Diversity for resistance to a moderately virulent bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) population in Trifolium species
A. W. Humphries A C , S. S. Robinson A , D. Hawkey B , D. M. Peck A , T. D. Rowe A , C. T. de Koning A and A. Newman B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A SARDI, PO Box 397 Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
B Heritage Seeds Pty Lid, PO Box 81 Howlong, NSW 2643, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: alan.humphries@sa.gov.au
Crop and Pasture Science 67(9) 1009-1018 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP15102
Submitted: 24 March 2015 Accepted: 4 April 2016 Published: 2 September 2016
Abstract
The resistance of a diverse range of Trifolium species (clovers) to a highly virulent bluegreen aphid (BGA, Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) population (Urrbrae 2011) collected in South Australia was assessed in greenhouse and field experiments, with the aims of determining the potential impact of this insect pest on biomass and identifying resistant genotypes for future plant-breeding activities. Resistance to BGA was found in populations of clovers that show some level of outcrossing—white clover (T. repens L.), rose clover (T. hirtum All.), crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.) and red clover (T. pratense L.)—and in one entry of the inbreeding subspecies of subterranean clover, T. subterraneum L. subsp. subterraneum (Katzn. and Morley). Resistance was not found in T. s. brachycalycinum (Katzn. and Morley) or T. s. yanninicum (Katzn. and Morley). In a greenhouse experiment, damage from BGA resulted in forage yield penalties of 72–100% when aphids were inoculated at 14 days after sowing and 13−74% when inoculated at 42 days after sowing, showing that in optimum conditions BGA can be a serious pest of clovers. Observations of severe damage caused by BGA in two regenerating field trials in southern New South Wales confirmed that field damage could occur in seasons favourable to aphid growth and reproduction. The severe damage that BGA can cause to clovers, and the sources of resistance we found, suggest that breeding for BGA resistance in clovers is warranted and feasible.
Additional keywords: crop monitoring, insect pests, pasture, virulent biotypes.
References
Berberet RC, Cadell JL, Zarrabi AA (1991) Blue alfalfa aphid resistance. North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. Available at: www.naaic.org/stdtests/blue.htm (accessed 30 March 2016).Blake A, Lauristen N (2002) Aphid tolerance of annual pasture legumes. Crop updates 2002—farming systems. Available at: www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/_archive/65.pdf (accessed 5 December 2015).
Brennan RF, Grimm M (1992) Effect of aphids and mites on herbage and seed production of subterranean clover (cv. Daliak) in response to and potash. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 39–47.
| Effect of aphids and mites on herbage and seed production of subterranean clover (cv. Daliak) in response to and potash.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltlSntr4%3D&md5=f4afceec0d240bd87ae8fbe3114c5a09CAS |
Coombes N (2009) Digger. NSW DPI Biometrics software download page. Available at: www.austatgen.org/files/software/downloads/ (accessed 5 December 2015).
Crawford EJ, Lake AWH, Boyce KG (1989) Breeding annual Medicago species for semiarid conditions in southern Australia. Advances in Agronomy 42, 399–437.
| Breeding annual Medicago species for semiarid conditions in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Koning CT (2013) Monti. PBR Database. Available at: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/plant_detail.cfm?AID=19334619 (accessed 5 December 2015).
de Koning CT, Peck DM, Hawker FCM, Craig AD (2012) Development and evaluation of new Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalycinum crossbreds. In ‘Proceedings Australian Legume Symposium’. Australian Grasslands Association Research Series No. 1. (Ed. C Harris) (Australian Grasslands Association: Tooborac, Vic.) Available at: http://agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/1993/concurrent/pastures-breeding-selection/p-01.pdf
Edwards OR, Franzmann B, Thackray CD, Micic S (2008) Insecticide resistance and implications for future aphid management in Australian grains and pastures: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 1523–1530.
| Insecticide resistance and implications for future aphid management in Australian grains and pastures: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlentLvK&md5=36cdd70337cb18aa7fdba23ae34c23bcCAS | 27589599PubMed |
Gao LL, Horbury R, Nair RM, Singh KB, Edwards OR (2007) Characterization of resistance to multiple aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Medicago truncatula. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, 41–48.
| Characterization of resistance to multiple aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Medicago truncatula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17298680PubMed |
Gillespie DJ (1983) Developing clovers for disease and insect resistance. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 1, 14–15.
Hill MJ, Donald GE (1998) ‘Australian temperate pastures database.’ (CD-ROM) (National Pasture Improvement Coordinating Committee/CSIRO Division of Animal Production)
Humphries AW, Peck D, Robinson SS, Oldach K, Glatz R, Howie J (2010) A new highly virulent bluegreen aphid causes severe damage in previously tolerant pasture and grain legumes. In ‘Food security from sustainable agriculture. Proceedings 15th Agronomy Conference 2010’. Lincoln. (Eds H Dove, RA Culvenor) (Australian Society of Agronomy, The Regional Institute: Gosford, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2010/crop-production/legumes/6945_humphries.htm (accessed 30 March 2016)
Humphries AW, Peck DM, Robinson SS, Rowe T, Oldach K (2012) A new biotype of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) found in south-eastern Australia overcomes resistance in a broad range of pasture legumes. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 893–901.
| A new biotype of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) found in south-eastern Australia overcomes resistance in a broad range of pasture legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Katznelson J, Morley FHW (1965) Speciation processes in Trifolium subterraneum L. Israel Journal of Botany 14, 15–35.
Klingauf FA (1987) Host plant finding and acceptance. In ‘Aphids: their biology, natural enemies and control’. (Eds AK Minks, P Harrewijn) pp. 209–223. (Elsevier: Amsterdam)
Klingler JP, Edwards OR, Singh KB (2007) Independent action and contrasting phenotypes of resistance genes against spotted alfalfa aphid and bluegreen aphid in Medicago truncatula. New Phytologist 173, 630–640.
| Independent action and contrasting phenotypes of resistance genes against spotted alfalfa aphid and bluegreen aphid in Medicago truncatula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjtlGqu7Y%3D&md5=c60f775e335fef3c57d139fb23782baaCAS | 17244058PubMed |
Klingler JP, Nair RM, Edwards OR, Singh KB (2009) A single gene, AIN, in Medicago truncatula mediates hypersensitive responses to both bluegreen and pea aphid, but confers resistance only to bluegreen aphid. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 4115–4127.
| A single gene, AIN, in Medicago truncatula mediates hypersensitive responses to both bluegreen and pea aphid, but confers resistance only to bluegreen aphid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1WqtLvK&md5=b5c6e223afa403325e692ebc5b3c7293CAS | 19690018PubMed |
Lodge GM, Greenup LR (1980) Seedling survival, yield and seed production of three species of annual medics exposed to lucerne aphids. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 20, 457–462.
| Seedling survival, yield and seed production of three species of annual medics exposed to lucerne aphids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonald CL Nutt BJ Devenish KL Rix GS Gittens SP 1994
Nair RM, Craig AD, Auricht GC, Edwards OR, Robinson SS, Otterspoor MJ, Jones JA (2003) Evaluating pasture legumes for resistance to aphids. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 1345–1349.
| Evaluating pasture legumes for resistance to aphids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Collins WJ, Gillespie DJ, Barbetti MJ (1994) Developing improved varieties of subterranean clover. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 35, 60–65.
Nichols PGH, Revell CK, Humphries AW, Howie JH, Hall EJ, Sandral GA, Ghamkhar K, Harris CA (2012) Temperate pasture legumes in Australia—their history, current use, and future prospects. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 691–725.
| Temperate pasture legumes in Australia—their history, current use, and future prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Foster KJ, Piano E, Pecetti L, Kaur P, Ghamkhar K, Collins WJ (2013) Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 1. Germplasm, traits and future prospects. Crop & Pasture Science 64, 312–346.
| Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 1. Germplasm, traits and future prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht12jt7nE&md5=c6ab3a8375a0c6a90daf50195840230dCAS |
Nichols PGH, Jones RAC, Ridsdill-Smith TJ, Barbetti MJ (2014) Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Crop & Pasture Science 65, 1207–1229.
| Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVOnsrvP&md5=bbec3040f3e5d516f8f90a526442646fCAS |
Oram RN (1992a) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Denmark. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 539–540.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Denmark.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oram RN (1992b) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Goulburn. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 541–542.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Goulburn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oram RN (1992c) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Leura. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 543–544.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Leura.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oram RN (1992d) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Gosse. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 545–546.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Gosse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
PBR Database (2013) Plant Breeders Rights database. IP Australia. Commonwealth Government of Australia. Available at: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/ (accessed 30 March 2016).
Peck DM, Howie JH (2012) Development of an early season barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) with tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicide residues. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 866–874.
| Development of an early season barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) with tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicide residues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVSkt7jK&md5=b836938fc882a137794ee69002989128CAS |
Rohitha BH, Penman DR (1983) Effect of temperature on the biology of bluegreen lucerne aphid, Acyrthosiphon kondoi. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 10, 299–308.
| Effect of temperature on the biology of bluegreen lucerne aphid, Acyrthosiphon kondoi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schroeder NS (1998) Phenology and management of hemipteran pests in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed crops, Canterbury (New Zealand). PhD Thesis, Lincoln University, New Zealand. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1709 (accessed 30 March 2016).
Simon JP, Millington AJ (1967) Relationship in annual species of Medicago. III. The complex M. littoralis Rhode—M. truncatula Gaertn. Australian Journal of Botany 15, 35–73.
| Relationship in annual species of Medicago. III. The complex M. littoralis Rhode—M. truncatula Gaertn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith AB, Cullis BR, Thompson R (2005) The analysis of crop cultivar breeding and evaluation trials: an overview of current mixed model approaches. The Journal of Agricultural Science 143, 449–462.
| The analysis of crop cultivar breeding and evaluation trials: an overview of current mixed model approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thackray DJ, Diggle AJ, Berlandier FA, Jones RAC (2004) Forecasting aphid outbreaks and epidemics of cucumber mosaic virus in lupin crops in a Mediterranean-type environment. Virus Research 100, 67–82.
| Forecasting aphid outbreaks and epidemics of cucumber mosaic virus in lupin crops in a Mediterranean-type environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXht1yrsLg%3D&md5=daf89ba83f7904b73d63ea0d1a7cd9e6CAS | 15036837PubMed |
Walker K (2007) Bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi). PaDIL—Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre. Available at: www.padil.gov.au (accessed 30 March 2016).
Walters PJ, Dominiak BC (1988) Survey of the abundance of and damage caused to lucerne, medics and clovers by Therioaphis trifollii (Monell) f. maculata (spotted alfalfa aphid) and Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji (blue green aphid) in New South Wales during 1977–80. Technical Bulletin No. 33. New South Wales Agriculture and Fisheries, Orange, NSW.
