Broadleaf weed control in irrigated pasture containing Trifolium repens
Josh S. Davy A F , Betsy M. Karle B , Guy B. Kyser C , Joseph M. DiTomaso D and Mathew J. Rinella E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University of California Cooperative Extension, 1754 Walnut Street, Red Bluff, CA 96080, USA.
B University of California Cooperative Extension, 821 E. South Street, Orland, CA 95963, USA.
C University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 1210 Plant and Environmental Sciences Bldg, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
D University of California Cooperative Extension, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 4, 290 Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
E United States Department of Agriculture, 243 Fort Keogh Rd, Miles City, MT 59301, USA.
F Corresponding author. Email: jsdavy@ucanr.edu
Crop and Pasture Science 66(9) 985-991 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP15061
Submitted: 19 February 2015 Accepted: 29 April 2015 Published: 4 September 2015
Abstract
Increasing lease and purchase costs for irrigated pasture are encouraging producers to use herbicides to control broadleaf weeds and maximise forage production on their current land base, as opposed to seeking out additional pastureland. There are two challenges to using herbicides to control broadleaf weeds in irrigated pasture. One challenge is that producers often encounter weed species for which herbicide information is limited or non-existent. Another challenge is that broadleaf herbicides tend to damage desirable legumes. We evaluated the efficacy of several broadleaf herbicide options for Symphyotrichum divaricatum, a species not previously the subject of research in irrigated pasture. Additionally, we monitored herbicide impacts on desirable legumes, principally Trifolium repens. We also evaluated control of Convolvulus arvensis and Plantago lanceolata, subjects of considerable herbicide research. Our goal was to identify herbicide options that controlled all three weeds while causing the least damage to legumes. Several rates and combinations of dicamba, diflufenzopyr, triclopyr, MCPA, and 2,4-D provided statistically indistinguishable control of C. arvensis and P. lanceolata, with point estimates suggesting 66–88% control in 2011 and 43–86% control in 2012. 2,4-D + triclopyr appeared to provide the best control of P. lanceolata and C. arvensis, with point estimates for high rates indicating nearly 100% control in both years. However, this combination was particularly damaging to legumes. Based on these findings, we recommend 2,4-D + triclopyr where desirable legumes are absent. Where desirable legumes are present, we recommend 2,4-D alone. Whereas 2,4-D alone appeared not to perform as well as 2,4-D + triclopyr at controlling S. divaricatum in 2012, it was less damaging to desirable legumes.
References
Andrews M, Scholefield D, Abberton MT, McKenzie BA, Hodge S, Raven JA (2007) Use of white clover as an alternative to nitrogen fertilizer for dairy pastures in nitrate vulnerable zones in the UK: productivity, environmental impact and economic considerations. Annals of Applied Biology 151, 11–23.| Use of white clover as an alternative to nitrogen fertilizer for dairy pastures in nitrate vulnerable zones in the UK: productivity, environmental impact and economic considerations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVertrvF&md5=7042a3f1cd22814169714780fd6e1a4aCAS |
Bradley KW, Hagood ES,, Love KP, Heidel RD (2004) Response of biennial and perennial weeds to selected herbicides and prepackaged herbicide combinations in grass pastures and hay fields. Weed Technology 18, 795–800.
| Response of biennial and perennial weeds to selected herbicides and prepackaged herbicide combinations in grass pastures and hay fields.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptlGhsrs%3D&md5=e01f159b8e55578611814eb70a26ba32CAS |
Butler TJ, Biermacher JT, Kering MK, Interrante SM (2012) Production and economics of grazing steers on rye-annual ryegrass with legumes or fertilized with nitrogen. Crop Science 52, 1931–1939.
| Production and economics of grazing steers on rye-annual ryegrass with legumes or fertilized with nitrogen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFOrs7fN&md5=6ccad852b7359307fc0ed7717ca8b751CAS |
CDC (2014) Statistical summaries and reports. California Department of Conservation, Sacramento, CA, USA. Available at: www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/fmmp/trends/Pages/Index.aspx (accessed 4 February 2014).
da Silva MS, Tremblay GF, Belanger G, Lajeunesse J, Papadopoulos YA, Fillmore SAE, Jobim CC (2014) Forage energy to protein ratio of several legume-grass complex mixtures. Animal Feed Science 188, 17–27.
| Forage energy to protein ratio of several legume-grass complex mixtures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Derscheid LA, Stritzke JF, Wright WF (1970) Field bindweed control with cultivation, cropping, and chemicals. Weed Science 18, 590–596.
DiTomaso JM, Healy EA (2007) ‘Weeds of California and other western states.’ ANR Publication No. 3488. (University of California: Oakland, CA, USA)
Eagle AJ, Eiswerth ME, Johnson WE, Schoenig SE, Van Kooten GC (2007) Costs and losses imposed on California ranchers by yellow starthistle. Rangeland Ecology and Management 60, 369–377.
| Costs and losses imposed on California ranchers by yellow starthistle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ferrell JA, Mullahey JJ, Langeland KA, Kline WN (2006) Control of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) with aminopyralid. Weed Technology 20, 453–457.
| Control of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) with aminopyralid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmvFKhtbs%3D&md5=35d9647c3447945b77ad9d383fd1aaf7CAS |
Gelman A, Hill J (2007) ‘Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models.’ (Cambridge University Press: New York)
Greenberg E (2008) ‘Introduction to Bayesian econometrics.’ (Cambridge University Press: New York)
Grekul CD, Bork EW (2004) Herbage yield losses in perennial pasture due to Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Weed Technology 18, 784–794.
| Herbage yield losses in perennial pasture due to Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grossi R, Shafroth W, Hart J, Singer M (1987) California’s shrinking farmland. California Agriculture 41, 22–44.
Hall MH, Curran WS, Werner EL, Marshall LE (1995) Evaluation of weed control practices during spring and summer alfalfa establishment. Journal of Production Agriculture 8, 360–365.
| Evaluation of weed control practices during spring and summer alfalfa establishment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Henskens FLF, Fallow KO (1998) Potential selective herbicides for kyllinga (Cyperus brevifolius Rottb.) in irrigated pastures. Plant Protection Quarterly 13, 25–28.
Kay BL (1968) Tolerance of subclover rose clover, hardinggrass, and orchardgrass to 2,4-D. Journal of Range Management 21, 239–242.
| Tolerance of subclover rose clover, hardinggrass, and orchardgrass to 2,4-D.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lins RD, Colquhoun JB, Cole CM, Mallory-Smith CA (2005) Postemergence small broomrape (Orobanche minor) control in red clover. Weed Technology 19, 411–415.
| Postemergence small broomrape (Orobanche minor) control in red clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmt1Cjsr4%3D&md5=c15b6d1e9978ebf9bffe888c28c357f6CAS |
Lym RG, Messersmith CG (1990) Cost-effective long-term leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with herbicides. Weed Technology 4, 635–641.
MacRae AW, Mitchem WE, Monks DW, Parker ML (2005) White clover (Trifolium repens) control and flower head suppression in apple orchards. Weed Technology 19, 219–223.
| White clover (Trifolium repens) control and flower head suppression in apple orchards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCurdy JD, McElroy JS, Flessner ML (2013) Differential response of four Trifolium species to common broadleaf herbicides: implications for mixed grass-legume swards. Weed Technology 27, 123–128.
| Differential response of four Trifolium species to common broadleaf herbicides: implications for mixed grass-legume swards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjvValsLw%3D&md5=d8ff7cfc611a643e796237e0e6a99020CAS |
Neal JC (1990) Non-phenoxy herbicides for perennial broadleaf weed control in cool-season turf. Weed Technology 4, 555–559.
Oberson A, Frossard E, Bühlmann C, Mayer J, Mäder P, Lüscher A (2013) Nitrogen fixation and transfer in grass-clover leys under organic and conventional cropping systems. Plant and Soil 371, 237–255.
| Nitrogen fixation and transfer in grass-clover leys under organic and conventional cropping systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXksFyjtbo%3D&md5=699d4783f1fc281f183d7322b636fbd1CAS |
Payne KK, Sleugh BB, Bradley KW (2010) Impact of herbicides and application timing on weed control, yield, and nutritive value of tall fescue pastures and hayfields. Weed Technology 24, 515–522.
| Impact of herbicides and application timing on weed control, yield, and nutritive value of tall fescue pastures and hayfields.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFWgsb%2FP&md5=6d24f74562fb5b13df741be6205b6415CAS |
PRISM (2014) PRISM climate data. PRISM Climate Group. www.prismclimate.org
Reed B, Forero LC (2007) ‘Irrigated pasture production in the Central Valley of California.’ Publication No. 21628. (University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources: Oakland, CA, USA)
Salaudeen T, Thomas M, Harding D, Hight SD (2013) Economic impact of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) on Florida cattle production. Weed Technology 27, 389–394.
| Economic impact of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) on Florida cattle production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schils RLM, Boxem TJ, Sikkema K, André G (2000) The performance of a white clover based dairy system in comparison with a grass/fertiliser-N system. I. Botanical composition and sward utilisation. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 48, 291–303.
Seefeldt SS, Stephens JMC, Verkaaik ML, Rahman A (2005) Quantifying the impact of a weed in a perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture. Weed Science 53, 113–120.
| Quantifying the impact of a weed in a perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmtlOqtA%3D%3D&md5=faea95f8d6b093c788662cd61807a799CAS |
Sheley RL, Jacobs JS, Lucas DE (2001) Revegetating spotted knapweed infested rangeland in a single entry. Journal of Range Management 54, 144–151.
| Revegetating spotted knapweed infested rangeland in a single entry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith EG, Barbieri JM, Moyer JR, Cole DE (1997) The effect of companion crops and herbicides on economic returns of alfalfa–bromegrass establishment. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, 231–235.
| The effect of companion crops and herbicides on economic returns of alfalfa–bromegrass establishment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
USDA (2012) California livestock review (1 March 2012). United States Department of Agriculture National Agriculture Statistics Service, California Field Office, Sacramento, CA. Available at: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Livestock/201202lvsrv.pdf (accessed 21 April 2014).
USDA (2013a) Average U.S. farm prices of selected fertilizers. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service and National Agriculture Statistics Service. Available at: www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fertilizer-use-and-price.aspx#26727 (accessed 4 April 2014).
USDA (2013b) California agriculture statistics annual publication. United States Department of Agriculture National Agriculture Statistics Service, California Field Office, Sacramento, CA. Available at: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/California_Ag_Statistics/Reports/ (accessed 21 April 2014).
USDA (2013c) California land values and cash rents release. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service and National Agriculture Statistics Service. Available at: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Other_Files/201309lndvlscshrnts.pdf (accessed 8 April 2014).
USDA (2014) Web soil survey. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available at: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm (accessed 10 April 2014).
Westra P, Chapman P, Stahlman PW, Miller SD, Fay PF (1992) Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) control with various herbicide combinations. Weed Technology 6, 949–955.
Wiese AW, Lavake DE (1985) Control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) with postemergent herbicides. Weed Science 34, 77–80.
Willis JB, Askew SD, McElroy JS (2007) Improved white clover control with mesotrione by tank-mixing bromoxynil, carfentrazone, and simazine. Weed Technology 21, 739–743.
| Improved white clover control with mesotrione by tank-mixing bromoxynil, carfentrazone, and simazine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtleqs7rN&md5=36ce1b41932fbea0a517a037c1bc4c46CAS |
