Virus diseases of annual pasture legumes: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management
Roger A. C. Jones
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
B Department of Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag No. 4, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia. Email: roger.jones@agric.gov.wa.au
Crop and Pasture Science 63(5) 399-418 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP12117
Submitted: 26 March 2012 Accepted: 14 June 2012 Published: 13 August 2012
Abstract
This paper reviews current knowledge concerning the occurrence, losses caused, epidemiology, and management of virus diseases of annual pasture legumes. The viruses commonly present are spread by contact, or aphid vectors either non-persistently or persistently. Whether they are seed-borne and their means of transmission are critical factors determining their incidences within pastures in climatic zones with dry summers or substantial summer rainfall. Large-scale national or state surveys of subterranean clover pastures revealed that some viruses reach high infection incidences. Contamination with seed-borne viruses was widespread in plots belonging to annual pasture legume improvement programs and seed stocks of subterranean clover, annual medics, and alternative annual pasture legumes, and in commercial annual medic seed stocks. Yield loss studies with grazed swards were completed for three common viruses: two in subterranean clover and one in annual medics. These studies demonstrated considerable virus-induced losses in herbage and seed yields, and established that virus infection causes deteriorated pastures with high weed contents even when foliar symptoms are mild. Comprehensive integrated disease management tactics involving phytosanitary, cultural, chemical, or host resistance measures were devised for these three viruses in infected pastures, and for seed-borne viruses in annual pasture legume improvement programs. Several other viruses are potentially important, but, with these, quantification of losses caused in grazed swards is lacking and information on incidences in pastures is currently insufficient. Critical research and development gaps that need addressing are identified.
Additional keywords: contact and seed transmission, control, ecology, economic importance, field experiments, forage legumes, improvement programs, insect vectors, pastures, occurrence, surveys.
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