A phenological model of winter oilseed rape according to the BBCH scale
Ulf Böttcher A , Enrico Rampin B , Karla Hartmann A , Federica Zanetti B C , Francis Flenet D , Muriel Morison E and Henning Kage A FA Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Christian-Albrechts University, Hermann-Rodewald Str. 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
B Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
C Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
D CETIOM, Av. Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
E INRA, Av. Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
F Corresponding author. Email: kage@pflanzenbau.uni-kiel.de
Crop and Pasture Science 67(4) 345-358 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP15321
Submitted: 21 September 2015 Accepted: 23 February 2016 Published: 21 April 2016
Abstract
Implementation of the BBCH coding system for winter oilseed rape (OSR) phenology simulation can allow detailed description of crop ontogeny necessary for crop management and crop growth modelling. We developed such a BBCH model using an existing approach (Habekotté 1997).
The new model describes winter OSR development by a combination of differential and conversion equations based on the structure of the BRASNAP-PH model (Habekotté 1997). Six phenological phases were reproduced daily according to the BBCH codes (00–89): emergence (00–09), leaf development (10–19), stem elongation (30–39), inflorescence emergence (50–59), flowering (60–69) and pod development-maturation period (70–89). The model takes into account temperature (including vernalisation) and photoperiod as the main environmental forces affecting crop phenology. The macro stages of leaf development and shooting were reproduced considering the rates of leaf appearance and internode extension. Model calibration and validation were performed using an extensive database of phenological observations collected from several experimental sites across France (n = 144), Germany (n = 839) and Italy (n = 577). The stability of the parameterisation was checked by a cross-calibration procedure.
Applied to the independent datasets used for validation and cross-validation, the model was able to predict the whole-crop cycle with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.8 and 3.2 BBCH stages, respectively. Particularly accurate predictions of winter OSR development were obtained with the Italian datasets (RMSE: 2.1 and 2.3 BBCH stages for validation and cross-validation, respectively). Considering the phenological phases separately, emergence, leaf development, flowering and the pod development–maturation period were simulated with RMSE of 1.0, 2.4, 2.9 and 3.2 BBCH stages, respectively (validation datasets). Slightly higher uncertainty emerged in the prediction of stem elongation and inflorescence emergence phases (RMSE: 3.5 and 4.1 BBCH stages, validation datasets).
The model reproduced winter OSR development with a sufficient degree of accuracy for a wide range of years, locations, sowing dates and genotypes, resulting in an efficient and widely applicable prediction tool with relevant practical purposes in the crop management scheduling.
Additional keyword: simulation model.
References
Diepenbrock W (2000) Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review. Field Crops Research 67, 35–49.| Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gabrielle B, Denoroy P, Gosse G, Justes E, Andersen MN (1998) Development and evaluation of a CERES-type model for winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 57, 95–111.
| Development and evaluation of a CERES-type model for winter oilseed rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gayler S, Wang E, Priesack E, Schaaf T, Maidl FX (2002) Modelling biomass growth, N-uptake and phenological development of potato crop. Geoderma 105, 367–383.
| Modelling biomass growth, N-uptake and phenological development of potato crop.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovFKhu74%3D&md5=6fa8f565b8c40537846386011c6d997fCAS |
Gomez NV, Miralles DJ (2011) Factors that modify early and late reproductive phases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): Its impact on seed yield and oil content. Industrial Crops and Products 34, 1277–1285.
| Factors that modify early and late reproductive phases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): Its impact on seed yield and oil content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grimm SS, Jones JW, Boote KJ, Heskeh JD (1993) Parameter estimation for predicting flowering date of soybean cultivars. Crop Science 33, 137–144.
| Parameter estimation for predicting flowering date of soybean cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Habekotté B (1997) A model of the phenological development of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Field Crops Research 54, 127–136.
| A model of the phenological development of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hodgson AS (1978) Rapeseed adaptation in northern New South Wales. I. Phenological responses to vernalization, temperature and photoperiod by annual and biennial cultivars of Brassica campestris L., Brassica napus L. and wheat cv. Timgalen. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29, 693–710.
| Rapeseed adaptation in northern New South Wales. I. Phenological responses to vernalization, temperature and photoperiod by annual and biennial cultivars of Brassica campestris L., Brassica napus L. and wheat cv. Timgalen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Husson F, Wallach D, Vandeputte B (1998) Evaluation of CECOL, a model of winter rape (Brassica napus L.). European Journal of Agronomy 8, 205–214.
| Evaluation of CECOL, a model of winter rape (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jullien A, Mathieu A, Allirand JM, Pinet A, De Reffye P, Cournède PH, Ney B (2011) Characterization of interactions between architecture and source-sink relationships in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) using the GreenLab model. Annals of Botany 107, 765–779.
| Characterization of interactions between architecture and source-sink relationships in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) using the GreenLab model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20980324PubMed |
Kage H, Stützel H (1999) HUME: an object oriented component library for generic modular modelling of dynamic systems. In ‘Modelling cropping systems’. (Eds M Donatelli, C Stockle, F Villalobos, M Villar Mir) pp. 299–300. (European Society of Agronomy: Lleida)
Lancashire PD, Bleiholder H, Langelüddecke P, Stauss R, Van den Boom T, Weber E, Witzenberger A (1991) An uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds. Annals of Applied Biology 119, 561–601.
| An uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marquardt DW (1963) An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11, 431–441.
| An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marshall B, Squire GR (1996) Non-linearity in rate-temperature relations of germination in oilseed rape. Journal of Experimental Botany 47, 1369–1375.
| Non-linearity in rate-temperature relations of germination in oilseed rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmslWlsr0%3D&md5=95caa1491fb2c462be1fe283cf7df1e0CAS |
McMaster GS, White JW, Hunt LA, Jamieson PD, Dhillon SS, Ortiz-Monasterio JI (2008) Simulating the influence of vernalization, photoperiod and optimum temperature on wheat developmental rates. Annals of Botany 102, 561–569.
| Simulating the influence of vernalization, photoperiod and optimum temperature on wheat developmental rates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18628262PubMed |
Meier U, Bleiholder H, Buhr L, Feller C, Hack H, Hess M, Lancashire PD, Schnock U, Stauss R, Van den Boom T, Weber E, Zwerger P (2009) The BBCH system to coding the phenological growth stages of plants – history and publications. Journal für Kulturpflanzen 61, 41–52.
Miralles DJ, Ferro BC, Slafer GA (2001) Developmental responses to sowing date in wheat, barley and rapeseed. Field Crops Research 71, 211–223.
| Developmental responses to sowing date in wheat, barley and rapeseed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mirschel W, Wenkel KO, Schultz A, Pommerening J, Verch G (2005) Dynamic phenological model for winter rye and winter barley. European Journal of Agronomy 23, 123–135.
| Dynamic phenological model for winter rye and winter barley.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nanda R, Bhargava SC, Tomar DPS, Rawson HM (1996) Phenological development of Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata grown in controlled environments and from 14 sowing dates in the field. Field Crops Research 46, 93–103.
| Phenological development of Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata grown in controlled environments and from 14 sowing dates in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nash JE, Sutcliff JV (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I – A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology 10, 282–290.
| River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I – A discussion of principles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rapacz M, Markowski A (1999) Winter hardiness, frost resistance and vernalization requirement of European winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) cultivars within the last 20 years. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 183, 243–253.
| Winter hardiness, frost resistance and vernalization requirement of European winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) cultivars within the last 20 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rathke GW, Behrens T, Diepenbrock W (2006) Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 117, 80–108.
| Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVWqsbbI&md5=bb330e546e8694dfb6d1d8201c8b1c4fCAS |
Ravi Kumar S, Hammer GL, Broad I, Harland P, McLean G (2009) Modelling environmental effects on phenology and canopy development of diverse sorghum genotypes. Field Crops Research 111, 157–165.
| Modelling environmental effects on phenology and canopy development of diverse sorghum genotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson MJ, Asseng S, Kirkegaard JA, Watkinson AR, Holland JF, Wratten N, Potter TD, Burton W, Walton GH, Moot DJ, Farre I (2002) Environmental and genotypic control of time to flowering in canola and Indian mustard. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 793–809.
| Environmental and genotypic control of time to flowering in canola and Indian mustard.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sieling K, Kage H (2010) Efficient N management using winter oilseed rape. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 30, 271–279.
| Efficient N management using winter oilseed rape. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXntlOmtb4%3D&md5=930d4e285dc7ca4f4a586ad6c4939416CAS |
Streck NA, Weiss A, Xue Q, Baenziger PS (2003) Improving predictions of developmental stages in winter wheat: a modified Wang and Engel model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 115, 139–150.
| Improving predictions of developmental stages in winter wheat: a modified Wang and Engel model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Streck NA, Matielo de Paula FL, Bisognin DA, Heldwein AB, Dellai J (2007) Simulating the development of field grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142, 1–11.
| Simulating the development of field grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thurling N, Kaveeta R (1992) Yield improvement of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in low rainfall environments. I. Utilization of genes for early flowering in primary and secondary gene pools. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 609–622.
| Yield improvement of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in low rainfall environments. I. Utilization of genes for early flowering in primary and secondary gene pools.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thurling N, Vijendra Das D (1980) The relationship between pre-anthesis development and seed yield of spring rape (Brassica napus L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 25–36.
| The relationship between pre-anthesis development and seed yield of spring rape (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tittonel ED (1990) Evènements liés à l’évolution florale chez le colza Brassica napus L. var. Oleifera Metzg. Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris, France.
Wang E, Engel T (1998) Simulation of phenological development of wheat crops. Agricultural Systems 58, 1–24.
| Simulation of phenological development of wheat crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weber E, Bleiholder H (1990) Erläuterungen zu den BBCH-Dezimal-Codes für die Entwicklungsstadien von Mais, Raps, Faba-Bohne, Sonnenblume und Erbse - mit Abbildungen. Gesunde Pflanzen 42, 308–321.
Weymann W, Böttcher U, Sieling K, Kage H (2015) Effects of weather conditions during different growth phases on yield formation of winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 173, 41–48.
| Effects of weather conditions during different growth phases on yield formation of winter oilseed rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams IH (2004) Advances in insect pest management of oilseed rape in Europe. In ‘Insect pest management: field and protected crops’. (Eds AR Horowitz, I Ishaaya) pp. 181–208. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York)
