Simulation of growth, development and yield of canola (Brassica napus) in APSIM
M. J. Robertson A B D and J. M. Lilley A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CSIRO Agriculture.
B PMB 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
C GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: michael.robertson@csiro.au
Crop and Pasture Science 67(4) 332-344 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP15267
Submitted: 16 August 2015 Accepted: 31 October 2015 Published: 29 March 2016
Abstract
The canola (Brassica napus L.) module in the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was developed in the late 1990s. There has been no peer-reviewed account of the scientific underpinnings of the module, despite considerable testing across a wide range of environments in the Australian grains industry and numerous applications of the model to address agronomic and crop adaptation issues. This paper presents a summary of the parameters in the module and reviews the physiological evidence justifying their values and module performance, and reflects on areas of module improvement and application.
APSIM-Canola simulates crop development, growth, yield and nitrogen (N) accumulation in response to temperature, photoperiod, radiation, soil water and N supply, with a daily time-step, using well-accepted approaches. The module has been validated on more than 250 data points across Australia, China, and Germany and typical root mean squared deviations for days to flowering are ~5 days and for grain yield are ~0.4 t ha–1.
Testing on vernalisation-responsive winter types and in high yielding situations has indicated that more research is required to define phenology parameters and yield forming processes in high yielding environments. There is a need to develop better predictive routines for grain oil content that take account of the dynamics of grain filling and interactions with environmental conditions, and improve upon current regression-type approaches. Further testing of N responses is required. Physiological characterisation of new cultivar types, such as hybrids, Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), and new herbicide tolerance types is required to make the module more applicable to contemporary canola production systems. A lack of understanding of the effects of high and low temperature extremes on reproductive processes is currently limiting the use of the module outside conventional sowing dates and agro-climatic zones.
Additional keywords: cultivar, model, oil, mustard, phenology, validation.
References
ABARES (2014) Agricultural commodity statistics. Available at: www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/ (accessed July 2014).Aksouh-Harradj NM, Campbell LC, Mailer RJ (2006) Canola response to high and moderately high temperature stresses during seed maturation. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, 967–980.
| Canola response to high and moderately high temperature stresses during seed maturation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkvVOkt7c%3D&md5=2ddf094c70771792c4d9f0281a39fa0aCAS |
Andersen MN, Heidmann T, Plauborg F (1996) The effects of drought and nitrogen on light interception, growth and yield of winter oilseed rape. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B. Soil and Plant Science 46, 55–67.
Angadi SV, Cutforth HW, McConkey BG, Gan Y (2003) Yield adjustment by canola grown at different plant populations under semiarid conditions. Crop Science 43, 1358–1366.
| Yield adjustment by canola grown at different plant populations under semiarid conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beckie HJ, Harker KN, Hall LM, Warwick SI, Légère A, Sikkema PH, Clayton GW, Thomas AG, Leeson JY, Séguin-Swartz G, Simard M-J (2006) A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, 1243–1264.
| A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bindi M, Sinclair TR, Harrison J (1999) Analysis of seed growth by linear increase in Harvest Index. Crop Science 39, 486–493.
| Analysis of seed growth by linear increase in Harvest Index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brill RD, Jenkins ML, Gardner MJ, Lilley JM, Orchard BA (2016) Optimising canola establishment and yield in south-eastern Australia with hybrids and large seed. Crop & Pasture Science 67, 409–418.
Burton WA, Flood RF, Norton RM, Field B, Potts DA, Robertson MJ, Salisbury PA (2008) Identification of variability in phenological responses in canola-quality Brassica juncea for utilisation in Australian breeding programs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 874–881.
| Identification of variability in phenological responses in canola-quality Brassica juncea for utilisation in Australian breeding programs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Canvin DT (1965) The effect of temperature on the oil content and fatty acid composition of the oils from several oil seed crops. Canadian Journal of Botany 43, 63–69.
| The effect of temperature on the oil content and fatty acid composition of the oils from several oil seed crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXitlylsw%3D%3D&md5=ff46b77d19da4283b8284ea0e53a5435CAS |
Champolivier L, Merrien A (1996) Effect of water stress applied at different growth stages to Brassica napus L. var. oleifera on yield, yield components and seed quality. European Journal of Agronomy 5, 153–160.
| Effect of water stress applied at different growth stages to Brassica napus L. var. oleifera on yield, yield components and seed quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Christy B, O’Leary G, Riffkin P, Acuna T, Potter T, Clough A (2013) Long-season canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars offer potential to substantially increase grain yield production in south-eastern Australia compared with current spring cultivars. Crop & Pasture Science 64, 901–913.
| Long-season canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars offer potential to substantially increase grain yield production in south-eastern Australia compared with current spring cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cocks B, Robertson MJ, Cawley S (2001) Water extraction and water use efficiency of canola in the north. In ‘Proceedings of 12th Australian research assembly on Brassicas’. 2–5 Oct. 2001, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. (Ed. SJ Marcroft) pp. 203–207. (Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas: Geelong, Vic.)
Dahanayake SR, Galwey NW (1998) Effects of interactions between low and high temperature treatments on flowering of spring rape (Brassica napus var. annua). Annals of Botany 81, 609–617.
| Effects of interactions between low and high temperature treatments on flowering of spring rape (Brassica napus var. annua).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Deligios PA, Farci R, Sulas L, Hoogenboom G, Ledda L (2013) Predicting growth and yield of winter rapeseed in a Mediterranean environment: model adaptation at a field scale. Field Crops Research 144, 100–112.
| Predicting growth and yield of winter rapeseed in a Mediterranean environment: model adaptation at a field scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diepenbrock W (2000) Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review. Field Crops Research 67, 35–49.
| Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ellis RH, Roberts EH, Summerfield RJ (1988) Variation in the optimum temperature for rates of seedling emergence and progress towards flowering amongst six genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Annals of Botany 62, 119–126.
Farré I, Robertson MJ, Walton GH, Asseng S (2002) Simulating phenology and yield response of canola to sowing date in Western Australia using the APSIM model. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 1155–1164.
| Simulating phenology and yield response of canola to sowing date in Western Australia using the APSIM model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Farré I, Robertson MJ, Asseng S (2007) Reliability of canola production in different rainfall zones of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 326–334.
| Reliability of canola production in different rainfall zones of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Franzaring J, Weller S, Schmid I, Fangmeier A (2011) Growth, senescence and water use efficiency of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Mozart) grown in a factorial combination of nitrogen supply and elevated CO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany 72, 284–296.
| Growth, senescence and water use efficiency of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Mozart) grown in a factorial combination of nitrogen supply and elevated CO2.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gabrielle B, Denoroy P, Gosse G, Justes E, Andersen MN (1998a) Development and evaluation of a CERES-type model for winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 57, 95–111.
| Development and evaluation of a CERES-type model for winter oilseed rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gabrielle B, Denoroy P, Gosse G, Justes E, Andersen MN (1998b) A model of leaf area development and senescence for winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 57, 209–222.
| A model of leaf area development and senescence for winter oilseed rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gan Y, Angadi SV, Cutforth H, Potts D, Angadi VV, McDonald CL (2004) Canola and mustard response to short periods of temperature and water stress at different developmental stages. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, 697–704.
| Canola and mustard response to short periods of temperature and water stress at different developmental stages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gomez NV, Miralles DJ (2011) Factors that modify early and late reproductive phases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): its impact on seed yield and oil content. Industrial Crops and Products 34, 1277–1285.
| Factors that modify early and late reproductive phases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): its impact on seed yield and oil content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grains Research and Development Corporation (2009) ‘Canola best practice management guide for south-eastern Australia.’ (Eds Don McCaffery, NSW Department Primary Industries; Trent Potter, SA Research and Development Institute; Steve Marcroft, Marcroft Grains Pathology; and Felicity Pritchard, Irrigated Cropping Forum) (GRDC: Kingston, ACT)
Habekotté B (1997) A model of the phenological development of winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 54, 127–136.
| A model of the phenological development of winter oilseed rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hammer GL, Sinclair TR, Boote KJ, Wright GC, Meinke H, Bell MJ (1995) A peanut simulation model: I. Model development and testing. Agronomy Journal 87, 1085–1093.
| A peanut simulation model: I. Model development and testing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harper FR, Berkenkamp B (1975) Revised growth stage key for Brassica campestris and B. napus. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55, 657–658.
| Revised growth stage key for Brassica campestris and B. napus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hocking PJ (1993) Effects of sowing time and plant age on critical nitrogen concentrations in canola (Brassica napus L.). Plant and Soil 155–156, 387–390.
| Effects of sowing time and plant age on critical nitrogen concentrations in canola (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hocking PJ, Mason L (1993) Accumulation, distribution and redistribution of dry matter and mineral nutrients in fruits of canola (oilseed rape), and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and windrowing. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, 1377–1388.
| Accumulation, distribution and redistribution of dry matter and mineral nutrients in fruits of canola (oilseed rape), and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and windrowing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hocking PJ, Stapper M (2001) Effects of sowing time and nitrogen fertiliser on canola and wheat, and nitrogen fertiliser on Indian mustard. I. Dry matter production, grain yield, and yield components. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 623–634.
| Effects of sowing time and nitrogen fertiliser on canola and wheat, and nitrogen fertiliser on Indian mustard. I. Dry matter production, grain yield, and yield components.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hocking PJ, Kirkegaard JA, Angus JF, Gibson AH, Koetz EA (1997a) Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments. I. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry-matter production, seed yield and seed quality. Field Crops Research 49, 107–125.
| Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments. I. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry-matter production, seed yield and seed quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hocking PJ, Randall PJ, DeMarco D (1997b) The response of dryland canola to nitrogen fertilizer: partitioning and mobilization of dry matter and nitrogen, and nitrogen effects on yield components. Field Crops Research 54, 201–220.
| The response of dryland canola to nitrogen fertilizer: partitioning and mobilization of dry matter and nitrogen, and nitrogen effects on yield components.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffmann MP, Jacobs A, Whitbread AM (2015) Crop modelling based analysis of site-specific production limitations of winter oilseed rape in northern Germany. Field Crops Research 178, 49–62.
| Crop modelling based analysis of site-specific production limitations of winter oilseed rape in northern Germany.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holmes MRJ (1980) ‘Nutrition of the oilseed rape crop.’ (Applied Science Publishers: London)
Holzworth DP, Huth NI, deVoil PG, Zurcher EJ, Herrmann NI, McLean G, Chenu K, van Oosterom EJ, Snow V, Murphy C, Moore AD, Brown H, Whish JPM, Verrall S, Fainges J, Bell LW, Peake AS, Poulton PL, Hochman Z, Thorburn PJ, Gaydon DS, Dalgliesh NP, Rodriguez D, Cox H, Chapman S, Doherty A, Teixeira E, Sharp J, Cichota R, Vogeler I, Li FY, Wang E, Hammer GL, Robertson MJ, Dimes JP, Whitbread AM, Hunt J, van Rees H, McClelland T, Carberry PS, Hargreaves JNG, MacLeod N, McDonald C, Harsdorf J, Wedgwood S, Keating BA (2014) APSIM – Evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation. Environmental Modelling & Software 62, 327–350.
| APSIM – Evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Husson F, Wallach D, Vandeputte B (1998) Evaluation of CECOL, a model of winter rape (Brassica napus L.). European Journal of Agronomy 8, 205–214.
| Evaluation of CECOL, a model of winter rape (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jensen CR, Mogensen VO, Mortenson G, Fieldsend JK, Milford GFI, Anderson MN, Thage JH (1996) Seed glucosinolate, oil and protein contents of field grown rape (Brassica napus) affected by soil drying and evaporative demand. Field Crops Research 47, 93–105.
| Seed glucosinolate, oil and protein contents of field grown rape (Brassica napus) affected by soil drying and evaporative demand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
King JR, Kondra ZP (1986) Photoperiod response of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.). Field Crops Research 13, 367–373.
| Photoperiod response of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kiniry JR, Major DJ, Izaurralde RC, Williams JR, Gassman PW, Morrison M, Bergentine R, Zentner RP (1995) EPIC model parameters for cereal, oilseed, and forage crops in the northern Great Plain region. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, 679–688.
| EPIC model parameters for cereal, oilseed, and forage crops in the northern Great Plain region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kirkegaard JA, Robertson MJ, Hamblin P, Sprague S (2006) Effect of blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot on canola yield in the high rainfall zone of southern New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 201–212.
| Effect of blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot on canola yield in the high rainfall zone of southern New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kirkegaard JA, Sprague SJ, Lilley JM, McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Morrison MJ (2012) Physiological response of spring canola (Brassica napus) to defoliation in diverse environments. Field Crops Research 125, 61–68.
| Physiological response of spring canola (Brassica napus) to defoliation in diverse environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kirkegaard JA, Lilley JM, Brill RD, Sprague SJ, Fettell NA, Pengilley GC (2016) Re-evaluating sowing time of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) in south-eastern Australia — how early is too early? Crop & Pasture Science 67, 381–396.
Leong SK, Ong CK (1983) The influence of temperature and soil water deficit on the development and morphology of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 1551–1561.
| The influence of temperature and soil water deficit on the development and morphology of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lilley JM, Bell LW, Kirkegaard JA (2015) Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia’s high rainfall zone: a simulation analysis. 2. Canola. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 349–364.
| Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia’s high rainfall zone: a simulation analysis. 2. Canola.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lisson S, Kirkegaard JA, Robertson MJ, Zwart A (2007) What is limiting canola yield in southern New South Wales? A diagnosis of causal factors. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 1435–1445.
| What is limiting canola yield in southern New South Wales? A diagnosis of causal factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mailer RJ, Cornish PS (1987) Effects of water stress on glucosinolate and oil concentrations in the seed of rape (Brassica napus L.) and turnip rape (B rapa L. var. silvestris [Lam] Briggs). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 707–711.
| Effects of water stress on glucosinolate and oil concentrations in the seed of rape (Brassica napus L.) and turnip rape (B rapa L. var. silvestris [Lam] Briggs).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhs1Cqur4%3D&md5=73c16ff558067cfe2c0715ac54c634a6CAS |
McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Kirkegaard JA (2012) Growth, recovery, and yield of dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) in the medium-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 635–646.
| Growth, recovery, and yield of dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) in the medium-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Kirkegaard JA (2013) Regrowth of spring canola (Brassica napus) after defoliation. Plant and Soil 372, 655–668.
| Regrowth of spring canola (Brassica napus) after defoliation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXovFCltr0%3D&md5=392e3ed202912963df47ef142611bc06CAS |
McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Lilley JM, Kirkegaard JA (2015) Evaluating the feasibility of dual-purpose canola in a medium rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia: a simulation approach. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 318–331.
| Evaluating the feasibility of dual-purpose canola in a medium rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia: a simulation approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mendham NJ, Robertson MJ (2004) CANOLA: agronomy. In ‘Encyclopedia of grain science. Vol. 1’. (Eds C Wrigley, C Walker, H Corke) pp. 144–155. (Elsevier Ltd: Oxford, UK)
Mendham NJ, Salisbury PA (1995) Physiology: crop development, growth and yield. In ‘Brassica oilseeds: production and utilization’. (Eds DS Kimber, DI McGregor) pp. 11–64. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)
Mendham NJ, Shipway PA, Scott RK (1981) The effect of delayed sowing and weather on growth, development and yield of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica napus). Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 96, 389–416.
| The effect of delayed sowing and weather on growth, development and yield of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica napus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Monteith JL (1986) How do crops manipulate water supply and demand. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A 316, 245–259.
| How do crops manipulate water supply and demand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moot DJ, Jamieson PD, Henderson AL, Ford MA, Porter JR (1996) Rate of change in harvest index during grain-filling of wheat. The Journal of Agricultural Science 126, 387–395.
| Rate of change in harvest index during grain-filling of wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morrison MJ, McVetty PBE (1991) Leaf appearance rate of summer rape. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, 405–412.
| Leaf appearance rate of summer rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morrison MJ, Stewart DW (1995) Radiation-use efficiency in summer rape. Agronomy Journal 87, 1139–1142.
| Radiation-use efficiency in summer rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morrison MJ, Stewart DW (2002) Heat stress during flowering in summer Brassica. Crop Science 42, 797–803.
| Heat stress during flowering in summer Brassica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morrison MJ, McVetty PBE, Shaykewich CF (1989) The determination and verification of a baseline temperature for the growth of westar summer tape. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, 455–464.
| The determination and verification of a baseline temperature for the growth of westar summer tape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muchow RC (1988) Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment III. Grain yield and nitrogen accumulation. Field Crops Research 18, 31–43.
| Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment III. Grain yield and nitrogen accumulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Myers LF, Christian KR, Kirchner RJ (1982) Flowering responses of 48 lines of oilseed rape (Brassica spp.) to vernalization and daylength. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33, 927–936.
| Flowering responses of 48 lines of oilseed rape (Brassica spp.) to vernalization and daylength.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nanda R, Bhargava SC, Rawson HM (1995) Effect of sowing date on rates of leaf appearance, final leaf numbers and areas in Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata. Field Crops Research 42, 125–134.
| Effect of sowing date on rates of leaf appearance, final leaf numbers and areas in Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nanda R, Bhargava SC, Tomar DPS, Rawson HM (1996) Phenological development of Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata grown in controlled environments and from 14 sowing dates in the field. Field Crops Research 46, 93–103.
| Phenological development of Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata grown in controlled environments and from 14 sowing dates in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ong CK (1983a) Response to temperature in a stand of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. & H.). 1. Vegetative development. Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 322–336.
| Response to temperature in a stand of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. & H.). 1. Vegetative development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ong CK (1983b) Response to temperature in a stand of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. & H.). 2. Reproductive development. Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 337–348.
| Response to temperature in a stand of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. & H.). 2. Reproductive development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paridaen A, Kirkegaard JA (2015) Forage canola (Brassica napus): spring-sown winter canola for biennial dual-purpose use in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 275–286.
| Forage canola (Brassica napus): spring-sown winter canola for biennial dual-purpose use in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peltonen-Sainio P, Jauhiainen L, Hyövelä M, Nissila E (2011) Trade-off between oil and protein in rapeseed at high latitudes: Means to consolidate protein crop status? Field Crops Research 121, 248–255.
| Trade-off between oil and protein in rapeseed at high latitudes: Means to consolidate protein crop status?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Porter JR, Gawith M (1999) Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy 10, 23–36.
| Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pritchard FM, Eagles HA, Norton RM, Salisbury PA, Nicolas M (2000) Environmental effects on seed composition of Victorian canola. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 679–685.
| Environmental effects on seed composition of Victorian canola.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Probert ME, Dimes JP, Keating BA, Dalal RC, Strong WM (1998) APSIM’s water and nitrogen modules and simulation of the dynamics of water and nitrogen in fallow systems. Agricultural Systems 56, 1–28.
Ranganathan R, Chauhan YS, Flower DJ, Robertson MJ, Sanetra C, Silim SN (2001) Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: leaf area development. Field Crops Research 69, 163–172.
| Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: leaf area development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Riffkin P, Potter T, Kearney G (2012) Yield performance of late-maturing winter canola (Brassica napus L.) types in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 17–32.
| Yield performance of late-maturing winter canola (Brassica napus L.) types in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ritchie JT (1986) Model inputs. In ‘CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development’. (Eds CA Jones, JR Kiniry) pp. 37–48. (Texas A&M University Press: College Station, TX, USA)
Robertson MJ, Carberry PS (2010) The evolving role of crop modelling in agronomy research. In ‘Food security from sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of 15th agronomy conference 2010’. 15–18 Nov. 2010, Lincoln, New Zealand. (Eds H Dove, RA Culvenor) (Australian Society of Agronomy: Canberra)
Robertson MJ, Holland JF (2004) Production risk of canola in the semi-arid tropics of Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 525–538.
| Production risk of canola in the semi-arid tropics of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson MJ, Kirkegaard JA (2003) Crop modelling for the Australian canola industry: a review. In ‘13th Australian research assembly on Brassicas’. 8–12 Sept. 2003, Tamworth, Australia. (Ed. J Edwards) pp. 65–72. (Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas: Tamworth, NSW)
Robertson MJ, Kirkegaard JA (2005) Water use efficiency of dryland canola in an equi-seasonal rainfall environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 1373–1386.
| Water use efficiency of dryland canola in an equi-seasonal rainfall environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Kirkegaard JA, Smith CJ (1999a) Simulating growth and development of canola in Australia. In ‘Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress’. 26–29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Bambach R, Cawthray S (1999b) Response of canola and Indian mustard to sowing date in risky Australian environments. In ‘Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress’. 26–29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Kirkegaard JA, Bambach R, Cawley S (1999c) Yield of canola relative to wheat and some reasons for variability in the relationship. In ‘Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress’. 26–29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
Robertson MJ, Silim SN, Chauhan YS, Ranganathan R (2001) Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: biomass accumulation and partitioning. Field Crops Research 70, 89–100.
| Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: biomass accumulation and partitioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Cawley S, Bambach R, Cocks B, Watkinson AR (2001a) Phenology of canola cultivars in the northern region and implication for frost risk. In ‘Science and Technology: Delivering Results for Agriculture? Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference’. January 2001, Hobart, Tas. (Eds B Rowe, D Donaghy, N Mendham) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001
Robertson MJ, Whish J, Smith FP (2001b) Simulating competition between canola and wild radish. In ‘12th Australian research assembly on Brassicas’. 2–5 October 2001, Geelong, Vic., Australia. (Ed. SJ Marcroft) pp. 106–110.
Robertson MJ, Watkinson AR, Kirkegaard JA, Holland JF, Potter TD, Burton W, Walton GH, Moot DJ, Wratten N, Farre I, Asseng S (2002a) Environmental and genotypic control of time to flowering in canola and Indian mustard. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 793–809.
| Environmental and genotypic control of time to flowering in canola and Indian mustard.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson MJ, Carberry PS, Huth NI, Turpin JE, Probert ME, Poulton PL, Bell M, Wright GC, Yeates SJ, Brinsmead RB (2002b) Simulation of growth and development of diverse legume species in APSIM. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 429–446.
| Simulation of growth and development of diverse legume species in APSIM.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Cawley S, Potter TD, Burton W, Walton GH (2002c) Growth and yield differences between triazine-tolerant and non-triazine-tolerant cultivars of canola. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 643–651.
| Growth and yield differences between triazine-tolerant and non-triazine-tolerant cultivars of canola.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson MJ, Rebetzke GJ, Norton RM (2015) Assessing the place and role of crop simulation modelling in Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 877–893.
| Assessing the place and role of crop simulation modelling in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rood SB, Major DJ, Charnetski WA (1984) Seasonal changes in 14CO2 assimilation and 14C translocation in oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 8, 341–348.
| Seasonal changes in 14CO2 assimilation and 14C translocation in oilseed rape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Salisbury PA, Green AG (1991) Developmental responses in spring canola cultivars. In ‘Proceedings of the 8th International Rapeseed Congress’. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. (Ed. DI McGregor) pp. 1769–1774. (Organizing Committee of the 8th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada)
Saseendran SA, Nielsen DC, Ma L, Ahuja LR (2010) Adapting CROPGRO for simulating spring canola growth with Both RZWQM2 and DSSAT 4.0. Agronomy Journal 102, 1606–1621.
| Adapting CROPGRO for simulating spring canola growth with Both RZWQM2 and DSSAT 4.0.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schulte auf’m Erley G, Behrens T, Ulas A, Wiesler F, Horst WJ (2011) Agronomic traits contributing to nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape cultivars. Field Crops Research 124, 114–123.
| Agronomic traits contributing to nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Si P, Walton GH, Galwey N, Turner D (1999) Post-anthesis duration and rainfall affect oil content of canola. In ‘1999 Oilseeds update – Western Australia’. (Ed. P Carmody) pp. 19–20. (Agriculture Western Australia: South Perth, WA)
Sinclair TR (1986) Water and nitrogen limitations in soybean grain production. I Model development. Field Crops Research 15, 125–141.
Sinclair TR, Muchow RC (1999) Radiation use efficiency. Advances in Agronomy 65, 215–265.
| Radiation use efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Slafer GA, Savin R (1991) Developmental base temperature in different phenological phases of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Experimental Botany 42, 1077–1082.
| Developmental base temperature in different phenological phases of wheat (Triticum aestivum).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Spaeth SC, Sinclair TR (1985) Linear increase in soybean harvest index during seed-filling. Agronomy Journal 77, 207–211.
| Linear increase in soybean harvest index during seed-filling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stanton RA, Pratley JE, Hudson D, Dill GM (2010) Herbicide tolerant canola systems and their impact on winter crop rotations. Field Crops Research 117, 161–166.
| Herbicide tolerant canola systems and their impact on winter crop rotations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tanner CB, Sinclair TR (1984) Efficient water use in crop production: research or re-search? In ‘Limitations to efficient water use in crop production’. (Eds HM Taylor, WR Jordan, TR Sinclair) pp. 1–27. (ASA-CSSA-SSSA: Madison, WI, USA)
Taylor AJ, Smith CJ (1992) Effect of sowing date and seeding rate on yield and yield components of irrigated canola (Brassica napus L.) grown on a red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1629–1641.
| Effect of sowing date and seeding rate on yield and yield components of irrigated canola (Brassica napus L.) grown on a red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor AJ, Smith CJ, Wilson IB (1991) Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.). Fertilizer Research 29, 249–260.
| Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tommey AM, Evans EJ (1991) Temperature and daylength control of flower initiation in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Annals of Applied Biology 118, 201–208.
| Temperature and daylength control of flower initiation in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Triboi-Blondel AM (1988) Mise en place et functionnement des feuilles de colza d’hiver: relations azote-carbone et senescence. Agronomie 8, 779–786.
| Mise en place et functionnement des feuilles de colza d’hiver: relations azote-carbone et senescence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Triboi-Blondel AM, Renard M (1999) Effects of temperature and water stress on fatty acid composition of rapeseed oil. In ‘10th International Rapeseed Congress’. Canberra, ACT. Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
van Keulen H, Seligman NG (1987) ‘Simulation of water use, nitrogen nutrition and growth of a spring wheat crop.’ (Pudoc: Wageningen)
Vigil MF, Anderson RL, Beard WE (1997) Base temperature and growing-degree-hour requirements for the emergence of canola. Crop Science 37, 844–849.
| Base temperature and growing-degree-hour requirements for the emergence of canola.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Villalobos FJ, Hall AJ, Ritchie JT, Orgaz F (1996) OILCROP-SUM: a development, growth, and yield model of the sunflower crop. Agronomy Journal 88, 403–415.
| OILCROP-SUM: a development, growth, and yield model of the sunflower crop.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walton G, Si P, Bowden B (1999) Environmental impact on canola yield and oil. In ‘Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress’. 26–29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
Wang S, Wang E, Wang F, Tan L (2012) Phenological development and grain yield of canola as affected by sowing date and climate variation in the Yangtze River Basin of China. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 478–488.
| Phenological development and grain yield of canola as affected by sowing date and climate variation in the Yangtze River Basin of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright GC, Smith CJ, Woodroofe MR (1988) The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus) production in south-eastern Australia. I. Growth and seed yield. Irrigation Science 9, 1–13.
| The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus) production in south-eastern Australia. I. Growth and seed yield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zeleke KT, Luckett DJ, Cowley RB (2014) The influence of soil water conditions on canola yields and production in Southern Australia. Agricultural Water Management 144, 20–32.
| The influence of soil water conditions on canola yields and production in Southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang H, Flottmann S (2016) Seed yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) is determined primarily by biomass in a high-yielding environment. Crop & Pasture Science 67, 369–380.
Zhang H, Berger JD, Milroy S (2013) Genotype × environment interaction studies highlight the role of phenology in specific adaptation of canola (Brassica napus) to contrasting Mediterranean climates. Field Crops Research 144, 77–88.
| Genotype × environment interaction studies highlight the role of phenology in specific adaptation of canola (Brassica napus) to contrasting Mediterranean climates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
