Time of sowing and the presence of a cover-crop determine the productivity and persistence of perennial pastures in mixed farming systems
Guangdi D. Li A D E , Richard C. Hayes A D , Jeff I. McCormick B , Matthew J. Gardner C D , Graeme A. Sandral A D and Brian S. Dear A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
B Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Road, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
C NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
D Future Farm Industries CRC, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: guangdi.li@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Crop and Pasture Science 65(10) 988-1001 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13447
Submitted: 18 December 2013 Accepted: 6 May 2014 Published: 7 October 2014
Abstract
Incorporation of perennial pastures into cropping rotations can improve whole-farm productivity, profitability and sustainability of mixed farming systems in southern Australia. However, success in establishing perennial pastures depends on choice of species, time of sowing, method of establishment, seasonal conditions, and whether sowing is under a cover-crop. Field experiments were sown from 2008 to 2010 to determine effects of sowing time and the presence of a cover-crop on the performance of four perennial pasture species, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), at Yerong Creek, New South Wales (NSW). Results showed that lucerne was the most productive pasture, followed by chicory and phalaris, with cocksfoot being the poorest performer. Under favourable seasonal conditions, lucerne and chicory pastures produced 29.3 and 25.0 t ha–1 of total dry matter (DM), comprising 71% and 52%, respectively, of sown perennial species in the sward in their second growing season, when sown in autumn. Spring-sown pastures produced 24.6 and 18.3 t ha–1 of total DM in the second season, with 55% and 47% of sown species in the sward being lucerne and chicory, respectively. However, spring-sown pastures contained a very low proportion of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the sward in the first 2 years, despite efforts to broadcast seeds at the break of season in the following year. It is recommended that non-legume perennial species, such as chicory and phalaris, be sown in autumn with companion annual legumes until methods are developed and tested to establish annual legumes reliably in spring. However, lucerne can be established in autumn or spring because it can fix its own nitrogen and is not reliant on a companion legume. Cocksfoot cv. Kasbah, in general, appears less suitable than the other perennial species for this medium-rainfall environment in southern NSW. Our study showed that pastures sown without a cover-crop had the most reliable establishment, whereas pastures sown with a cover-crop in a dry year had poor establishment or total failure, as well as a significant reduction of grain yield from the cover-crop. In a wet year, pastures established satisfactorily under a cover-crop; however, growth of the cover-crop still suppressed pasture DM production in subsequent years. Research is under way to model our data to determine the likely financial implications of establishing perennial pastures under cover-crops.
Additional keywords: chicory, cocksfoot, cover-cropping, lucerne, phalaris, undersown pasture, wheat.
References
Angus JF (2001) Nitrogen supply and demand in Australian agriculture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 277–288.| Nitrogen supply and demand in Australian agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1CrsbY%3D&md5=cc9c8b48d30794bf44b4c93ea8249d4cCAS |
Angus JF, Gault RR, Good AJ, Hart AB, Jones TD, Peoples MB (2000) Lucerne removal before a cropping phase. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 877–890.
| Lucerne removal before a cropping phase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belesky DP, Ruckle JM, Clapham WM (2004) Dry-matter production, allocation and nutritive value of forage chicory cultivars as a function of nitrogen. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 190, 100–110.
| Dry-matter production, allocation and nutritive value of forage chicory cultivars as a function of nitrogen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktVGmtLc%3D&md5=d8f83d8e2334fc598002cc54c1c8d2aeCAS |
Bell LW, Moore AD, Kirkegaard JA (2014) Evolution in crop–livestock integration systems that improve farm productivity and environmental performance in Australia. European Journal of Agronomy 57, 10–20.
Bouton JH (1996) Screening the alfalfa core collection for acid soil tolerance. Crop Science 36, 198–200.
| Screening the alfalfa core collection for acid soil tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Campbell MH (1967) Establishment and survival of aerially sown pastures. Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding 14, 11–14.
Chan KY, Bowman AM, Smith W, Ashley R (2001) Restoring soil fertility of degraded hardsetting soils in semi-arid areas with different pastures. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 507–514.
| Restoring soil fertility of degraded hardsetting soils in semi-arid areas with different pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen G, Li GD, Conyers MK, Cullis BC (2009) Long-term liming regime increases prime lamb production on acid soils. Experimental Agriculture 45, 221–234.
| Long-term liming regime increases prime lamb production on acid soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark S, Culvenor R, Gardner M, Harris C, Hayes R, Li G, Nie Z, Norton M, Clark B (2012) Novel cocksfoots for SE Australia—Establishment and production. In ‘Capturing opportunities and overcoming obstacles in Australian agronomy. Proceedings 16th Australian Agronomy Conference’. Armidale, NSW. (Ed. I Yunusa) (Australian Society of Agronomy/The Regional Institute Ltd: Gosford, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2012/pastures/8011_clarksg.htm
Cocks PS (2001) Ecology of herbaceous perennial legumes: a review of characteristics that may provide management options for the control of salinity and waterlogging in dryland cropping systems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 137–151.
| Ecology of herbaceous perennial legumes: a review of characteristics that may provide management options for the control of salinity and waterlogging in dryland cropping systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Culvenor RA, Dobbie MJ, Wood JT, Forrester RI (2002) Selection for peresistence under grazing in winter-active populations of the perennial grass, Phalaris aquatica L. (phalaris). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 1059–1068.
| Selection for peresistence under grazing in winter-active populations of the perennial grass, Phalaris aquatica L. (phalaris).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Ewing MA (2008a) The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 387–396.
| The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Ewing MA (2008b) The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 387–396.
| The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Cocks PS, Peoples MB, Swan AD, Smith AB (1999) Nitrogen fixation by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) growing in pure culture and in mixtures with varying densities of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1047–1058.
| Nitrogen fixation by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) growing in pure culture and in mixtures with varying densities of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Sandral GA, Virgona JM, Swan AD (2004) Yield and grain protein of wheat following phased perennial grass, lucerne, and annual pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 775–785.
| Yield and grain protein of wheat following phased perennial grass, lucerne, and annual pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Sandral GA, Wilson BCD (2006) Tolerance of perennial pasture grass seedlings to pre- and post-emergent grass herbicides. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 637–644.
| Tolerance of perennial pasture grass seedlings to pre- and post-emergent grass herbicides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XksVGlu7s%3D&md5=24ca533f764138be349d5b723d55752cCAS |
Dear BS, Reed KFM, Craig AD (2008) Outcomes of the search for new perennial and salt tolerant pasture plants for southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 578–588.
| Outcomes of the search for new perennial and salt tolerant pasture plants for southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Virgona JM, Sandral GA, Swan AD, Morris S (2009) Changes in soil mineral nitrogen, nitrogen leached, and surface pH under annual and perennial pasture species. Crop & Pasture Science 60, 975–986.
| Changes in soil mineral nitrogen, nitrogen leached, and surface pH under annual and perennial pasture species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFCntr%2FP&md5=0d246980bbabc4d2038f41f71469c3dcCAS |
DeHaan LR, Russelle MP, Sheaffer CC, Ehlke NJ (2002) Kura clover and birdsfoot trefoil response to soil pH. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33, 1435–1449.
| Kura clover and birdsfoot trefoil response to soil pH.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XksFKjsbc%3D&md5=4dd966fb054efe253fafc4fc8d061062CAS |
Di HJ, Cameron KC (2002) Nitrate leaching in temperate agroecosystems; sources, factors and mitigatring strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46, 237–256.
| Nitrate leaching in temperate agroecosystems; sources, factors and mitigatring strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gilmour AR, Gogel BJ, Cullis BR, Thompson R (2009) ‘ASReml User Guide, Release 3.’ (VSN International Ltd: Hemel Hempstead, UK)
Gumbrell RC (1997) Redgut in sheep: A disease with a twist. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45, 217–221.
| Redgut in sheep: A disease with a twist.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2Mzntl2isw%3D%3D&md5=cda7fff8724e87bdb4572e313b50a74eCAS | 16031993PubMed |
Halberg N, Steen Kristensen E, Sillebak Kristensen I (1995) Nitrogen turnover on organic and conventional mixed farms. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics 8, 30–51.
| Nitrogen turnover on organic and conventional mixed farms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayes RC, Dear BS, Li GD, Virgona JM, Conyers MK, Hackney BF, Tidd J (2010a) Perennial pastures for recharge control in temperate drought-prone environments. Part 1: productivity, persistence and herbage quality of key species. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 283–302.
| Perennial pastures for recharge control in temperate drought-prone environments. Part 1: productivity, persistence and herbage quality of key species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayes RC, Li GD, Dear BS, Conyers MK, Virgona JM, Tidd J (2010b) Perennial pastures for recharge control in temperate drought-prone environments. Part 2: soil drying capacity of key species. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 327–345.
| Perennial pastures for recharge control in temperate drought-prone environments. Part 2: soil drying capacity of key species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayes RC, Li GD, Hackney BF (2012) Perennial pasture species for the mixed farming zone of southern NSW—We don’t have many options. In ‘Driving your landscape to success: managing a grazing business for profit in the agricultural landscape. Proceedings 27th Annual Conference for the Grassland Society of NSW’. Wagga Wagga, NSW. (Eds C Harris, G Lodge, C Waters) pp. 92–100. (The Grassland Society of NSW: Orange, NSW)
Helyar KR, Porter WM (1989) Soil acidification, its measurement and the processes involved. In ‘Soil acidity and plant growth’. (Ed. AD Robson) pp. 61–102. (Academic Press: Sydney)
Hoen K (1968) The effect of plant size and developmental stage on summer survival of some perennial grasses. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 8, 190–196.
| The effect of plant size and developmental stage on summer survival of some perennial grasses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Isbell R (1996) ‘The Australian Soil Classification.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Jensen ES (1996) Grain yield, symbiotic N fixation and interspecific competition for inorganic N in pea-barley intercrops. Plant and Soil 182, 25–38.
| Grain yield, symbiotic N fixation and interspecific competition for inorganic N in pea-barley intercrops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmtVGrur4%3D&md5=9569f87d56c244e2b1c07e0b882448f2CAS |
Kirkegaard JA, Peoples MB, Angus JF, Unkovich MJ (2011) Diversity and evolution of rainfed farming systems in southern Australia. In ‘Rainfed farming systems’. (Eds P Tow, I Cooper, I Partridge, C Birch) pp. 715–754. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Leach GJ (1978) The ecology of lucerne pastures. In ‘Plant relations in pastures’. (Ed. JR Wilson) pp. 290–308. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Li GD, Kemp PD (2005) Forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): a review of its agronomy and animal production. Advances in Agronomy 88, 187–222.
| Forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): a review of its agronomy and animal production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitlKisr0%3D&md5=7f825c69ff6f6045e49fd5d91a55fefaCAS |
Li GD, Helyar KR, Conyers MK, Castleman LJC, Fisher RP, Poile GJ, Lisle CJ, Cullis BR, Cregan PD (2006) Pasture and sheep responses to lime application in a grazing experiment in a high-rainfall area, south-eastern Australia. II. Liveweight gain and wool production. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 1057–1066.
| Pasture and sheep responses to lime application in a grazing experiment in a high-rainfall area, south-eastern Australia. II. Liveweight gain and wool production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li GD, Lodge GM, Moore GA, Craig AD, Dear BS, Boschma SP, Albertsen TO, Miller SM, Harden S, Hayes RC, Hughes SJ, Snowball R, Smith AB, Cullis BC (2008) Evaluation of perennial pasture legumes and herbs to identify species with high herbage production and persistence in mixed farming zones in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 449–466.
| Evaluation of perennial pasture legumes and herbs to identify species with high herbage production and persistence in mixed farming zones in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li G, Dear B, Casburn G, Walker J, Bowden P, Hayes R (2010a) A survey of the current and future use of lucerne, perennial grasses and chicory in pasture-crop rotations in southern New South Wales. In ‘Proceedings 15th Australian Agronomy Conference’. Lincoln, New Zealand. (Eds H Dove, R Culvenor) (Australian Society of Agronomy/The Regional Institute: Gosford, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2010/climate-change/future-farming/6952_lig.htm
Li GD, Nie Z, Bonython A, Boschma SP, Hayes RC, Craig AD, Lodge GM, Clark B, Dear BS, Smith AB, Harden S, Hughes SJ (2010b) Evaluation of chicory cultivars and accessions for forage in south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 61, 554–565.
| Evaluation of chicory cultivars and accessions for forage in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li GD, Nie ZN, Boschma SP, Dear BS, Lodge GM, Hayes RC, Clark B, Hughes SJ, Humphries AW (2010c) Persistence and productivity of Medicago sativa subspecies sativa, caerulea, falcata and varia accessions at three intermittently dry sites in south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 61, 645–658.
| Persistence and productivity of Medicago sativa subspecies sativa, caerulea, falcata and varia accessions at three intermittently dry sites in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li GD, Singh RP, Brennan JP, Helyar KR (2010d) A financial analysis of lime application in a long-term agronomic experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales. Crop & Pasture Science 61, 12–23.
| A financial analysis of lime application in a long-term agronomic experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFOmsrnL&md5=cea7f3a5f83a9d88adb87591c89dd207CAS |
Loi A, Nutt BJ, Revell CK, Flower K (2008) Twin Sowing: a new technique to reduce the costs of pasture establishment. In ‘Proceedings 14th Australian Agronomy Conference’. Adelaide, S. Aust. (Australian Society of Agronomy/The Regional Institute: Gosford, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2008/concurrent/new-pastures- forage-options/5580_loia.htm
McCallum MH, Kirkegaard JA, Green TW, Cresswell HP, Davies SL, Angus JF, Peoples MB (2004) Improved subsoil macroporosity following perennial pastures. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 299–307.
| Improved subsoil macroporosity following perennial pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCormick J, Hayes R, Li G, Nordblom T, Casburn G, Hutchings T, Moore AD, Zurcher E, Peoples M, Swan T (2012) To under-sow or not? A decision support tool to determine the most profitable method of pasture establishment. In ‘Capturing opportunities and overcoming obstacles in Australian agronomy. Proceedings 16th Australian Agronomy Conference’. Armidale, NSW. (Ed. I Yunusa) (Australian Society of Agronomy/The Regional Institute: Gosford, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2012/pastures/8079_mccormickji.htm
McCormick JI, Hayes RC, Li GD, Norton MR (2014) A review of pasture establishment by undersowing with special reference to the mixed farming zone of south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 65, 956–972.
McGowan AA, Williams WA (1973) Factors affecting competition between subterranean clover and a barley cover crop. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 13, 56–62.
| Factors affecting competition between subterranean clover and a barley cover crop.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKinney GT (1974) Management of lucerne for sheep grazing on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 14, 726–734.
| Management of lucerne for sheep grazing on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McWilliam J, Clements R, Dowling P (1970) Some factors influencing the germination and early seedling development of pasture plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 21, 19–32.
| Some factors influencing the germination and early seedling development of pasture plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oram RN (1990) ‘Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars.’ (CSIRO Division of Plant Industries: Canberra, ACT)
Payne RW (2012) ‘The guide to Genstat common language (Release 15). Part 2: Statistics.’ (VSN International: Hemel Hempstead, UK)
Peoples MB, Baldock JA (2001) Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 327–346.
| Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1Crtrw%3D&md5=b1c1d46861291d4fafe9d26605474496CAS |
Peoples MB, Gault RR, Scammell GJ, Dear BS, Virgona J, Sandral GA, Paul J, Wolfe EC, Angus JF (1998) Effect of pasture management on the contributions of fixed N to the economy of ley-farming systems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 459–474.
| Effect of pasture management on the contributions of fixed N to the economy of ley-farming systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Hunt JR, Swan AD, Watson L, Hayes RC, Li GD, Hackney B, Nuttall JG, Davies SL, Fillery IRP (2012) Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 759–786.
| Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVSkt7jE&md5=cef251d7554e7247c3bea4718cf1f56eCAS |
Real D, Warden J, Sandral GA, Colmer TD (2008) Waterlogging tolerance and recovery of 10 Lotus species. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 480–487.
| Waterlogging tolerance and recovery of 10 Lotus species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ridley AM, White RE, Simpson RJ, Callinan L (1997) Water use and drainage under phalaris, cocksfoot, and annual ryegrass pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, 1011–1023.
| Water use and drainage under phalaris, cocksfoot, and annual ryegrass pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ridley AM, White RE, Helyar KR, Morrison GR, Heng LK, Fisher R (2001) Nitrate leaching loss under annual and perennial pastures with and without lime on a duplex (texture contrast) soil in humid southeastern Australia. European Journal of Soil Science 52, 237–252.
| Nitrate leaching loss under annual and perennial pastures with and without lime on a duplex (texture contrast) soil in humid southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltVKku7w%3D&md5=03b9c085c83bcdbc11308a1524b9f0d9CAS |
Robertson M (2006) ‘Lucerne prospects.’ (Cooperative Research Centre for Plant-based Management of Dryland Salinity: Perth, W. Aust.)
Rossiter RC (1966) Ecology of the Mediterranean annual-type pasture. Advances in Agronomy 18, 1–56.
| Ecology of the Mediterranean annual-type pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Santhirasegaram K, Black JN (1967) Competition between wheat and undersown pasture in the year of sowing and the effect of under-sowing on the yield of pasture in the following year. Journal of the British Grassland Society 22, 239–244.
| Competition between wheat and undersown pasture in the year of sowing and the effect of under-sowing on the yield of pasture in the following year.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swan AD, Peoples MB, Hayes RC, Li GD, Casburn GR, McCormick JI, Dear BS (2014) Farmer experience with perennial pastures in the mixed farming areas of southern New South Wales: on-farm participatory research investigating pasture establishment with cover-cropping. Crop & Pasture Science 65, 973–987.
t’Mannetje L, Haydock KP (1963) The dry-weight-rank method for the botanical analysis of pasture. Journal of the British Grassland Society 18, 268–275.
| The dry-weight-rank method for the botanical analysis of pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson RB, Fillery IRP (1997) Transformation in soil and turnover to wheat of nitrogen from components of grazed pasture in the south of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, 1033–1047.
| Transformation in soil and turnover to wheat of nitrogen from components of grazed pasture in the south of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmvFyqtr0%3D&md5=5212546d3cddeb5120ae6502a10ade8fCAS |
Thompson DJ, Brooke BM, Garland GJ, Hall JW, Majak W (2000) Effect of stage of growth of alfalfa on the incidence of bloat in cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, 725–727.
| Effect of stage of growth of alfalfa on the incidence of bloat in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Volesky JD (1996) Forage production and grazing management of chicory. Journal of Production Agriculture 9, 403–406.
| Forage production and grazing management of chicory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wade LJ, George T, Ladha JK, Singh U, Bhuiyan SI, Pandey S (1998) Opportunities to manipulate nutrient-by-water interactions in rainfed lowland rice systems. Field Crops Research 56, 93–112.
| Opportunities to manipulate nutrient-by-water interactions in rainfed lowland rice systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wade LJ, Amarante ST, Olea A, Harnpichitvitaya D, Naklang K, Wihardjaka A, Sengar SS, Mazid MA, Singh G, McLaren CG (1999) Nutrient requirements in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Research 64, 91–107.
| Nutrient requirements in rainfed lowland rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
