Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 1. Germplasm, traits and future prospects
P. G. H. Nichols A B G , K. J. Foster A B , E. Piano C , L. Pecetti C , P. Kaur D , K. Ghamkhar D E and W. J. Collins F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
B School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
C Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-Casearie, v.le Piacenza 29, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
D Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
E Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Centre for AgriBiosciences, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia.
F Formerly Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia; current address: 33 Hobbs Avenue, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia.
G Corresponding author. Email: phil.nichols@agric.wa.gov.au
Crop and Pasture Science 64(4) 312-346 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13118
Submitted: 8 April 2013 Accepted: 1 July 2013 Published: 13 August 2013
Abstract
Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown annual pasture legume species in southern Australia, valued in the livestock and grains industries as a source of high-quality forage and for its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. From its initial accidental introduction into Australia in the 19th Century and subsequent commercialisation in the early 1900s, 45 cultivars have been registered in Australia. These consist of 32 cultivars of ssp. subterraneum, eight of ssp. yanninicum, and five of ssp. brachycalycinum and range in flowering time from 77 to 163 days from sowing, enabling the species to be grown in a diversity of rainfall environments, soil types, and farming systems. Eleven of these cultivars are introductions from the Mediterranean region, 15 are naturalised strains collected in Australia, 18 are the products of crossbreeding, and one is derived from mutagenesis. Cultivars developed in Italy have been commercialised for the local market, whereas other cultivars developed in Spain, Portugal, and France have not had commercial seed production. Important traits exploited include: (i) selection for low levels of the oestrogenic isoflavone formononetin, which causes reduced ewe fertility; (ii) increased levels of dormancy imposed by seed-coat impermeability (hard seeds) for cultivars aimed at crop rotations or unreliable rainfall environments; (iii) strong burr-burial ability to maximise seed production; (iv) resistance to important disease pathogens for cultivars aimed at medium- and high-rainfall environments, particularly to Kabatiella caulivora and root rot pathogens; (v) resistance to pests, particularly redlegged earth mites; and (vi) selection for unique leaf markings and other morphological traits (where possible) to aid cultivar identification. Cultivar development has been aided by a large genetic resource of ~10 000 accessions, assembled from its centre of origin in the Mediterranean Basin, West Asia, and the Atlantic coast of Western Europe, in addition to naturalised strains collected in Australia. The development of a core collection of 97 accessions, representing almost 80% of the genetic diversity of the species, and a genetic map, provides a platform for development of future cultivars with new traits to benefit the livestock and grains industries. New traits being examined include increased phosphorous-use efficiency and reduced methane emissions from grazing ruminant livestock. Economic analyses indicate that future trait development should focus on traits contributing to increased persistence and autumn–winter productivity, while other potential traits include increased nutritive value (particularly of senesced material), increased N2 fixation ability, and tolerance to cheap herbicides. Beneficial compounds for animal and human health may also be present within the species for exploitation.
Additional keywords: annual pasture legumes, cultivars, genetic resources, plant breeding, traits.
References
Croker KP, Lightfoot RJ, Johnson TJ, Adams NR, Carrick MJ (1989) The effects of selection for resistance to clover infertility on the reproductive performances of merino ewes grazed on oestrogenic pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, 165–176.Abberton MT, Marshall AH (2005) Progress in breeding perennial clovers for temperate agriculture. The Journal of Agricultural Science 143, 117–135.
| Progress in breeding perennial clovers for temperate agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Adams AB (1924) Subterranean clover. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 1, 514–518.
Adams AB (1937) Western Australian strains of Trifolium subterraneum. In ‘Report of the Fourth International Grassland Congress’. Aberystwyth, Great Britain. pp. 260–263.
Adams NR (1995) Detection of the effects of phytoestrogens on sheep and cattle. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1509–1515.
Adams NR, Sanders MR, Ritar AJ (1988) Oestrogenic damage and reduced fertility in ewe flocks in south Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 71–77.
| Oestrogenic damage and reduced fertility in ewe flocks in south Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aguiar C, Rodrigues M, Fernández-Nuñez ME, Domingos T, Pires J (2012) The effect of soil microtopographic gradients on dry matter yields and species richness in two Mediterranean pastures. In ‘New Approaches for Grassland Research in a Context of Climatic and Socio-Economic Changes. Proceedings of the 14th Meeting of the FAO-CIHEAM Sub-network on Mediterranean Pastures and Fodder Crops’. Samsun, Turkey. Options Méditerranéennes Series A No. 102. (Eds Z Acar, A López-Francos, C Porqueddu) pp. 295–298. (CIHEAM: Paris)
Aitken Y (1939) The problem of hard seeds in subterranean clover. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 51, 187–213.
Aitken Y (1974) ‘Flowering time, climate and genotype.’ (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne)
Aitken Y, Drake FR (1941) Studies on the varieties of subterranean clover. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 53, 342–393.
Allen PG (1987) Insect pests of pasture in perspective. In ‘Temperate pastures: their production, use and management’. (Eds JL Wheeler, CJ Pearson, GE Robards) pp. 211–225. (Australian Wool Corporation/CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
Angus JF, Peoples MB (2012) Nitrogen from Australian dryland pastures. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 746–758.
| Nitrogen from Australian dryland pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anon. (2013) OECD List of Varieties eligible for seed certification. Subterranean clover and similar species. Available at: www.oecd.org/tad/standardsforseedstractorsforestfruitandvegetables/Subterraneancloverlistofvarietiesseeds2013.pdf
Archer KA, Wolfe EC, Cullis BR (1987) Flowering time of cultivars of subterranean clover in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 791–797.
| Flowering time of cultivars of subterranean clover in New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Audas JW (1921) The true clovers naturalised in Victoria. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Victoria 19, 650–660.
Auricht GC, Prosperi JM, Snowball R, Hughes SJ (1999) The characterisation and preliminary evaluation of Medicago and Trifolium germplasm. In ‘Genetic resources of Mediterranean pasture and forage legumes’. (Eds SJ Bennett, PS Cocks) pp. 141–149. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Banik BK, Durmic Z, Erskine W, Ghamkhar K, Ryan M, Kaur P, Nichols P (2012) Variability in the rumen methanogenic potential among F2-derived F3 lines of a bi-parental cross between varieties of subterranean clover. In ‘Proceedings of the 15th AAAP Animal Science Congress’. 26–30 November 2012, Bangkok, Thailand. (Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies)
Banik BK, Durmic Z, Erskine W, Nichols P, Ghamkhar K, Vercoe P (2013) Variability of in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenic potential in the pasture legume biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.). Crop & Pasture Science 64, 409–416.
Barbetti MJ (1989) Fungal diseases of pasture legumes in Western Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 4133, South Perth, W. Aust.
Barbetti MJ (1995) Breakdown in resistance of subterranean clover to clover scorch disease (Kabatiella caulivora). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 645–653.
| Breakdown in resistance of subterranean clover to clover scorch disease (Kabatiella caulivora).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbetti MJ (2005) Cylindrocarpon didymum – a root rot pathogen of subterranean clover in the lower south west of Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 34, 111–114.
| Cylindrocarpon didymum – a root rot pathogen of subterranean clover in the lower south west of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbetti MJ, MacNish GC (1978) Root rot of subterranean clover in irrigated areas of south-west Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 18, 426–433.
| Root rot of subterranean clover in irrigated areas of south-west Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1986) Fungal foliar diseases of subterranean clover. Review of Plant Pathology 65, 513–521.
Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K, Wong DH (1986) Root rot of subterranean clover. Review of Plant Pathology 65, 287–295.
Barbetti MJ, Gillespie DJ, Collins WJ (1991) Effect of Kabatiella caulivora isolates and host growth stage on symptom expression and resistance in Trifolium subterraneum. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 63–69.
| Effect of Kabatiella caulivora isolates and host growth stage on symptom expression and resistance in Trifolium subterraneum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbetti MJ, Si P, Nichols PGH (2005) Genetic basis for and inheritance of resistance to Race 1 and Race 2 of Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum and ssp. yanninicum. Euphytica 144, 237–246.
| Genetic basis for and inheritance of resistance to Race 1 and Race 2 of Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum and ssp. yanninicum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barley KP, England PJ (1970) Mechanics of burr burial by subterranean clover. In ‘Proceedings of the XI International Grassland Congress’. Surfers Paradise, Qld. pp. 103–107. (University of Queensland Press: Brisbane)
Bayliss K, Kuo J, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ, Lagudah ES (2002) Differences in symptom development in subterranean clover infected with Kabatiella caulivora Race1 and Race 2 are related to host resistance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 305–310.
| Differences in symptom development in subterranean clover infected with Kabatiella caulivora Race1 and Race 2 are related to host resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beale PE, Thurling N (1979) Genotypic variation in resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30, 651–658.
| Genotypic variation in resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beale PE, Thurling N (1980a) Genetic control of resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum. I. Diallel analysis of variation in disease development parameters. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 927–933.
| Genetic control of resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum. I. Diallel analysis of variation in disease development parameters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beale PE, Thurling N (1980b) Genetic control of resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum. II. Variation in segregating populations. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 935–942.
| Genetic control of resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum. II. Variation in segregating populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beck AB (1964) The oestrogenic isoflavones of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 223–230.
| The oestrogenic isoflavones of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXktlCgsLw%3D&md5=bb41f3cdd574fe6e533ba8136c9d47a0CAS |
Beck AB, Gardiner MR (1965) Clover disease of sheep in Western Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 3345, South Perth, W. Aust.
Bell EA (1981) The physiological role of secondary products. In ‘The biochemistry of plants, Volume 7: Secondary plant products’. pp. 1–19. (Academic Press: New York)
Bell LW, Moore AW (2012) Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications. Agricultural Systems 111, 1–12.
| Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bennetts HW, Underwood EJ, Shier FL (1946) A specific breeding problem of sheep on subterranean clover pastures in Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 22, 2–12.
| A specific breeding problem of sheep on subterranean clover pastures in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaH28%2Fks1OrtQ%3D%3D&md5=b79314926ce4ef3547f7484b25262e31CAS | 21028682PubMed |
Berlandier FA, Edwards OE, Nichols PGH, Blake A (1999). Aphid resistance in annual pasture legumes. In ‘Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology’. Perth, W. Aust. (Ed. JN Matthiessen) pp. 299–303. (CSIRO Entomology: Perth)
Besier RB, Love SCJ (2003) Anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes in Australia: The need for new approaches. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 1383–1391.
| Anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes in Australia: The need for new approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnslOl&md5=8c93899a490d21cf62f48c0e2f52c465CAS |
Bewley JD, Black M (1994) ‘Seeds: physiology of development and germination.’ (Plenum Press: London)
Bolland MDA (1987) Persistence of seed and a laboratory assessment of seed softening of five subterranean clover cultivars. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53, 102–105.
Bolland MDA, Collins WJ (1986) Effect of burr burial on seed production of Trifolium subterraneum subsp. brachycalycinum and other annual legumes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, 59–64.
| Effect of burr burial on seed production of Trifolium subterraneum subsp. brachycalycinum and other annual legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolland MDA, Collins WJ (1987) Persistence of seed produced from single seed crops of subterranean clover on sandy soils near Esperance, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 81–85.
| Persistence of seed produced from single seed crops of subterranean clover on sandy soils near Esperance, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bonython AL, Ballard RA, Charman N, Nichols PGH, Craig AD (2011) New strains of rhizobia that nodulate regenerating messina (Melilotus siculus) plants in saline soils. Crop & Pasture Science 62, 427–436.
| New strains of rhizobia that nodulate regenerating messina (Melilotus siculus) plants in saline soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Braden AWH, Hart NK, Lamberton JA (1967) The oestrogenic activity and metabolism of certain isoflavones in sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 335–348.
| The oestrogenic activity and metabolism of certain isoflavones in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2sXktFSisrg%3D&md5=db5103dff548c574a199bbdc267139ccCAS |
Brennan RF, Grimm M (1992) Effect of aphids and mites on herbage and seed production of subterranean clover (cv. Daliak) in response to superphosphate and potash. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 39–47.
| Effect of aphids and mites on herbage and seed production of subterranean clover (cv. Daliak) in response to superphosphate and potash.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltlSntr4%3D&md5=d6455bee64e504fca749b4b833731a1dCAS |
Broderick GA, Albrecht KA (1997) Ruminal in vitro degradation of protein in tannin-free and tannin-containing forage legume species. Crop Science 37, 1884–1891.
| Ruminal in vitro degradation of protein in tannin-free and tannin-containing forage legume species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtlKksg%3D%3D&md5=f5006f95b11a6173fe9467ec3827f3fdCAS |
Bullard GK, Roughley RJ, Pulsford DJ (2005) The legume inoculant industry and quality control in Australia: 1953–2003. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, 127–140.
Carnahan HL, Hill HD, Hanson AA, Brown KG (1955) Inheritance and frequencies of leaf markings in white clover. The Journal of Heredity 46, 109–114.
Casler MD, Vogel KP (1999) Accomplishments and impact from breeding for increased forage nutritive value. Crop Science 39, 12–20.
| Accomplishments and impact from breeding for increased forage nutritive value.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chandrashekar M, Halloran GM (1991) Leaf scorch (Kabatiella caulivora (Kirch.) Kirk.) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.): Influence of host cultivar, growth stage and pathogen isolates on the disease severity. Euphytica 61, 181–186.
| Leaf scorch (Kabatiella caulivora (Kirch.) Kirk.) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.): Influence of host cultivar, growth stage and pathogen isolates on the disease severity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chapman R, Asseng S (2001) An analysis of the frequency and timing of false break events in the Mediterranean region of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 367–376.
| An analysis of the frequency and timing of false break events in the Mediterranean region of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chatel DL, Francis CM (1974) Susceptibility of subterranean clover to clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora). Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 40, 80–82.
Chatel DL, Francis CM (1975) Sources of variation in the resistance of subterranean clover to clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora) in the field. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15, 541–544.
| Sources of variation in the resistance of subterranean clover to clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora) in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark SG, McDonald RM, Street HC (1991) Long-term persistence of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cultivars in south-western Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 625–629.
| Long-term persistence of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cultivars in south-western Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cocks PS (1992) Evolution in sown populations of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in South Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1583–1595.
| Evolution in sown populations of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cocks PS, Bennett SJ (1999) Introduction: Role of pasture and forage legumes in Mediterranean farming systems. In ‘Genetic resources of Mediterranean pasture and forage legumes’. (Eds SJ Bennett, PS Cocks) pp. 9–19. (Kluwer Academic: The Netherlands)
Cocks PS, Gintzburger G (1993) Long-term sustainability of livestock-producing farming systems in contrasting regions with Mediterranean-type climates. In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. Palmerston North, New Zealand. Vol. 1. (Eds MJ Baker, JR Crush, LR Humphries) pp. 247–251. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Palmerston North, New Zealand)
Cocks PS, Mathison MJ, Crawford EJ (1980) From wild plants to pasture cultivars: annual medics and subterranean clovers in southern Australia. In ‘Advances in legume science’. (Eds RJ Summerfield, AH Bunting) (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries: London)
Cocks PS, Craig AD, Kenyon RV (1982) Evolution of subterranean clover in South Australia. II. Change in genetic composition of a mixed population after 19 years grazing on a commercial farm. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33, 679–695.
| Evolution of subterranean clover in South Australia. II. Change in genetic composition of a mixed population after 19 years grazing on a commercial farm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Colebrook WF, Black JL, Purser DB, Collins WJ, Rossiter RC (1990) Factors affecting diet selection by sheep. V. Observed and predicted ranking for six cultivars of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 957–967.
| Factors affecting diet selection by sheep. V. Observed and predicted ranking for six cultivars of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Collins WJ, Cox RI (1984) Oestrogenic activity in forage legumes. In ‘Forage legumes for energy-efficient animal production. Proceedings of a Trilateral Workshop’. Palmerston North, New Zealand. (Eds RF Barnes, PR Ball, RW Brougham, GC Marten, DJ Minson) pp. 268–276. (USDA-ARS: Springfield, VA)
Collins WJ, Gladstones JS (1984) Breeding to improve subterranean clover in Australia. In ‘Forage legumes for energy-efficient animal production. Proceedings of a Trilateral Workshop’. Palmerston North, New Zealand. (Eds RF Barnes, PR Ball, RW Brougham, GC Marten, DJ Minson) pp. 308–316. (USDA-ARS: Springfield, VA)
Collins WJ, Quinlivan BJ (1980) The effects of a continued water supply during and beyond seed development on seed production and losses in subterranean clover swards. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 287–295.
| The effects of a continued water supply during and beyond seed development on seed production and losses in subterranean clover swards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Collins WJ, Francis CM, Quinlivan BJ (1976) The interrelation of burr burial, seed yield and dormancy in strains of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 787–792.
| The interrelation of burr burial, seed yield and dormancy in strains of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Collins WJ, Rossiter RC, Haynes Y, Brown AHD, Marshall DR (1984) Identification of subterranean clover cultivars and their genetic relationships by isozyme analysis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 399–411.
| Identification of subterranean clover cultivars and their genetic relationships by isozyme analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cox RI, Braden AW (1974) The metabolism and physiological effects of phyto-oestrogens in livestock. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 122–129.
Crofts F (1997) Australian pasture production: the last 50 years. In ‘Pasture management and production’. (Eds JV Lovett, JM Scott) pp. 1–16. (Inkata Press: Melbourne)
Davern CI, Peak JW, Morley FHW (1957) The inheritance of flowering time in Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 121–134.
| The inheritance of flowering time in Trifolium subterraneum L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davies LH (1986) Limitations to livestock production associated with phytoestrogens and bloat. In ‘Temperate pastures: their production, use and management’. (Eds JL Wheeler, CJ Pearson, GE Robards) pp. 446–456. (Australian Wool Corporation/CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
Davies LH, Bennett D (1962) Studies on the oestrogenic potency of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 1030–1040.
| Studies on the oestrogenic potency of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davies M, Holland M (2008) Seed certification rules. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, W. Aust.
Davies LH, Rossiter RC, Maller R (1970) The effects of different cultivars of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) on sheep reproduction in the south-west of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 21, 359–369.
| The effects of different cultivars of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) on sheep reproduction in the south-west of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Sandral GA (1997) Subterranean clover in NSW—identification and use. New South Wales Agriculture, Agfact P2.5.16, Sydney.
Dear BS, Nichols PGH, Clark SG, deKoning CT, Orr RJ (1996) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover – (d). Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katz. et. Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Riverina. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, 519–520.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover – (d). Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katz. et. Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Riverina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear BS, Sandral GA, Spencer D, Khan MRI, Higgins TJV (2003) The tolerance of three transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines with the bxn gene to herbicides containing bromoxynil. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 203–210.
| The tolerance of three transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines with the bxn gene to herbicides containing bromoxynil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtVagtbc%3D&md5=cc819cbadf0cdb123d1d8e1661e8764eCAS |
Devitt AC, Quinlivan BJ, Francis CM (1978) The flowering of annual legume pasture species and cultivars in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 18, 75–80.
| The flowering of annual legume pasture species and cultivars in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Donald CM (1951) Competition among pasture plants. I. Intra-specific competition among annual pasture plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 355–376.
| Competition among pasture plants. I. Intra-specific competition among annual pasture plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Donald CM, Neal-Smith CH (1937) Strain variation in subterranean clover. Journal of the Council for Scientific Industrial Research Australia 10, 277–290.
Doyle PT, Grimm M, Thompson AN (1993). Grazing for pasture and sheep management in the annual pasture zone. In ‘Pasture management technology for the 21st Century.’ (Eds DR Kemp, DL Michalk) pp. 71–90. (CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
Drake FR (1940) Bacchus Marsh subterranean clover. Journal of the Victorian Department of Agriculture 38, 108–128.
Drew LA, Ballard RA (2010) Improving N2 fixation from the plant down: compatibility of Trifolium subterraneum L. cultivars with soil rhizobia can influence symbiotic performance. Plant and Soil 327, 261–277.
| Improving N2 fixation from the plant down: compatibility of Trifolium subterraneum L. cultivars with soil rhizobia can influence symbiotic performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmslGgtw%3D%3D&md5=78024afa815c69321b9e3aebe8f14465CAS |
Drew LA, Charman N, Dingemanse R, Hall E, Ballard RA (2011) Symbiotic performance of Mediterranean Trifolium spp. with naturalised soil rhizobia. Crop & Pasture Science 62, 903–913.
| Symbiotic performance of Mediterranean Trifolium spp. with naturalised soil rhizobia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunlop AC (1986) Preference ranking of some temperate pasture species by sheep in pens. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 16, 191–194.
Dunlop AC, Thorn CW (1984) Animal production from grass free pastures. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 15, 673
Durmic Z, Hutton PG, Revell DK, Emms J, Hughes SJ, Vercoe PE (2010) In vitro fermentative traits of Australian woody perennial plant species that may be considered as potential sources of feed for grazing ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 160, 98–109.
| In vitro fermentative traits of Australian woody perennial plant species that may be considered as potential sources of feed for grazing ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eckard RJ, Grainger C, de Klein CAM (2010) Options from the abatement for methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: a review. Livestock Science 130, 47–56.
| Options from the abatement for methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ehrman T, Cocks PS (1996) Reproductive patterns in annual legume species on an aridity gradient. Vegetation 122, 47–59.
| Reproductive patterns in annual legume species on an aridity gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans LT (1959) Flower initiation in Trifolium subterraneum L. I. Analysis of the partial processes involved. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 10, 1–16.
| Flower initiation in Trifolium subterraneum L. I. Analysis of the partial processes involved.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans PM, Hall EJ (1995) Seed softening patterns from single seed crops of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in a cool temperate environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 1117–1121.
| Seed softening patterns from single seed crops of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in a cool temperate environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans PM, Smith FA (1999) Patterns of seed softening in subterranean clover in a cool, temperate environment. Agronomy Journal 91, 122–127.
| Patterns of seed softening in subterranean clover in a cool, temperate environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans PM, Lawn RJ, Watkinson AR (1992a) Use of linear models to predict the date of flowering in cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1547–1558.
| Use of linear models to predict the date of flowering in cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans PM, Willson KJ, Hall EJ (1992b) Influence of genotype, seed size, and seedling density on the winter herbage production of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines and cultivars. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 143–149.
| Influence of genotype, seed size, and seedling density on the winter herbage production of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines and cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ewing MA (1999) New pasture species. In ‘Proceedings of the 11th Australian Plant Breeding Conference’. Glenelg, S. Aust. (Eds P Langridge, A Barr, G Auricht, G Collins, A Granger, D Handford, J Paull) pp. 86–90. (CRC for Molecular Plant Breeding, University of Adelaide: Adelaide, S. Aust.)
Falistocco E, Piccrilli M, Falcinelli M (1987) Cytotaxonomy of Trifolium subterraneum L. Caryologia 40, 123–130.
Farinha N, Brito A, Goulão L, Paulo Carneiro J (1999) Avaliação de linhas avançadas de Trifolium subterraneum L. em selecção nas condições de Elvas. Pastagens e Forragens 20, 145–152.
Ferris DG, Jones RAC (1996) Natural resistance to bean yellow mosaic potyvirus in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 605–624.
| Natural resistance to bean yellow mosaic potyvirus in subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
FitzGerald RD, Wolfe EC, Laby RH, Hall DG (1980) Beef production from lucerne and subterranean clover pastures. 2. Bloat occurrence and effect of anti-bloat capsules. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 20, 688–694.
| Beef production from lucerne and subterranean clover pastures. 2. Bloat occurrence and effect of anti-bloat capsules.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Flett SP (1994) Studies on Phytophthora clandestina, the cause of taproot rot in subterranean clover 1. Evidence for physiological specialisation in Phytophthora clandestina. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 1125–1129.
| Studies on Phytophthora clandestina, the cause of taproot rot in subterranean clover 1. Evidence for physiological specialisation in Phytophthora clandestina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frame J, Laidlaw AS (2005) Prospects for temperate forage legumes. In ‘Grasslands: Developments, opportunities, perspectives’. (Eds SG Reynolds, J Frame) pp. 1–28. (FAO: Rome)
Francis CM (1968) ‘Oestrogen free’ subterranean clovers—their development and prospects. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 9, 2–4.
Francis CM (1973) The influence of isoflavone glycosides on the taste of subterranean clover leaves. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 24, 1235–1240.
| The influence of isoflavone glycosides on the taste of subterranean clover leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXjs1SitQ%3D%3D&md5=c5f12d473900b2541b0421958be08983CAS |
Francis CM (1976a) Trikkala. A new safe clover for wet areas. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 17, 2–4.
Francis CM (1976b) Nungarin—earliest subterranean clover cultivar. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 17, 4
Francis CM, Devitt AC (1969) The effect of waterlogging on the growth and isoflavone concentration of Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 819–825.
| The effect of waterlogging on the growth and isoflavone concentration of Trifolium subterraneum L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Francis CM, Gillespie DJ (1981) Ecology and distribution of subterranean clover and Medicago species in Sardinia. Australian Plant Introduction Review 13, 15–24.
Francis CM, Gladstones JS (1974) Relationships among rate and duration of flowering and seed yield components in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 435–442.
| Relationships among rate and duration of flowering and seed yield components in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Francis CM, Gladstones JS (1983) Exploitation of genetic resources through breeding Trifolium subterraneum L. (sensu lato). In ‘Genetic resources of forage plants’. (Eds JG McIvor, RA Bray) pp. 251–260. (CSIRO: Australia)
Francis CM, Hume ID (1971) The relationship between lignification and flavonoid production in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24, 1–5.
Francis CM, Millington AJ (1965a) Varietal variation in the isoflavone content of subterranean clover: its estimation by a microtechnique. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 557–564.
| Varietal variation in the isoflavone content of subterranean clover: its estimation by a microtechnique.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXkvVaht70%3D&md5=053fc5629498f0c03a137b0f7d71e489CAS |
Francis CM, Millington AJ (1965b) Isoflavone mutations in subterranean clover. I. Their production, characteristics and inheritance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 565–573.
| Isoflavone mutations in subterranean clover. I. Their production, characteristics and inheritance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXkvVaht7o%3D&md5=f0602243372971d7ff846731969a257aCAS |
Francis CM, Katznelson JS, Collins WJ (1975) Report on legume seed collection tour of Turkey. Australian Plant Introduction Review 10, 1–10.
Frankel OH, Williams JD (1958) A record of natural crossing in subterranean clover. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 24, 162–163.
Freer M, Jones DB (1984) Feeding value of subterranean clover, lucerne, phalaris and Wimmera ryegrass for lambs. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 156–164.
| Feeding value of subterranean clover, lucerne, phalaris and Wimmera ryegrass for lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Garnaut R (2008) ‘The Garnaut Climate Change Review.’ (Cambridge University Press: Melbourne)
Ghamkhar K, Isobe S, Nichols PGH, Faithfull T, Ryan MH, Snowball R, Sato S, Appels R (2012) The first genetic maps for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and comparative genomics with T. pratense L. and Medicago truncatula Gaertn. to identify new molecular markers for breeding. Molecular Breeding 30, 213–226.
| The first genetic maps for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and comparative genomics with T. pratense L. and Medicago truncatula Gaertn. to identify new molecular markers for breeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XnvFOlu7c%3D&md5=0a22f78f6981a2170eede1096c4b9aa7CAS |
Gibson AH (1962) Physical environment and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. I. The effect of root temperature on recently nodulated Trifolium subterranean L. plants. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 16, 28–42.
Gillespie DJ (1983) Developing clovers for disease and insect resistance. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 24, 14–15.
Gillespie DJ (1991) Identification of resistance to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor in pasture legumes. Plant Protection Quarterly 6, 170–171.
Gillespie DJ (1993) Redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) resistance in annual pasture legumes. In ‘Pests of pastures: weed, invertebrate and disease pests of Australian sheep pastures’. pp. 211–213. (CSIRO: Melbourne)
Givens DI, Deaville ER (1999) The current and future role of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in animal nutrition. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1131–1145.
| The current and future role of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gladstones JS (1966) Naturalised subterranean clover in Western Australia: The strains, their distribution, characteristics and possible origins. Australian Journal of Botany 14, 329–354.
| Naturalised subterranean clover in Western Australia: The strains, their distribution, characteristics and possible origins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gladstones JS (1967) Naturalised subterranean clover strains in Western Australia: a preliminary agronomic examination. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 713–731.
| Naturalised subterranean clover strains in Western Australia: a preliminary agronomic examination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gladstones JS (1983) Proposed structure of the National Subterranean Clover Improvement Program. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W. Aust.
Gladstones JS (1985) Revised testing procedures for subterranean clover and criteria for selection in the segregating generations. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W. Aust.
Gladstones JS (1987) Measurement of high-temperature seed dormancy in subterranean clover. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53, 99–101.
Gladstones JS, Collins WJ (1983) Subterranean clover as a naturalised plant in Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 49, 191–202.
Gladstones JS, Collins WJ (1984) Naturalised subterranean clover strains of Western Australia. Technical Bulletin No. 64, Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W. Aust.
Gonzáles López F (1994) Variedades Españolas de trébol subterráneo (Spanish varieties of subterranean clover). Junta de Extremadura, Consejería de Agricultura y Comercio, Mérida, Spain.
Gourley CJP, Weaver DM (2012) Nutrient surpluses in Australian grazing systems: management practices, policy approaches, and difficult choices to improve water quality. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 805–818.
| Nutrient surpluses in Australian grazing systems: management practices, policy approaches, and difficult choices to improve water quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greenhalgh FC, Lucas SE (1984) Effect of soil pasteurisation on damping-off and root rot of subterranean clover caused by Fusarum avanaceum and Pythium spp. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 16, 87–88.
| Effect of soil pasteurisation on damping-off and root rot of subterranean clover caused by Fusarum avanaceum and Pythium spp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greenhalgh FC, Taylor PA (1985) Phytophthora clandestina, cause of severe tap root rot of subterranean clover in Victoria, Australia. Plant Disease 69, 1002–1004.
| Phytophthora clandestina, cause of severe tap root rot of subterranean clover in Victoria, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harrison JE (1936) Tallarook subterranean clover. Journal of the Victorian Department of Agriculture 34, 135–136.
Harrison JE (1964) Subterranean clover: outline of its early history in Victoria and South Australia. In ‘Proceedings of the Victorian Grassland Society’. May 1964, pp. 1–5.
Hartley EJ, Gemell LG, Deaker R (2012) Some factors that contribute to poor survival of rhizobia on preinoculated legume seed. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 858–865.
| Some factors that contribute to poor survival of rhizobia on preinoculated legume seed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Henzell T (2007) ‘Australian agriculture: its history and challenges’. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Hill R (1936) Subterranean clover, its history in South Australia. Journal of the Department of Agriculture South Australia 40, 322–330.
Hill MJ, Donald GE (1998) ‘Australian Temperate Pastures Database.’ (National Pasture Improvement Coordinating Committee/CSIRO Division of Animal Production) Published on CD.
Holland M (2012) Establishing a seed scheme for mixed varieties of subterranean clover. Final Report to the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation on Project PRJ 000478, Canberra.
Hotton G (1985) Enfield—a new subterranean clover cultivar. Department of Agriculture Victoria, Agnote No. 3391, Melbourne.
Hotton GB, Curnow BC, Kellock AW (1982) The development of a scorch-resistant subclover (Trifolium subterraneum) to Kabatiella caulivora. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Agronomy Conference’. Wagga Wagga, NSW. (Australian Society of Agronomy)
Howie JH (2012) Boron tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.). Crop & Pasture Science 63, 886–892.
| Boron tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Howieson JG, Malden J, Yates RJ, O’Hara GW (2000a) Techniques for the selection and development of elite inoculants strains in southern Australia. Symbiosis 28, 33–48.
Howieson JG, O’Hara GW, Carr SJ (2000b) Changing roles for legumes in Mediterranean agriculture: developments from an Australian perspective. Field Crops Research 65, 107–122.
| Changing roles for legumes in Mediterranean agriculture: developments from an Australian perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Howieson JG, Yates RJ, Foster KJ, Real D, Besier RB (2008) Prospects for the future use of legumes. In ‘Nitrogen-fixing leguminous symbioses’. (Eds MJ Dilworth, EK James, JI Sprent, WE Newton) pp. 363–393. (Springer)
Humphries AW, Peck DM, Robinson SS, Rowe T, Oldach K (2012) A new biotype of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) found in south-eastern Australia overcomes resistance in a broad range of pasture legumes. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 893–901.
| A new biotype of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) found in south-eastern Australia overcomes resistance in a broad range of pasture legumes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hutton EM, Peak JW (1954) Studies of intervarietal hybridisation in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 5, 271–278.
| Studies of intervarietal hybridisation in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
International HapMap Consortium Frazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, Boudreau A, Hardenbol P, Leal SM, et al (2007) A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449, 851–862.
| A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17943122PubMed |
Jahufer MZZ, Ford JL, Widdup KH, Harris C, Cousins G, Ayers JF, Lane LA, Hoffman RW, Ballizany WL, Mercer CF, Crush JR, Williams WM, Woodfield DR, Barrett BA (2012) Improving white clover for Australasia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 739–745.
| Improving white clover for Australasia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jain SK (1977) Inheritance and population genetics of four marker traits in rose clover. The Journal of Heredity 68, 44–52.
Jiang Y, Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1996) Examination of the involvement of mechanical strength in antixenotic resistance of subterranean clover cotyledons to the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acarina: Penthaleidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, 263–270.
| Examination of the involvement of mechanical strength in antixenotic resistance of subterranean clover cotyledons to the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acarina: Penthaleidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jiang Y, Ghisalberti EL, Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1996) Correlation of 1-octen-3-one with antixenotic resistance in subterranean clover cotyledons to redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Acarina: Penthaleidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 22, 369–382.
| Correlation of 1-octen-3-one with antixenotic resistance in subterranean clover cotyledons to redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Acarina: Penthaleidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhvFSjs74%3D&md5=84a885bae12c41ada15c4f6f41a66e32CAS |
Johnstone GR, Barbetti MJ (1987) Impact of fungal and virus diseases in pastures. In ‘Temperate pastures, their production, use and management’. (Eds JL Wheeler, CJ Pearson, GE Robards) pp. 235–248. (Australian Wool Corporation/CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
Johnstone GR, McLean GD (1987) Virus diseases of subterranean clover. Annals of Applied Biology 110, 421–440.
| Virus diseases of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones RAC (1988) Seed-borne virus diseases in annual pasture legumes. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 29, 58–61.
Jones RAC (1991) Losses in productivity of subterranean clover swards caused by sowing cucumber mosaic virus-infected seed. Annals of Applied Biology 119, 273–288.
| Losses in productivity of subterranean clover swards caused by sowing cucumber mosaic virus-infected seed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones RAC (2012) Virus diseases of annual pasture legumes: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 399–418.
| Virus diseases of annual pasture legumes: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones RAC, McKirdy SJ (1990) Seed-borne cucumber mosaic virus infection of subterranean clover in Western Australia. Annals of Applied Biology 116, 73–86.
| Seed-borne cucumber mosaic virus infection of subterranean clover in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones MB, Lawler PW, Ruckman JE (1970a) Differences in annual clover responses to phosphorus and sulphur. Agronomy Journal 62, 439–442.
| Differences in annual clover responses to phosphorus and sulphur.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones WT, Lyttleton JW, Clarke RTJ (1970b) Bloat in cattle. XXXIII. The soluble proteins of legume forages in New Zealand, and their relationship to bloat. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 149–156.
| Bloat in cattle. XXXIII. The soluble proteins of legume forages in New Zealand, and their relationship to bloat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Katznelson J (1974) Biological flora of Israel. The subterranean clovers of Trifolium subsect. Calycomorphum Katzn. Trifolium subterraneum L. (sensu latu). Israel Journal of Botany 23, 69–108.
Katznelson J, Morley FHW (1965a) Speciation processes in Trifolium subterraneum L. Israel Journal of Botany 14, 15–35.
Katznelson J, Morley FHW (1965b) A taxonomic revison of sect. Calycomorphum of the genus Trifolium. I. The geocarpic species. Israel Journal of Botany 14, 112–134.
Kaur P, Appels R, Banik B, Durmic Z, Ghamkhar K, Isobe S, Nichols P, Erskine W (2012) Methanogenic potential in the rumen and quantitative trait locus analysis of subterranean clover. In ‘Proceedings of the Molecular Breeding of Forage & Turf Meeting’. Salt Lake City, USA. (MBFT/USDA-ARS)
Kaur P, Erskine W, Appels R, Durmic Z, Nichols P, Isobe S (2013) Comparative genomics in pasture species—a powerful new approach to assist in methane mitigation strategies for Australian livestock industries. In ‘Proceedings of Plant and Animal Genome XXI Conference’. San-Diego, CA. PAG: www.intlpag.org/
Kenny PT (1984) The growth of weaner sheep on clover or grass pastures during summer in western Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 144–149.
| The growth of weaner sheep on clover or grass pastures during summer in western Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Khan MRI, Tabe LM, Heath LC, Spencer D, Higgins TJV (1994) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Plant Physiology 105, 81–88.
Kharkwal MC, Roy D (2004) A century of advances in plant breeding methodologies. In ‘Plant breeding—Mendelian to molecular approaches’. (Eds HK Jain, MC Kharkwal) pp. 17–48. (Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Kingwell R, Pannell D (2005) Economic trends and drivers affecting the wheatbelt of Western Australia to 2030. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 553–561.
| Economic trends and drivers affecting the wheatbelt of Western Australia to 2030.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingwell RS, Schilizzi SGM (1994) Dryland pasture improvement given climatic risk. Agricultural Systems 45, 175–190.
| Dryland pasture improvement given climatic risk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kollmorgen JF (1974) The pathogenicity of Fusarium avanaceum to wheat and legumes and its association with crop rotations. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 14, 572–576.
| The pathogenicity of Fusarium avanaceum to wheat and legumes and its association with crop rotations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li H, Nichols PGH, Han S, Foster KJ, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ (2009) Resistance to race 2 and cross-resistance to race 1 of Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum and T. purpureum. Australasian Plant Pathology 38, 284–287.
| Resistance to race 2 and cross-resistance to race 1 of Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum and T. purpureum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlvFOgu7c%3D&md5=0ed086b4fe076b02a66c47ca9b78e5beCAS |
Lodge GM, Harden S (2007) Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 1. Trifolium subterraneum cultivars and lines. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 551–562.
| Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 1. Trifolium subterraneum cultivars and lines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loftus Hills K (1942) Dormancy and hardseededness in T. subterraneum. 1. The effect of time of harvest and of certain seed storage conditions. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 15, 275–284.
Loftus Hills K (1944a) Dormancy and hardseededness in T. subterraneum. 2. The progress of after-harvest ripening. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 17, 186–190.
Loftus Hills K (1944b) Dormancy and hardseededness in T. subterraneum. 4. Variation between varieties. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 17, 242–250.
Loi A, Howieson JG, Nutt BJ, Carr SJ (2005) A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 289–299.
| A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loi A, Nutt BJ, Howieson JG, Yates RJ, Norman HC (2012) Preliminary assessment of bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.) as an annual legume for ley farming systems in southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 582–591.
| Preliminary assessment of bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.) as an annual legume for ley farming systems in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lynch JP (2007) Roots of the second green revolution. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 493–512.
| Roots of the second green revolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lynch JP, Brown KM (2008) Root strategies for phosphorus acquisition. In ‘The ecophysiology of plant–phosphorus interactions’. (Eds PJ White, JP Hammond), pp. 83–116. (Springer Science and Business Media: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Makkar HPS, Vercoe PE (2007) ‘Measurement of methane production from ruminants.’ (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Marley CL, Cook R, Keatinge R, Barrett J, Lampkin NH (2003) The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) on parasite intensities and performance of lambs naturally infected with helminth parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 112, 147–155.
| The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) on parasite intensities and performance of lambs naturally infected with helminth parasites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s%2Fnt1emtA%3D%3D&md5=60dde38058e415b7776f64c12e828288CAS | 12581592PubMed |
Marshall T (1974) Effect of legume species on ewe fertility in south Western Australia. III. Esperance. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 138
Marshall DR, Broué P (1973) Outcrossing rates in Australian populations of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24, 863–867.
| Outcrossing rates in Australian populations of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mason W, Allan C (2011) Feedbase R&D plan. Report prepared for Meat & Livestock Australia.
Masson P (1998) Le trèfle souterrain (Trifolium subterraneum L.): Présentation et caractéristiques des populations Françaises. Available at: http://smbcn.free.fr/articles/articles_pdf/trefle_souterrain.pdf
Masson P, Rochon JJ, Delorme R, Goby JP (1985) Some observations about frost resistance of different cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum during the 1985 cold winter in southern France. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the FAO-CIHEAM sub-network on Mediterranean pastures and fodder crops’. Elvas, Portugal. (CIHEAM: Paris)
Masson P, Collins WJ, Gladstones JS, Meste M, Alquier G (1997) Distribution et caractéristiques des écotypes Français de trèfle souterrain. Fourrages 149, 103–120.
McDonald GK (1989) The contribution of nitrogen fertiliser to the nitrogen nutrition of rainfed wheat crops in Australia: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 455–481.
| The contribution of nitrogen fertiliser to the nitrogen nutrition of rainfed wheat crops in Australia: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGee DC, Kellock AW (1974) Fusarium avanaceum – a seed-borne pathogen of subterranean clover roots. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 549–557.
| Fusarium avanaceum – a seed-borne pathogen of subterranean clover roots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGuire WS (1985) Subterranean clover. In ‘Clover science and technology’. Agronomy Monograph No. 25. (Ed. NL Taylor) pp. 515–534. (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
McKeown NR (1962) The effects of the Dwalganup and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover on lactation in wether sheep. Australian Journal of Science 457–458.
McKirdy SJ, Jones RAC (1994) Infection of alternative hosts associated with growing annual medics (Medicago spp.) by alfalfa mosaic virus and its persistence between growing seasons. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, 1413–1426.
| Infection of alternative hosts associated with growing annual medics (Medicago spp.) by alfalfa mosaic virus and its persistence between growing seasons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLaughlin MR, Fairbrother TE (1994) Susceptibility to clover yellow vein potyvirus in the United States germplasm collection of subterranean clover. Plant Disease 78, 665–667.
| Susceptibility to clover yellow vein potyvirus in the United States germplasm collection of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McMahon LR, McAllister TA, Berg BP, Majak W, Acharya SN, Popp JD, Coulman BE, Wang Y, Cheng K-J (2000) A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, 469–485.
| A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvVWmsLg%3D&md5=e1f930a798b17304747da00f9ab5a6d0CAS |
Millington AJ (1956) Subterranean clover strain breeding for the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 22, 111–119.
Millington AJ (1960) The Geraldton strain of subterranean clover. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 1, 137–144.
Millington AJ, Francis CM, McKeown NR (1964) Wether bioassay of annual pasture legumes. II. The oestrogenic activity of nine strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 527–536.
| Wether bioassay of annual pasture legumes. II. The oestrogenic activity of nine strains of Trifolium subterraneum L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXkvFCitbk%3D&md5=b648045ef684651ba3f8b3fc7c62d947CAS |
MiPAF (2001) ‘Le risorse genetiche vegetali presso gli IRSA. Vol. II – Erbacee.’ (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali: Rome)
Mitchell GJ (1992) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Gosse. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 545–546.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Gosse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morley FHW (1958) The inheritance and ecological significance of seed dormancy in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 11, 261–274.
Morley FHW (1961) Subterranean clover. Advances in Agronomy 13, 57–123.
| Subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morley FHW, Francis CM (1968) Varietal and environmental variations in isoflavone concentrations in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19, 15–26.
| Varietal and environmental variations in isoflavone concentrations in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXhtFaitrw%3D&md5=878a334bad035bd2fc2f47c8e5e9faddCAS |
Morley FHW, Katznelson J (1965) Colonization in Australia by Trifolium subterraneum L. In ‘The genetics of colonizing species’. pp. 269–282 (Academic Press: New York)
Morley FHW, Peak JW (1961) Subterranean clover genetics and breeding at Canberra. In ‘Conference of Cereal and Pasture Plant Breeders’. Canberra, ACT. pp. 30-1–30-3. (CSIRO: Melbourne)
Morley FHW, Brock RD, Davern CI (1956) Subspeciation in Trifolium subterraneum. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 1–17.
Mulholland JG, Nandra KS, Scott GB, Jones AW, Coombes NE (1996) Nutritive value of subterranean clover in a temperate environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, 803–814.
| Nutritive value of subterranean clover in a temperate environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nair RM, Craig AD, Auricht GC, Edwards OR, Robinson SS, Otterspoor MJ, Jones JA (2003) Evaluating pasture legumes for resistance to aphids. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 1345–1349.
| Evaluating pasture legumes for resistance to aphids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neil HG, Lightfoot RJ, Fels HE (1974) Effect of legume species on ewe fertility in south Western Australia. I. Badgingarra. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 136
Nicholas DA (1972) Different pasture plants have different grazing values. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 13, 123–124.
Nicholas DA, Gillespie DJ (1981) Procedure for selecting subterranean clover cultivars in South Western Australia. In ‘Proceedings of the XIV International Grassland Congress’. Lexington, USA. (Eds JA Smith, VW Hays) pp. 135–137. (Westview Press: Boulder, CO)
Nichols PGH (1993) An agro-ecological approach to breeding subterranean clover. In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. Palmerston North, New Zealand. Vol. 1. (Eds MJ Baker, JR Crush, LR Humphries) pp. 453–454. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Palmerston North, New Zealand)
Nichols PGH (1998) Persistence of late maturing subterranean clover cultivars in Western Australia. In ‘Agronomy—Growing a rreener future. Proceedings of the 9th Australian Agronomy Conference’. Wagga Wagga, NSW. (Eds DL Michalk, JE Pratley) pp. 221–222. (Australian Agronomy Society: Wagga Wagga, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1998/1/004nichols.htm
Nichols PGH (2010a) Bindoon—a midseason subterranean clover with RLEM resistance. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Farmnote No. 420, South Perth, W. Aust.
Nichols PGH (2010b) Rosabrook—a subterranean clover with RLEM resistance for high rainfall pastures. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Farmnote No. 454, South Perth, W. Aust.
Nichols PGH (2011) Narrikup—a vigorous high rainfall RLEM resistant subterranean clover. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Farmnote No 481, South Perth, W. Aust.
Nichols PGH (2013) Development of R & D pre-breeding plans for annual legumes. Report prepared for Meat & Livestock Australia, Canberra.
Nichols PGH, Francis CM (1993) Sardinian subterranean clovers – their importance to Australia. In ‘Proceedings of the 10th Australian Plant Breeding Conference’. Gold Coast, Qld. Vol. 2. (Eds BC Imrie, JB Hacker) pp. 19–20. (University of Queensland: Brisbane)
Nichols PGH, Nicholas DA (1992) Three new late-midseason subterranean clovers for high rainfall pastures. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 33, 81–86.
Nichols PGH, Collins WJ, Gillespie DJ, Barbetti MJ (1994) Developing improved varieties of subterranean clover. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 35, 60–65.
Nichols PGH, Nicholas DA, Dear BS, Clark SG, Reed KFM, de Koning CT, Bellotti W, Lloyd DL (1995) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover – (d). Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et. Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. York. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 821–822.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover – (d). Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et. Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. York.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Collins WJ, Barbetti MJ (1996) Registered cultivars of subterranean clover – their characteristics, origin and identification. Agriculture Western Australia, Bulletin No. 4327, South Perth, W. Aust.
Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Sandral GA, Dear BS, Si P, You MP (2006a) Napier subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 1109–1112.
| Napier subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Sandral GA, Dear BS, de Koning CT, Lloyd DL, Evans PM, Craig AD, Si P, You MP (2006b) Urana subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 1105–1107.
| Urana subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Sandral GA, Dear BS, de Koning CT, Lloyd DL, Evans PM, Craig AD, Si P, You MP (2007a) Coolamon subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 223–225.
| Coolamon subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Loi A, Nutt BJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Pengelly BC, Dear BS, Lloyd DL, Revell CK, Nair RM, Ewing MA, Howieson JG, Auricht GA, Howie JH, Sandral GA, Carr SJ, de Koning CT, Hackney BF, Crocker GJ, Snowball R, Hughes SJ, Hall EJ, Foster KJ, Skinner PW, Barbetti MJ, You MP (2007b) New annual and short-lived perennial pasture legumes for Australian agriculture-15 years of revolution. Field Crops Research 104, 10–23.
| New annual and short-lived perennial pasture legumes for Australian agriculture-15 years of revolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Sandral GA, Dear BS, de Koning CT, Lloyd DL, Evans PM, Craig AD, Barbetti MJ, Si P, You MP (2007c) Izmir subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 226–229.
| Izmir subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Craig AD, Rogers ME, Albertsen TO, Miller S, McClements DR, Hughes SJ, D’Antuono MF, Dear BS (2008a) Production and persistence of annual legumes at five saline sites in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 518–535.
| Production and persistence of annual legumes at five saline sites in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, You MP, Barbetti MJ (2008b) Resistance to race 1 of Kabatiella caulivora in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars and breeding lines. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 561–566.
| Resistance to race 1 of Kabatiella caulivora in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars and breeding lines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Cocks PS, Francis CM (2009a) Evolution over 16 years in a bulk-hybrid population of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) at two contrasting sites in south-western Australia. Euphytica 169, 31–48.
| Evolution over 16 years in a bulk-hybrid population of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) at two contrasting sites in south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols PGH, Dear BS, Hackney BF, Craig AD, Evans PM, de Koning CT, Foster KJ, Barbetti MJ, You MP, Micic S (2009b) New subterranean clovers with reduced cotyledon susceptibility to redlegged earth mites. In ‘Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference and 11th Society for the Advancement of Plant Breeding in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) Congress’. Cairns, Qld. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics Vol. 41 Special Supplement August 2009.
Nichols PGH, Malik AI, Stockdale M, Colmer TD (2009d) Salt tolerance and avoidance mechanisms at germination of annual pasture legumes and their importance for adaptation to saline environments. Plant and Soil 315, 241–255.
| Salt tolerance and avoidance mechanisms at germination of annual pasture legumes and their importance for adaptation to saline environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjvFeltw%3D%3D&md5=69699df34b43a3ffa294deac6d022bffCAS |
Nichols P, Cocks P, Francis C (2009e) Using bulk-hybrids for breeding adapted genotypes of subterranean clover. In ‘Proceedings of the XVIIIth Meeting of the EUCARPIA Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses Section: Sustainable use of genetic diversity in forage crops and turf breeding’. La Rochelle, France, 11–14 May 2009. (EUCARPIA: Wageningen, The Netherelands)
Nichols PGH, Revell CK, Humphries AW, Howie JH, Hall EJ, Sandral GA, Ghamkhar K, Harris CA (2012) Temperate pasture legumes in Australia—their history, current use and future prospects. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 691–725.
| Temperate pasture legumes in Australia—their history, current use and future prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Niezen JH, Waghorn TS, Charleston WAG (1995) Growth and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs grazing either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) which contains condensed tannins. The Journal of Agricultural Science 125, 281–289.
| Growth and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs grazing either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) which contains condensed tannins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Niezen JH, Robertson HA, Waghorn GC, Charleston WAG (1998a) Production, faecal egg counts and worm burdens of ewe lambs which grazed six contrasting forages. Veterinary Parasitology 80, 15–27.
| Production, faecal egg counts and worm burdens of ewe lambs which grazed six contrasting forages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Fpt1yqtg%3D%3D&md5=6c555f9b20db2e46c63c9d0ab806aeedCAS | 9877067PubMed |
Niezen JH, Waghorn GC, Charleston WAG (1998b) Establishment and fecundity of Oestertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs fed lotus (Lotus pedunculatus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Veterinary Parasitology 78, 13–21.
| Establishment and fecundity of Oestertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs fed lotus (Lotus pedunculatus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1czmvFaguw%3D%3D&md5=3726d849e21c8b45917e1ab2dd4b4321CAS | 9703616PubMed |
Niezen JH, Charleston WAG, Robertson HA, Shelton D, Waghorn GC, Green R (2002) The effect of feeding sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) or lucerne (Medicago sativa) on lamb parasite burdens and development of immunity to gastrointestinal parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 229–245.
| The effect of feeding sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) or lucerne (Medicago sativa) on lamb parasite burdens and development of immunity to gastrointestinal parasites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD383gt1Cluw%3D%3D&md5=9d466d3d7ef2a90838b07a7afc5c75efCAS | 11934463PubMed |
Norman HC, Cocks PS, Smith FP, Nutt BJ (1998) Reproductive strategies in Mediterranean annual clovers: germination and hardseededness. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 973–982.
| Reproductive strategies in Mediterranean annual clovers: germination and hardseededness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norman HC, Cocks PS, Galwey NW (2002) Hardseededness in annual clovers: variation between populations from wet and dry environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 821–829.
| Hardseededness in annual clovers: variation between populations from wet and dry environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norman HC, Smith FP, Nichols PGH, Si P, Galwey NW (2006) Variation in seed softening patterns and impact of seed production environment on hardseededness in early maturing genotypes of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 65–74.
| Variation in seed softening patterns and impact of seed production environment on hardseededness in early maturing genotypes of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Rourke TA, Ryan MH, Li H, Ma X, Sivasithamparam K, Fatehi J, Barbetti MJ (2010) Taxonomic and pathogenic characteristics of a new species of Aphanomyces trifolii causing root rot of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in Western Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 61, 708–720.
| Taxonomic and pathogenic characteristics of a new species of Aphanomyces trifolii causing root rot of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oldach KH, Peck DM, Cheong J, Williams KH, Nair RM (2008) Identification of a chemically-induced point mutation mediating herbicide tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.). Annals of Botany 101, 997–1005.
| Identification of a chemically-induced point mutation mediating herbicide tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXntVaiu7c%3D&md5=bb1ad5f09b7f3a18d1f6dfe4c27c1e28CAS | 18310158PubMed |
Olea L, San Miguel-Ayanz A (2006) The Spanish dehesa. A traditional Mediterranean silvopastoral system linking production and nature conservation. In ‘Proceedings of the 21st General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation’. Badajoz (Spain). Available at: www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/images/iclsd/documents/wk1_c5_radomski.pdf
Olea L, López-Bellido RJ, Poblaciones MJ (2005) Europe types of silvopastoral systems in the Mediterranean area: dehesa. In ‘Silvopastoralism and sustainable land management’. (Eds MR Mosquera, A Rigueiro, J McAdam) (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)
Oram RN (1990a) ‘Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars.’ 3rd edn (CSIRO: Canberra)
Oram RN (1990b) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes, 1. Clover. (d) Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary et Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Nuba. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, 441
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes, 1. Clover. (d) Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary et Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Nuba.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oram RN (1992a) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Denmark. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 539–540.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Denmark.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oram RN (1992b) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Goulburn. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 541–542.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Goulburn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oram RN (1992c) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Leura. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 543–544.
| Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Leura.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
PBR Database (2013) Plant Breeders Rights database. IP Australia, Commonwealth Government of Australia. Available at: www.ipaustralia.gov.au/get-the-right-ip/plant-breeders-rights
Peak JW, Morley FHW, Grylls NR (1963) Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 14, 639–645.
| Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pecetti L, Piano E (1994) Observations on the rapidity of seed and burr growth in subterranean clover. Journal of Genetics & Breeding 48, 225–228.
Pecetti L, Piano E (1995) L’interramento delle strutture riproduttive in trifoglio sotteraneo (Trifolium subterraneum L.; T. brachycalycinum Katzn. et. Morley). II Effetto dell’assenza di interramento sulla produzione di seme e sulle sue componenti. Rivista di Agronomia 29, 589–595.
Pecetti L, Piano E (2002) Variation of morphological and adaptive traits in subterranean clover populations from Sardinia (Italy). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 49, 189–197.
| Variation of morphological and adaptive traits in subterranean clover populations from Sardinia (Italy).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pecetti L, Piano E, Riccioni L, Carroni AM, Porta-Puglia A (2002) Response of Italian elite subterranean clover genotypes to Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium oxysporum under artificial conditions. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, 557–563.
| Response of Italian elite subterranean clover genotypes to Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium oxysporum under artificial conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pecetti L, Ghiglieno I, Romani M, De Rosa L, Piano E, Valenti L, Conoscente M, Carletti F (2010) Self-reseeding legumes as cover crops for north-Italian vineyards. In ‘Cultivation methods in a changing climate (Anbauverfahren im Klimawandel). International Intervitis Interfructa (IVIF) Congress’. Stuttgart, 23–28 March 2010. pp. 84–89. (German Winegrowers’ Association: Bonn) Available at: http://shop.dwv-online.de/index.php?cat=c5_documentations.html
Peck DM, Habili N, Nair RM, Randles JW, de Koning CT, Auricht GC (2012) Bean leafroll virus is widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seed crops and can be persistently transmitted by bluegreen aphis (Acythosiphon kondoi Shinli). Crop & Pasture Science 63, 902–908.
| Bean leafroll virus is widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seed crops and can be persistently transmitted by bluegreen aphis (Acythosiphon kondoi Shinli).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peoples MB, Baldock JA (2001) Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 327–346.
| Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1Crtrw%3D&md5=6a971c9324d400fa0ebf1ed364eb7e6fCAS |
Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Hunt JR, Swan AD, Watson L, Hayes RC, Li GD, Hackney B, Nuttall JG, Davies SL, Fillery IRP (2012) Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 759–786.
| Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVSkt7jE&md5=891ea02a66f211b322d3b95928cae7f2CAS |
Piano E (1984) Preliminary observations on the structure and variability of Sardinian populations of subterranean clover. Genetica Agraria 38, 75–90.
Piano E (1987) Main objectives of subterranean clover improvement in Sardinia. In ‘Proceedings of the Meeting of the EEC-Agrimed Working Group on Annual Self-reseeding Legumes’. Cagliari, Italy. (Ed. E Piano) pp. 25–39. (Commission of the European Communities: Luxembourg)
Piano E, Pecetti L (1996) Selecting subterranean clover varieties for Mediterranean environments in Italy. In ‘Grassland and land use systems. Proceedings of the 16th EGF Meeting’. Gorizia, Italy. (Eds G Parente, J Frame, S Orsi) pp. 283–286. (European Grasslands Federation: Zurich)
Piano E, Pecetti L (2010) Minor legume species. In ‘Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 5. Fodder crops and amenity grasses’. (Eds B Boller, UK Posselt, F Veronesi) pp. 477–500. (Springer: New York)
Piano E, Spanu F (1987) La selezione per il basso contenuto in estrogeni in trifoglio sotterraneo (Trifolium subterraneum L. sensu lato). Risultati della caratterizzazione di una collezione di linee pure isolate da popolazioni naturali. Annali dell’Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Foraggere 8, 109–130.
Piano E, Talamucci P (1996) Annual self-reseeding legumes in Mediterranean areas. In ‘Grassland and Land Use Systems. Proceedings of the 16th EGF Meeting’. Gorizia, Italy. (Eds G Parente, J Frame, S Orsi) pp. 895–909. (European Grasslands Federation: Zurich)
Piano E, Sardara M, Pusceddu S (1982) Observations on the distribution and ecology of subterranean clover and other annual legumes in Sardinia. Rivista di Agronomia 16, 273–283.
Piano E, Pusceddu S, Spanu F (1991) Observations on the distribution and ecology of annual medics and subterranean clovers in Sicily (Italy). In ‘Proceedings 4th International Rangelands Congress’. Montpellier, France. pp. 405–409. (L’Association Française de Pastoralisme)
Piano E, Spanu F, Pecetti L (1993) Observations on the structure and variability of populations of subterranean clover from Sicily, Italy. Euphytica 68, 43–51.
| Observations on the structure and variability of populations of subterranean clover from Sicily, Italy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Piano E, Pecetti L, Carroni AM (1996) Climatic adaptation in subterranean clover populations. Euphytica 92, 39–44.
| Climatic adaptation in subterranean clover populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Piano E, Pecetti L, Carroni AM (1997) Campeda, Limbara, Losa e Antas: le prime varietà italiane ditrifoglio sotterraneo. Sementi Elette 3–4, 31–36.
Piluzza G, Pecetti L, Bullitta S, Piano E (2005) Discrimination among subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. complex) genotypes using RAPD markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52, 193–199.
| Discrimination among subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. complex) genotypes using RAPD markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltlWnt7k%3D&md5=4fbf7785d4ecb023d094a767e8f38e36CAS |
Porqueddu C, Ledda L, Roggero PP (2000) Role of forage legumes and constraints for forage legume seed production in Mediterranean Europe. Options Méditerranéennes 45, 453–460.
Pristine Forage Technologies (2013) Pod holding (ph) medics. Pristine Forage Technologies. Available at: www.pristineforage.com.au/index.htm
Puckridge DW, French RJ (1983) The annual legume pasture in cereal-ley farming systems of southern Australia: a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 9, 229–267.
| The annual legume pasture in cereal-ley farming systems of southern Australia: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quinlivan BJ (1957) Strains of subterranean clover in WA. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 6, 343–355.
Quinlivan BJ (1961) The effect of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the permeability of the hard seeds of some legume species. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 12, 1009–1022.
| The effect of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the permeability of the hard seeds of some legume species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quinlivan BJ (1962) The certified strains of subterranean clover in WA. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 3, 113–125.
Quinlivan BJ (1965) The influence of the growing season length and the following dry season on the hardseededness of subterranean clover in different environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 277–291.
| The influence of the growing season length and the following dry season on the hardseededness of subterranean clover in different environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quinlivan BJ (1968) New strains of subterranean clover. Prospects and problems for the seed producer. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 9, 157–159.
Quinlivan BJ (1971a) The ecological significance of seed impermeability in the annual legume pastures of WA. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 11, South Perth, W. Aust.
Quinlivan BJ (1971b) Embryo dormancy in subterranean clover seeds. II. Its value relative to impermeability in field germination regulation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 22, 607–614.
| Embryo dormancy in subterranean clover seeds. II. Its value relative to impermeability in field germination regulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quinlivan BJ (1971c) Seed coat impermeability in legumes. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 37, 283–295.
Quinlivan BJ, Francis CM (1971) The effect of burr burial on the seed of some early maturing subterranean clover cultivars. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 11, 35–38.
| The effect of burr burial on the seed of some early maturing subterranean clover cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quinlivan BJ, Francis CM (1977) Registered cultivars of subterranean clover in Western Australia – their origin, potential use and identification. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No, 4012, South Perth, W. Aust.
Quinlivan BJ, Millington AJ (1962) The effect of a mediterranean summer environment on the permeability of hard seeds of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 377–387.
| The effect of a mediterranean summer environment on the permeability of hard seeds of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rafiqul M, Khan I, Ceriotti A, Tabe L, Aryan A, McNabb W, Moore A, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJV (1996) Accumulation of a sulphur-rich seed albumin from sunflower in the leaves of transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Transgenic Research 5, 179–185.
| Accumulation of a sulphur-rich seed albumin from sunflower in the leaves of transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjsFamsLc%3D&md5=d583908c51502762f1b38e79e48fe96dCAS |
Reed KFM, Snaydon RW, Axelsen A (1972) The performance of young sheep grazing pastures sown to combinations of lucerne or subterranean clover with ryegrass or phalaris. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 12, 240–246.
| The performance of young sheep grazing pastures sown to combinations of lucerne or subterranean clover with ryegrass or phalaris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reed KFM, Mathison MJ, Crawford EJ (1989) The adaptation, regeneration, and persistence of annual legumes in temperate pasture. In ‘Persistence of forage legumes.’ (Eds GC Marten, AG Matches, RF Barnes, RW Brougham, RJ Clements, GW Sheath) pp. 69–90. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI)
Reeves TG, Ewing MA (1993) Is ley farming in mediterranean zones just a passing phase? In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. Rockhampton, Australia. pp. 2169–2177. (International Grasslands Congress)
Revell CK, Revell DK (2007) Meeting ‘duty of care’ obligations when developing new pasture species. Field Crops Research 104, 95–102.
| Meeting ‘duty of care’ obligations when developing new pasture species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Revell CK, Ewing MA, Nutt BJ (2012) Breeding and farming system opportunities for pasture legumes facing increasing climate variability in the south-west of Western Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 64, 840–847.
Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1995) Responses and feeding damage of redlegged earth mite (Acarina: Penthaleidae) to seedlings of resistant and susceptible subterranean clover varieties. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 1091–1099.
| Responses and feeding damage of redlegged earth mite (Acarina: Penthaleidae) to seedlings of resistant and susceptible subterranean clover varieties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1997) Biology and control of Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acarina: Penthaleidae): a review. Experimental & Applied Acarology 21, 193–223.
| Biology and control of Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acarina: Penthaleidae): a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ridsdill-Smith TJ, Nichols PGH (1998) Development of pasture legumes resistant to redlegged earth mite. In ‘Pest management—Future challenges. Proceedings of the 6th Australian Applied Entomology Research Conference’. Vol. 2. (Eds MP Zalucki, RAI Drew, GG White) pp. 382–389. (Horticultural Research & Development Corporation: Brisbane, Qld)
Rossiter RC (1959) The influence of maturity grading on total yield and seed production in strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. grown as single plants and in swards. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 10, 305–321.
| The influence of maturity grading on total yield and seed production in strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. grown as single plants and in swards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rossiter RC (1966) The success or failure of strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. in a mediterranean environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 17, 425–446.
| The success or failure of strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. in a mediterranean environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rossiter RC (1969) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). VI. Effects of defoliation including grazing. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 25–35.
| Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). VI. Effects of defoliation including grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1MXhtVeltbg%3D&md5=e3f59e0bc40a04952dfe24ebd9e22147CAS |
Rossiter RC (1970) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). VIII. Phosphate supply in relation to temperature and to leaf development. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 21, 593–600.
| Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). VIII. Phosphate supply in relation to temperature and to leaf development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXht1ajsw%3D%3D&md5=b4b0d4660949f79e5c5e3d44d08c7b37CAS |
Rossiter RC (1972) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). X. Isoflavone formation and carbohydrate metabolism. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 23, 419–426.
| Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). X. Isoflavone formation and carbohydrate metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE38XksF2jsLc%3D&md5=63deab5eb62a35339c96f34f97c485cbCAS |
Rossiter RC (1974) The relative success of strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. in binary mixtures under field conditions. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 757–766.
| The relative success of strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. in binary mixtures under field conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rossiter RC (1977) What determines the success of subterranean clover strains in south-western Australia? In ‘Exotic species in Australia—their establishment and success’. (Ed. D Anderson) pp. 76–88. (Ecological Society of Australia: Adelaide)
Rossiter RC (1978) The ecology of subterranean clover-based pastures. In ‘Plant relations in pastures’. pp. 325–339. (CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
Rossiter RC, Beck AB (1966) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum). II. Effects of phosphate supply. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 17, 447–456.
| Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum). II. Effects of phosphate supply.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF28XltFWnu70%3D&md5=856601180d36fd078358bf415c5fa3bbCAS |
Rossiter RC, Beck AB (1967) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). V. Ontogenetic changes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 561–573.
| Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). V. Ontogenetic changes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXos1I%3D&md5=f76257683f119494f482d3f69dd5b78eCAS |
Rossiter RC, Marshall T (1974) Effect of legume species on ewe fertility in south Western Australia. II. Bakers Hill. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 137
Rossiter RC, Collins WJ, Haynes Y (1985) Genetic variability in Seaton Park subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 43–50.
| Genetic variability in Seaton Park subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rossiter RC, Taylor GB, Klein L (1994) Environmental effects, in particular of rainfall, on the digestibility of dry mature subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 25–32.
| Environmental effects, in particular of rainfall, on the digestibility of dry mature subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ru YJ, Fortune JA (1996) Potential variation in sheep production from different cultivars of subterranean clover. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 21, 317–319.
Ru YJ, Fortune JA (2000) Effect of grazing intensity and cultivar on morphology, phenology, and nutritive value of subterranean clover II. Nutritive value during the growing season. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 1047–1055.
| Effect of grazing intensity and cultivar on morphology, phenology, and nutritive value of subterranean clover II. Nutritive value during the growing season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosFyns7c%3D&md5=54f3235c1d525024e2ad5cf7e1620efaCAS |
Ru YJ, Fortune JA (2001) Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 169–175.
| Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjslKltb8%3D&md5=78408a7680016ed9340450788635a327CAS |
Russi L, Cocks PS, Roberts EH (1992a) Coat thickness and hard-seededness in some Medicago and Trifolium species. Seed Science Research 2, 243–249.
| Coat thickness and hard-seededness in some Medicago and Trifolium species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Russi L, Cocks PS, Roberts EH (1992b) Seed bank dynamics in Mediterranean grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 763–771.
| Seed bank dynamics in Mediterranean grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Salisbury PA, Halloran GM (1983) Inheritance of rate of breakdown of seed coat impermeability in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Euphytica 32, 807–819.
| Inheritance of rate of breakdown of seed coat impermeability in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Salisbury PA, Aitken Y, Halloran GM (1987) Genetic control of flowering time and its component processes in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Euphytica 36, 887–902.
| Genetic control of flowering time and its component processes in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schoo H, Rains DW (1971) Formononetin levels in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as affected by phosphorus and sulphur nutrition. Crop Science 11, 716–717.
| Formononetin levels in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as affected by phosphorus and sulphur nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXlsFSkurc%3D&md5=dc672fb5ee582d81b2d2b5ce22b34d45CAS |
Shutt DA, Braden AWH (1968) The significance of equol in relation to the oestrogenic responses in sheep ingesting clover with a high formononetin content. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19, 545–553.
| The significance of equol in relation to the oestrogenic responses in sheep ingesting clover with a high formononetin content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXkslChtb8%3D&md5=43220ca022d0bbb897521162d4e62933CAS |
Simpson RJ, Oberson A, Culvenor RA, Ryan MH, Veneklaas EJ, Lambers H, Lynch JP, Ryan PR, Delhaize E, Smith FA, Smith SE, Harvey PR, Richardson AE (2011a) Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve P-use efficiency of temperate farming systems. Plant and Soil 349, 89–120.
| Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve P-use efficiency of temperate farming systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFKntb7M&md5=58a92eb9456fb3c552e063bf8f46d977CAS |
Simpson RJ, Richardson AE, Riley IT, McKay AC, McKay SF, Ballard RA, Ophel-Keller K, Hartley D, O’rourke TA, Sivasithamparam K, Li H, Ryan MH, Barbetti MJ (2011b) Damage to roots of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover), failure of seedlings to establish and the presence of root pathogens during autumn-winter. Grass and Forage Science 66, 585–605.
| Damage to roots of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover), failure of seedlings to establish and the presence of root pathogens during autumn-winter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1emtbbK&md5=be7efa8b06c04fefcb9817d43c5d32c3CAS |
Slater PD, Lewington D, Pratley JE (1996) An investigation into the effects of redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis (Linnaeus)) on the performance of subterranean clover in annual pasture in southern New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 11, 6–8.
Slattery HD (1981) Physiological and genetic control of seed coat impermeability in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, Australia.
Smetham ML (2003) A review of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.): its ecology, and use as a pasture legume in Australasia. Advances in Agronomy 79, 303–350.
| A review of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.): its ecology, and use as a pasture legume in Australasia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith GR, Randel RD, Bradshaw C (1986) Influence of harvest date, cultivar and sample storage method on concentration of isoflavones in subterranean clover. Crop Science 26, 1013–1016.
| Influence of harvest date, cultivar and sample storage method on concentration of isoflavones in subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XlsV2kur8%3D&md5=d533e22c7a85909816e578ca1e08368cCAS |
Smith FP, Cocks PS, Ewing MA (1996) Short-term patterns of seed softening in Trifolium subterraneum, T. glomeratum and Medicago polymorpha. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 775–785.
| Short-term patterns of seed softening in Trifolium subterraneum, T. glomeratum and Medicago polymorpha.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Snowball R, Shehadeh A, Ghamkhar K, Wintle B, Gajda K, Foster K (2006) Contribution of Mediterranean germplasm to pasture plant improvement in Western Australia. In ‘Workshop International sur Diversité des Fabacées Fourragéres et de leurs Symbiotes: Applications Biotechnologiques, Agronomiques et Environnementales’. Alger, Algeria, 19–22 February 2006. (Ed. A Abdelguerfi) (Institut National Agronomique: Paris)
Soliva CR, Zeleke AB, Clement C, Hess HD, Fievez V, Kreuzer M (2008) In vitro screening of various tropical foliages, seeds, fruits and medicinal plants for low methane and high ammonia generating potentials in the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology 147, 53–71.
| In vitro screening of various tropical foliages, seeds, fruits and medicinal plants for low methane and high ammonia generating potentials in the rumen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1ejtLzI&md5=75ba61a978c34b3c207febf549eb94c1CAS |
Spanu F, Tava A, Pecetti L, Piano E (1993) Variability of oestrogenic isoflavone content in a collection of subterranean clover from Sicily. Journal of Genetics & Breeding 47, 27–34.
Sulas L (2005) The future role of forage legumes in Mediterranean climate areas. In Grasslands: Developments, opportunities, perspectives. (Eds SG Reynolds, J Frame) pp. 29–54 (FAO: Rome)
Symon DE (1961) The early production by A.W. Howard of subterranean clover seed. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 85. Available at: www.sardi.sa.gov.au/employment/awhoward/early_production_by_a_w_howard
Tan BH (1985) Genetic control of flowering time in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 275–284.
| Genetic control of flowering time in subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tan BH, Collins WJ (1987) Multi-allelic nature of the locus controlling leaf marking in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 547–558.
| Multi-allelic nature of the locus controlling leaf marking in subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tava A, Pecetti L, Bertoli A, Piano E (2006) Oestrogenic isoflavone content in natural strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) from Sardinia. Natural Product Communications 1, 557–562.
Taylor GB (1970) The germinability of soft seed of a number of strains of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10, 293–297.
| The germinability of soft seed of a number of strains of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor GB (1976) The inhibitory effect of light on seed development in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 207–216.
| The inhibitory effect of light on seed development in subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor GB (1981) Effect of constant temperature treatments followed by fluctuating temperatures on the softening of hard seeds of Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 8, 547–558.
| Effect of constant temperature treatments followed by fluctuating temperatures on the softening of hard seeds of Trifolium subterraneum L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor GB (1984) Effect of burial on the softening of hard seeds of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 201–210.
| Effect of burial on the softening of hard seeds of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor GB (2005) Hardseededness in Mediterranean annual legumes in Australia: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 645–661.
| Hardseededness in Mediterranean annual legumes in Australia: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor GB, Ewing MA (1988) Effect of depth of burial on the longevity of hard seeds of subterranean clover and annual medics. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, 77–81.
| Effect of depth of burial on the longevity of hard seeds of subterranean clover and annual medics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor GB, Ewing MA (1992) Long-term patterns of seed softening in some annual pasture legumes in a low rainfall environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 331–337.
| Long-term patterns of seed softening in some annual pasture legumes in a low rainfall environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor GB, Rossiter RC, Palmer MJ (1984) Long term patterns of seed softening and seedling establishment from single seed crops of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 200–212.
| Long term patterns of seed softening and seedling establishment from single seed crops of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor PA, Barbetti MJ, Wong DH (1985a) Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Western Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 1, 57–58.
Taylor PA, Pascoe IG, Greenhalgh (1985b) Phytophthora clandestina sp. Nov. in roots of subterranean clover. Mycotaxon 22, 77–85.
Taylor GB, Maller RA, Rossiter RC (1991) A model describing the influence of hardseededness on the persistence of an annual forage legume, in a ley farming system, in a mediterranean-type environment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 37, 275–301.
| A model describing the influence of hardseededness on the persistence of an annual forage legume, in a ley farming system, in a mediterranean-type environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tennant D (1965) The differential rate of seed development in Dwalganup and Geraldton varieties of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 5, 46–48.
| The differential rate of seed development in Dwalganup and Geraldton varieties of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomas DT, Milton JTB, Revell CK, Ewing MA, Dynes RA, Murray K, Lindsay DR (2010) Preference of sheep among annual legumes is more closely related to plant nutritive characteristics as plants mature. Animal Production Science 50, 114–123.
| Preference of sheep among annual legumes is more closely related to plant nutritive characteristics as plants mature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trumble HC, Donald CM (1938) The relation of phosphate to the development of seeded pasture on a podsolised sand. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin No. 116.
Ulyatt MJ (1973). The feeding value of herbage. In ‘Chemistry and biochemistry of herbage. Vol. 3’. (Eds GW Butler, RW Bailey) (Academic Press: London)
Umina PA (2007) Pyrethroid resistance discovered in a major agricultural pest in southern Australian: the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae). Pest Management Science 63, 1185–1190.
| Pyrethroid resistance discovered in a major agricultural pest in southern Australian: the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVWrsbrJ&md5=d88c234e88213726f0a973684b149d21CAS | 17708512PubMed |
Underwood EJ, Gladstones JS (1979) Subterranean clover and other legumes. In ‘Agriculture in Western Australia 1829–1979’. (Ed. GH Burvill) pp. 139–156. (University of Western Australia Press: Perth)
Walker AJK, Neal-Smith CA (1959) The history, characteristics and potential of Clare subterranean clover. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 25, 18–22.
Wallace MMH, Mahon JA (1963) The effect of insecticide treatment on the yield and botanical composition of sown pastures in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3, 39–50.
| The effect of insecticide treatment on the yield and botanical composition of sown pastures in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXos1Smtg%3D%3D&md5=ce8f04f12633a751dd18505a7a2efbcfCAS |
Wallace MMH, Mahon JA (1971) The distribution of Halotydeus destructor and Penthaleus major (Acari: Eupodidae) in Australia in relation to climate and land use. Australian Journal of Zoology 19, 65–76.
| The distribution of Halotydeus destructor and Penthaleus major (Acari: Eupodidae) in Australia in relation to climate and land use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wallace A, Lancaster RA, Hill NL (1998) Application of non-selective herbicides during flowering of pasture legumes can reduce seed yield and alter seed characteristics. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 583–594.
| Application of non-selective herbicides during flowering of pasture legumes can reduce seed yield and alter seed characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnvVChsb8%3D&md5=8ad4e3a090d6ff6d4dcc0d7845307af7CAS |
Wang SF, Ghisalberti EL, Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1998a) Bioactive isoflavonols and other components from Trifolium subterraneum. Journal of Natural Products 61, 508–510.
| Bioactive isoflavonols and other components from Trifolium subterraneum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXislGhsrs%3D&md5=9b28c44858ac1ff2efb6af563f55ecbbCAS |
Wang SF, Ridsdill-Smith TJ, Ghisalberti EL (1998b) Role of isoflavonoids in resistance of subterranean clover trifoliates to the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24, 2089–2100.
| Role of isoflavonoids in resistance of subterranean clover trifoliates to the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXislSj&md5=d2f6c33bcbbe4dd6ce3a6286de9a45b7CAS |
Wang SF, Ridsdill-Smith TJ, Ghisalberti EL (1999) Levels of isoflavonoids as indicators of resistance of subterranean clover to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25, 795–803.
| Levels of isoflavonoids as indicators of resistance of subterranean clover to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtVOitLs%3D&md5=3e7fffb93ee172c4e418b84df13ba9dfCAS |
Watterson I, Whetton P, Moise A, Timbal B, Power S, Arblaster J, McInnes K (2007) Regional climate projections. In ‘Climate Change in Australia: Technical Report 2007’. pp. 49–107. (CSIRO, Australian Bureau of Meteorology: Clayton, Vic.) Available at: www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/technical_report.php
Weaver DM, Wong MTF (2011) Scope to improve phosphorus (P) management and balance efficiency of crop and pasture soils with contrasting P status and buffering indices. Plant and Soil 349, 37–54.
| Scope to improve phosphorus (P) management and balance efficiency of crop and pasture soils with contrasting P status and buffering indices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFKntb3J&md5=0af08abd0e4a0888edab12d792af574cCAS |
Wolfe EC (2009) Country pasture/forage resource profiles: Australia. Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Australia/australia.htm
Wong DH, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1984) Effects of soil temperature and moisture pathogenicity of fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 675–684.
| Effects of soil temperature and moisture pathogenicity of fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wong DH, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1985) Fungi associated with root rots of subterranean clover in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, 574–579.
| Fungi associated with root rots of subterranean clover in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wroth JM, Jones RAC (1992a) Subterranean clover mottle virus infection of subterranean clover: widespread occurrence in pastures and effects on productivity. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1597–1608.
| Subterranean clover mottle virus infection of subterranean clover: widespread occurrence in pastures and effects on productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wroth JM, Jones RAC (1992b) Subterranean clover mottle sobemovirus: its host range, resistance in subterranean clover and transmission through seeds and by grazing animals. Annals of Applied Biology 121, 329–343.
| Subterranean clover mottle sobemovirus: its host range, resistance in subterranean clover and transmission through seeds and by grazing animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xu Y, Li Z-K, Thomson MJ (2012) Molecular breeding in plants: moving into the mainstream. Molecular Breeding 29, 831–832.
| Molecular breeding in plants: moving into the mainstream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yates JJ (1957) Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) I. The importance of the microenvironment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 433–443.
| Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) I. The importance of the microenvironment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yates JJ (1958) Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) II. Strain-environment interactions in single plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 9, 745–766.
| Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) II. Strain-environment interactions in single plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
You MP, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (2005a) New sources of resistance in Trifolium subterraneum L. to root rot caused by two races of Phytophthora clandestina Taylor, Pascoe and Greenhalgh. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 271–277.
| New sources of resistance in Trifolium subterraneum L. to root rot caused by two races of Phytophthora clandestina Taylor, Pascoe and Greenhalgh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
You MP, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (2005b) New Trifolium subterraneum genotypes identified with resistance to race 2 of Kabatiella caulivora and cross-resistance to fungal root rot pathogens. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 1111–1114.
| New Trifolium subterraneum genotypes identified with resistance to race 2 of Kabatiella caulivora and cross-resistance to fungal root rot pathogens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
You MP, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (2005c) New sources of resistance identified in Trifolium subterraneum breeding lines and cultivars to root rot caused by Fusarium avenaceum and Pythium irregulare and their relationship to seedling survival. Australasian Plant Pathology 34, 237–244.
| New sources of resistance identified in Trifolium subterraneum breeding lines and cultivars to root rot caused by Fusarium avenaceum and Pythium irregulare and their relationship to seedling survival.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
You MP, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (2005d) Characterization of Phytophthora clandestina races on Trifolium subterraneum in Western Australia. European Journal of Plant Pathology 113, 267–274.
| Characterization of Phytophthora clandestina races on Trifolium subterraneum in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang X, Evans PM (2004) Grain yield production in relation to plant growth of wheat and canola following clover pastures in southern Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 1003–1012.
| Grain yield production in relation to plant growth of wheat and canola following clover pastures in southern Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zohary M, Heller D (1984) ‘The genus Trifolium.’ (Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities: Jerusalem)
