downy mildew pathogen, Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Crop & Pasture Science 59, 1030–1034.
| Evaluation of Australian Brassica napus genotypes for resistance to the downy mildew pathogen, Hyaloperonospora parasitica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Giovannelli JL, Farnham MW, Wang M, Strand AE (2002) Development of sequence characterized amplified region markers linked to downy mildew resistance in broccoli. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, 597–601.
Gröuntoft M (1993) A rapid screening method for testing the resistance of cotyledons to downy mildew in Brassica napus and B. campestris. Plant Breeding 110, 207–211.
| A rapid screening method for testing the resistance of cotyledons to downy mildew in Brassica napus and B. campestris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gunasinghe N, You MP, Barbetti MJ (2016a) Phenotypic and genetic variation associated with the crucifer white leaf spot pathogen, Pseudocercosporella capsellae, in Western Australia. Plant Pathology 65, 205–217.
| Phenotypic and genetic variation associated with the crucifer white leaf spot pathogen, Pseudocercosporella capsellae, in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gunasinghe N, You MP, Li XX, Banga SS, Barbetti MJ (2016b) New host resistances to Pseudocercosporella capsellae and implications for white leaf spot management in Brassicaceae crops. Crop Protection 86, 69–76.
| New host resistances to Pseudocercosporella capsellae and implications for white leaf spot management in Brassicaceae crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Howlett B, Ballinger D, Barbetti MJ (1999) Diseases. In ‘Canola in Australia: The first thirty years’. (Eds PA Salisbury, TD Potter, G. McDonald, AG Green) pp. 47–52. (Organising Committee of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress: Canberra, ACT)
Jensen BD, Hockenhull J, Munk L (1999) Seedling and adult plant resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea convar botrytis var. botrytis). Plant Pathology 48, 604–612.
| Seedling and adult plant resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea convar botrytis var. botrytis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnston TD (1975) Mildew and club root in swedes and rape: a breeder’s comments. Annals of Applied Biology 81, 278–279.
| Mildew and club root in swedes and rape: a breeder’s comments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones RAC, Barbetti MJ (2012) Influence of climate change on plant disease infections and epidemics caused by viruses and bacteria. Plant Sciences Reviews 22, 1–31. www.cabi.org/cabreviews
Kimber D (1981) Varieties. In ‘Oilseed rape book’. (Ed. C. Green) pp. 41–53. (Cambridge Agricultural Publishing: Cambridge, UK)
Koch E, Slusarenko A (1990) Arabidopsis is susceptible to infection by a downy mildew fungus. The Plant Cell 2, 437–445.
| Arabidopsis is susceptible to infection by a downy mildew fungus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FksVCrtA%3D%3D&md5=97dd1285cec08f0da91773ccd292b28bCAS |
Kumar A, Singh D (2002) Inheritance of resistance in inter and intraspecific crosses of Brassica juncea and Brassica carinata to Albugo candida and Erysiphe cruciferarum. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 32, 59–63.
Li H, Ge X, Han S, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ (2011) Histological responses of host and non-host plants to Hyaloperonospora parasitica. European Journal of Plant Pathology 129, 221–232.
| Histological responses of host and non-host plants to Hyaloperonospora parasitica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lucas JA, Crute IR, Sherriff C, Gordon PL (1988) The identification of a gene for race‐specific resistance to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in Brassica napus var. oleifera (oilseed rape). Plant Pathology 37, 538–545.
| The identification of a gene for race‐specific resistance to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in Brassica napus var. oleifera (oilseed rape).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKinney HH (1923) Influence of soil temperature and moisture on infection of wheat seedlings by Helminthosporium sativum. Journal of Agricultural Research 26, 195–217.
Nashaat NI, Awasthi R (1995) Evidence for differential resistance to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in accessions of Brassica juncea (mustard) at the cotyledon stage. Journal of Phytopathology 143, 157–159.
| Evidence for differential resistance to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in accessions of Brassica juncea (mustard) at the cotyledon stage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nashaat NI, Heran A, Mitchell SE, Awasthi RP (1997) New genes for resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera). Plant Pathology 46, 964–968.
| New genes for resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nashaat NI, Heran A, Awasthi RP, Kolte SJ (2004) Differential response and genes for resistance to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in Brassica juncea (mustard). Plant Breeding 123, 512–515.
| Differential response and genes for resistance to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in Brassica juncea (mustard).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXptVCisQ%3D%3D&md5=8976adb456081706cc110af2dde1f580CAS |
Paul VH, Klodt-Bussmann E, Dapprich PD, Capelli C, Tewari JP, Kohr K, Thomas J, Dupprich PD (1998) Results on preservation, epidemiology, and aggressiveness of Peronospora parasitica and results with regard to the disease resistance of the pathogen on Brassica napus. Bulletin OILB/SROP 21, 49–56.
Saharan GS, Krishna SK (1999) Management of rapeseed-mustard diseases through multiple disease resistance—A new strategy. In ‘Proceedings National Symposium on Plant Disease Scenario under Changing Agro-Eco System’. Palampur, HP, India. (Abstr.) (CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University: Palampur, India)
Satou MFF (1996) The host range of downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica, from Brassica oleracea, cabbage and broccoli crops. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 62, 393–396.
| The host range of downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica, from Brassica oleracea, cabbage and broccoli crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shivas RG (1989) Fungal and bacterial diseases of plants in Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 72, 1–62.
Shivpuri A, Chipa HP, Gupta RBL, Sharma KN (1997) Field evaluation of white rust, powdery mildew and stem rot. Annals of Arid Zone 36, 387–389.
Silué D, Nashaat NI, Tirilly Y (1996) Differential responses of Brassica oleracea and B. rapa accessions to seven isolates of Peronospora parasitica at the cotyledon stage. Plant Disease 80, 142–144.
| Differential responses of Brassica oleracea and B. rapa accessions to seven isolates of Peronospora parasitica at the cotyledon stage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sosnowski MR, Scott ES, Ramsey MD (2005) Temperature, wetness period and inoculum concentration influence infection of canola (Brassica napus) by pycnidiospores of Leptosphaeria maculans. Australasian Plant Pathology 34, 339–344.
| Temperature, wetness period and inoculum concentration influence infection of canola (Brassica napus) by pycnidiospores of Leptosphaeria maculans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Spencer-Phillips P, Jeger M (Eds) (2004) ‘Advances in downy mildew research.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York)
Sylvester-Bradley R, Makepeace RJ (1984) A code for stages of development in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Aspects of Applied Biology 6, 399–419.
Thines M, Kummer V (2013) Diversity and species boundaries in floricolous downy mildews. Mycological Progress 12, 321–329.
| Diversity and species boundaries in floricolous downy mildews.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomas CE, Jourdain EL (1990) Evaluation of broccoli and cauliflower germplasm for resistance to race 2 of Peronospora parasitica. HortScience 25, 1429–1431.
Thompson KF, Hughes WG (1986) Breeding and varieties. In ‘Oilseed rape’. (Eds DHR Scaiisbrick, RW Daniels) pp. 32–82. (William Collins Sons & Co.: London)
van de Wouw AP, Idnurm A, Davidson JA, Sprague SJ, Khangura RK, Ware AH, Lindbeck KD, Marcroft SJ (2016) Fungal diseases of canola in Australia: identification of trends, threats and potential therapies. Australasian Plant Pathology 45, 415–423.
| Fungal diseases of canola in Australia: identification of trends, threats and potential therapies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtFCisb3E&md5=03b581512fca80f9fb4189d13ec9c4e7CAS |
Wang M, Farnham MW, Thomas CE (2000) Phenotypic variation for downy mildew resistance among inbred broccoli. HortScience 35, 925–929.
Williams PH (1985) ‘Crucifer genetics cooperative (CRGC) resource book.’ (Department of Plant Pathology, University Wisconsin: Madison, WI, USA)
Yu S, Zhang F, Yu R, Zou Y, Qi J, Zhao X, Yu Y, Zhang D, Li L (2009) Genetic mapping and localization of a major QTL for seedling resistance to downy mildew in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Molecular Breeding 23, 573–590.
| Genetic mapping and localization of a major QTL for seedling resistance to downy mildew in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjvFOmsbc%3D&md5=8f270d060776a573b95fc2d4b404928aCAS |
Zhang S, Yu S, Zhang F, Si L, Yu Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Wang W (2012) Inheritance of downy mildew resistance at different developmental stages in Chinese cabbage via the leaf disk test. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology 53, 397–403.
| Inheritance of downy mildew resistance at different developmental stages in Chinese cabbage via the leaf disk test.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
